Chapter 14

analogous structures

outwardly similar but non-homologous structures. very different in internal anatomy because the parts are not derived from common ancestral structures

artificial selection

the breeding of domestic plants and animals to produce specific desirable features

Aristotle's ladder of nature

unchanging species can be arranged in order of increasing closeness to perfection , with inferior types at the bottom and superior types above.

Georges Cuvier espoused a concept called _____ to explain layers of rock with embedded fossils. Charles Lyell, building on the work of James Hutton, proposed an alternative explanation called ______, which states that layers of rock and many other geological features can be explained by gradual processes that occurred in the past just as they do in the present. This concept provided important support for evolution because it required that Earth be extremely _____.

castrophism; uniformitarianism; old

evolution

change over time in the characteristics of a population

Darwin and Wallace - Four Postulates

1) Individuals in a population vary 2) Traits are passed from parent to offspring 3) Some individuals fail to survive/reproduce 4) Survival/reproduction are not determined by chance

How do we know that evolution has occurred

1. fossils 2. comparative anatomy 3. embryology 4. biochemistry 5. genetics

What did Dobzhansky mean with his famous quote?

Biological patterns have either no satisfying explanation or only one, which is evolution.

uniformitarianism

Earth's present landscape was produced by past action of the same gradual geological processes we observe today

What do fossils with intermediate features between older and newer fossils tell us?

That evolution changes traits, including the shape and size of bones, gradually.

What is evolution?

The gradual change in the genetic makeup of a population.

population

all the individuals of one species in a particular area

The finding that all organisms share the same genetic code provides evidence that all descended from a(n) _______. Further evidence is provided by the fact that all cells use roughly the same set of ______ to build proteins , and all cells use the molecule ____ as an energy carrier.

common ancestor; amino acids; ATP

The process by which inherited characteristics of populations change over time is called ______. Variability among individuals is the result of chance changes called ______ that occur in the hereditary molecule ________.

evolution;mutations; DNA

Individual cannot what?

evolve, but a population can

A bird's wing and a dolphin's flipper are

homologous

Darwin's postulate 2 states that _____. The work of ______ provided the first experimental evidence for this postulate.

many traits are inherited;Gregor Mendel

convergent evolution

natural selection causes non-homologous structures that serve similar functions to resemble one another

vestigial structure

no apparent essential function

lamarck believed in that...

organisms evolved through the inheritance of acquired characteristics

catastrophism

organisms of the modern world are the species that survived the catastrophes

fossils

preserved remains or traces of organisms that died long ago

homologous structure

same evolutionary origin despite any differences in current function/appearance

The flipper of a seal is homologous with the ____ of a bird, and both of these are homologous with the ____ of a human. The wing of a bird and the wing of a butterfly are described as _____ structures that arose as a result of ______ evolution. Remnants of structures in animals that have no use for them such as the small hind leg bones of whales are described as _____ structures.

wing,arm; analogous, convergent vestigial