Chapter 14

The aspect of the immune response that vaccines are based on is

production of memory cells and high antibody titers from pathogen exposure.

Adjuvants appear to work by

stimulating cytokine release and encouraging the uptake and processing of antigens by dendritic cells.

Herd immunity describes

the protection conferred to non-immunized people when a sizable portion of the rest of the population is immunized.

A drawback of all inactivated vaccines is that

they are quickly cleared from the body, limiting antigen exposure.

Conjugate vaccines which link the target antigen to a more immunogenic antigen are usually for

vaccines against bacterial polysaccharide antigens.

What does a vaccine contain?

Weakened or killed pathogen or parts of a pathogen

A major factor in the re-emergence of vaccine-preventable diseases in the early 21st century has been

a flawed research study incorrectly linking vaccination to autism was published in the late 1990s.

A DNA vaccine involves placing genes into a plasmid and introducing the plasmid into human cells. Human cells then transcribe and translate the genes to produce antigen which immunize the recipient. What is the source of the genes being introduced?

a pathogen

A vaccine additive which enhances the body's natural immune response is called a(n)

adjuvant.

Live attenuated vaccines

are the closest to the actual infectious agent encountered in nature and stimulate potent immune responses to multiple antigens on the pathogen

In a recombinant vector vaccine, genetic material from a pathogen is placed into a ________ and introduced to human cells.

harmless virus or bacteria

The influenza vaccine is an example of a(n)

inactivated killed vaccine.

When a person has previously been vaccinated against a viral pathogen, which cells are activated if that same pathogen re-enters the host's cells months or years later?

Memory cytotoxic T cells

The Hepatitis B vaccine is which type of vaccine?

Subunit vaccine

What is the hallmark of a conjugated vaccine?

These vaccines contain weakly antigenic elements plus a more potent antigenic protein.

What is the function of boosters?

Boosters are injections that are given periodically to maintain immunity.

What is the primary benefit of vaccination?

An immune response will occur quicker upon future exposure to the pathogen.

Which type of vaccine could possibly cause a person to develop the disease?

Attenuated live vaccine