Chapter 14

When you stretch a muscle, what is the sensory receptor involved in (stretch reflex)?

Muscle Spindles

Nociception

Pain

Function of a "free nerve ending"

Pain, itch, tickle

Rapidly adapting receptors are what kind of receptors?

Phasic

What tract conveys pain, temperature, light touch, pressure, tickle, ect ?

Spinothalamic Tract

During what stage of sleep is REM at?

Stage 1

Slowly adapting receptors are what kind of receptors?

Tonic

What part of the brain maintains muscle tone in postural muscles, helps control balance, and coordinates eye movement?

cerebellum

What is dull, achy pain called? almost never go away!

chronic pain

What is not a response to direct tissue injury?

chronic pain

What does it mean when the receptors on the homunculus are closer together and some are further apart?

closer together means they're more sensitive further apart means they are less sensitive

What pathways maintain muscle tone, control speed and precision of skilled movements?

direct pathways

*Qu* During brain surgery the superior portion of the primary somatic sensory cortex of a patient is stimulated. Patient is most likely to __________.

feel something touching his back

For how long is long term memory retained?

long time (because of repetition)

*Qu* Specialized fibers associated with detection of muscle length are?

muscle spindles

What is the area in the precentral gyrus?

primary MOTOR cortex

Which receptor is associated with joints and tendons

proprioreceptors

what does the visual association area do?

recognizes what you see

What are general senses?

senses that are distributed over the entire body

Is the spinocerebellar sensory or motor?

sensory

*Qu* A major source of sensory input to limbic is ?

smell

what happens when you have an upper motor neuron lesion? *TEST*

spastic paralysis

*Qu* Auditory cortex is located in the _____

temporal lobe

*TEST* visual cortex does what?

the ability to see

How does the brain share sensory information between right and left hemispheres?

the corpus callosum

What are chemoreceptors?

*pH changes* (have to get wet)

Name some effects of Aging in the Nervous System

-gradual decline in motor and sensory function -slow reflexes -Size and weight of brain decreases -Decreased short term memory -Long term memory is un-effected or improved -changes in sleep patterns

What are the three steps of voluntary movement?

1. Initiate the signal 2. The axons form a descending nerve tract and stimulate lower motor neurons which stimulate skeletal muscles to contract. 3. The cerebral cortex interacts with the basal nuclei and the cerebellum to plan and coordinate movements

Name the steps to sensation:

1. The stimuli must be detected by sensory receptors and converted into action potentials, which are sent to the CNS by nerves. 2. When in the CNS, nerve tracts convey action potentials to the cerebral cortex and to other areas of the CNS. 3. Action potentials arriving at the cerebral cortex must be translated so the person could be aware of stimulus.

How much of the motor neurons are in the precentral gyrus?

30%

*Qu* If broca area is damaged...

: hesitant and distorted speech

Homunculus

A map side of a hemisphere that shows where information is sent to the body from the Thalamus

When do we have muscle tone?

ALL THE TIME

Explain what a Meissner's Corpuscle is

Ability to detect stimulations at two points on the skin

What kind of waves are there when you are resting with your eyes closed?

Alpha

What are the four different types of waves in the brain?

Alpha Beta Theta Delta

When we are awake, what waves are there?

Alpha and Beta

What kind of tracts sends sensory information to the brain?

Ascending tracts

What is the part of the brain that recognizes sounds or patterns?

Auditory Association area /Primary auditory cortex

What kind of waves are there when you have intense mental activity?

Beta

What part of the brain prepares your appropriate muscles to make sounds and respond/talk?

Brocas area

How is sensory information shared between both hemispheres?

Commissural fibers and corpus collosum

Sensation perception is ______________________________ .

Conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors

Explain the Accommodation of a stimulus

Decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus (you get used to having a watch on)

Which type of wave occurs when you are deep sleep or in severe brain disorders?

Delta

What kind of tracts send motor information away from the brain?

Descending tracts

What are the three types of receptors based on location?

Exteroreceptors Visceroreceptors Proprioreceptors

What happens with lower motor neuron lesion? *TEST*

Flaccid paralysis

What is the simplest and most common sensory receptor?

Free nerve endings

What are proprioceptors associated with tendons and respond to increased pressure on a tendon?

Golgi Tendon Organ

What is "Wernicke Area" ?

Hearing / understanding a language is associated with this area

What is the definition of Sensation?

How the brain receives information about the environment and the body

which is the worst input for waking with the RAS?

I (olfactory) smelling

The reticular activating system receives input from which cranial nerves? and what else? *TEST*

I (smelling coffee) II (sunlight) VIII (alarm) The ascending tactile sensory pathways (someone slapping you on the back) The descending neurons from the cerebral cortex (your brain just tells you to wake up)

What pathways control less precise movements?

Indirect pathways

What does the spinocerebellar system do?

It carries proprioceptive information to the cerebellum (mostly unconscious)

What is not shared equally on the sides of the brain?

Language and other artistic functions

What are the nerve endings that is associated with "stroking" ?

Meissner corpuscle and Hair follicle receptors

Receptors inside the body that tell if something is painful

Nociceptors

What is the nerve ending that is associated with vibration?

Pacinian Corpuscle

Which sensory receptor is deep dermis and involved in vibration? *TEST*

Pacinian Corpuscles

What are the motor areas of the cerebral cortex?

Precentral gyrus Premotor area Prefrontal area

What area is motivation, planning movements, behavior, and mood found in? *EXECUTIVE SUITE, MAKES DECISIONS*

Prefrontal area

What part of the brain remembers how you do certain things from practicing?

Premotor area

Where are motor functions organized before initiation?

Premotor area

What does "Broca's Area" do?

Preparing the body to talk or speak preparing the body for the motor to say or pronounce a word

What are the two types of Receptors?

Primary and Secondary

What part of the brain tells you to move?

Primary motor cortex

Receptors that are going to generate an action potential are known as _______________________.

Primary receptors

Receptors inside the body that sends a signal to your brain and says there's too much stress/pressure?

Proprioceptors

What are thermoreceptors?

Responses to change in temperature

What are special senses?

Senses that are localized within specific organs

What are the two chemoreceptors?

Smell and Taste

What are our special senses?

Smell, taste, hearing, sight, and balance

What are the two types of general senses?

Somatic and Visceral

Describe the pathway of listening and then speech following in the brain.

Sound is first heard in the auditory association area. Then information travels to the Wernicke's area. Then neurons communicate through Wernicke's area and Broca's area

*Qu* true/false, Sense of taste is example of general sense.

False

What are mechanoreceptors?

The compression, bending, and stretching of cells. Touch, *pressure*, proprioception, hearing, and balance.

What nuclei lay in the brainstem?

The nuclei of the cranial nerves of II-XII

Which type of brain wave occurs in kids and adults experiencing frustration ?

Theta

What are proprioceptors?

They tell your body where exactly it is and the rate of movement and weight of an object

What part of the brain focuses on sound *THAT PROVOKES THOUGHT* and spoken language that you understand? also provoking intellectual thought ?

Wernicke's Area

trigemial neuralgia

a chronic pain affecting the nerve of the face

For how long is short term memory retained?

a few seconds to a few minutes

Motor tracts are __________ and ______________.

afferent and rubrospinal

What records a brain's electrical activity?

an EEG

*Qu* Damage to wernickes results in __________.

aphasia

What part of the brain focuses on just sound that you hear?

auditory association area

Which receptor is associated with skin?

exteroreceptors

What are nociceptors?

extreme chemical, mechanical, or thermal stimuli (pain) *PAIN* too hot, too cold

Where is the olfactory cortex?

inferior surface of the frontal lobe

Visceral receptors send what kind of information?

information about internal organs, such as pain, nociception, and pressure

Somatic receptors send what kind of information?

information about the body and environment, such as touch, pressure, temperature, proprioception, nociception, and pain.

What does the ruffini end organ do?

it detects * continuous* touch or pressure and depression or stretch of the skin.

What does a PET scan do?

it looks at what parts of the brain are active during certain activities (detects electrical movement of neurons)

What does the right side of the brain control? Motorwise

left side of the body (motorwise)

*Qu* What is a visceral sensation?

pain

What is it called when a limb is amputated and anger the nerves that still send up signals to the brain that their leg hurts when its not even there?

phantom pain

What are photoreceptors?

responses to light, vision

Which part of the brain is more focused on three-dimensional, artistic, recognition, and musical ability

right side

What does the left side of the brain control? motorwise

right side of the body (motorwise)

*Qu* Example of ascending pathway in spinal cord?

spinothalamic tract

Where is long term memory stored? *TEST*

the hippocampus

Describe Aphasia and what is it caused by?

the inability to speak or understand language. Usually caused by a lesion or tumor somewhere in the auditory/speech pathway

Where is our taste area on our brain?

the inferior end on the postcentral gyrus

Which part of the brain is more focused on mathematics and speech?

the left side

What is the quickest sense that adapts?

the nose

What controls the sleep/wake cycle in the brainstem? *TEST*

the reticular activating system (RAS)

What happens when there is a flat line on the EEG?

there is no brain activity

What are pheromones?

they are molecules released by one organism that has an effect on another organism

What do proprioceptors do?

they know what direction your body parts are moving in

Which receptor is associated with organs?

visceroreceptors

consciously activated muscles to achieve a specific goal is what?

voluntary movements

What type of sensation does free nerve endings pick up?

warm and cold

What is a referred pain?

when nerves overlap. The body is sending messages to the brain that something is hurting, but they cross over with another nerve so that the brain refers the pain to another part of the body.

Proprioception

you know where your body parts are