Chapter 14-Cognitive Functions

hair whorls; recessive

Majority of right-handers have clockwise _____ ______ About 50-50 in left-handers between clockwise and counter clockwise This is taken as evidence of a genetic factor in handedness -dominant gene controls right-handedness and clockwise hair whorls -________ gene produces random handedness and hair whorl pattern

fluent

Carl Wernicke, on the other hand, had _____ aphasia. -severe impairment of language comprehension (both spoken and written) -speech remains articulate, but may not make any sense (word salad) -difficulty in finding the right word - the names of objects (anomia)

1-2; GABA

Epilepsy occurs in ___-___ percent of the population and decreases the release of the inhibitory NT _______.

Rumbaughs

-used symbols on computer keyboard (Lana) More recent work by Rumbaughs with with bonobos (Pan paniscus) - used symbols on a board that would light up when touched

grand mal seizure

A _____ ____ ______ is an observable seizure (seconds to minutes) followed by exhaustion and sleep.

petit mal seizure

A ______ _____ ______ is 15 to 20 seconds and may not be noticed by others.

language

In general, children with left hemisphere damage recover ________ function better than adults

speech; language; details

In most people, the left hemisphere controls _____ and ________ and focuses more on _______.

enhance

Antiepileptic drugs _______ the effect of GABA.

anterior; posterior; hippocampal

Smaller commissures include ______, ______, and _______ commissures.

epilepsy

Split-brain operation is sometimes used to treat severe _______.

Kanzi

by age 5 1/2 he understood about 150 words. Since then his language comprehension is equivalent to a 2 to 2 1/2 year old child. Understands more language than he produces. One goal of studying language in nonhumans is to gain a better understanding of how humans develop language and how to help people with language difficulties

corpus callosum

the _____ ______ is a major commissure which connects the left and right hemispheres.

Penny Patterson - Koko

the world's most renowned gorilla - has a vocabulary of more than 1,000 words with Sign Language

planum temorale (Geschwind)

The ______ ______ is an - area in temporal lobe that is larger in left hemisphere for 65% of people.

1961

The first split brain surgery in a human patient was done in _____.

simple; written language ; emotional; visual; music

The right hemisphere focuses on ______ speech and to a limited extent, ______ ______. It also focuses more on overall patterns and seems to be more important for the ________ content of speech - perhaps more specialized for emotional expression in general -more adapt at comprehending complex _______ and spatial patterns, ______ perception.

contralateral

Visual fields- ________ input to hemispheres.

Roger Sperry; Ronald Meyers

______ ______ and ______ _____ did "split brain experiments in the 1950's. -first with cats and later with monkeys

sensory neglect

______ ______ is the opposite of attention.

split-brain surgery

______ _______ ______ may be only option if there are multiple focus points.

Conduction aphasia

_______ _______ -may be due to damage to arcuate fasciculus - connecting pathway between Broca's area and Wernicke's area -difficulty in repeating words and naming objects

Partial seizures

_______ _______ begin in a focus point (often in temporal lobe) and spread to nearby areas and to other hemisphere via the corpus callosum -If drugs not effective, surgery may be tried to remove the focus point

spatial neglect

_______ _______- in people with right hemisphere damage there is a tendency to ignore the left side of the body

Alexia

_______ is text or word "blindness"-one will lose ability to read.

Premacks

_______-used plastic chips.

Gardners

________ Washoe was taught American Sign Language

epilepsy

________ is characterized by generalized seizures that spread quickly to both hemispheres via the corpus callosum.

Dyslexia; symmetrical

________ is characterized by specific difficulties with reading -may recognize one letter at a time, but have trouble with combinations of letters -underlying neural problem not clear -one possibility, the planum temporale (and rest of cortex) has been shown to be more _______ in some dyslexics (perhaps reflects an incomplete lateralization for language)

Attention; awareness

________ is closely related to consciousness. -is important for which stimuli we attend to and bring to _________.

lateralization

________ of function- each hemisphere is specialized for different functions, however, there is overlap.

Rasmussen's Encaphalopathy; glial

_________ _______ is an autoimmune disorder that attacks the _____ cells and the neurons in one hemisphere •damaged hemisphere is usually removed because of seizures •other hemisphere can take over much of the language function

Attentio-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

-Characterized by attention deficits, hyperactivity, impulsiveness, mood swings, short temper, high sensitivity to stress, and inability to make and follow plans -High concordance rate -Brain volume tends to be less (about 95% of normal) -Treatments •today most common drugs are methylphenidate (Ritalin) or amphetamine (Adderall) •behavioral techniques can supplement or sometimes replace drugs

90; 80

About ____% of the population is right handed. Right handers- 95% left hemisphere dominance for speech Left handers- mix of left and right hemisphere speech control (left still dominant in most) with about ____% showing left hemisphere dominance.

split-brained patients

Behavior of young children can sometimes resemble that of ______ _____ _______.

Aphasia

Paul Broca was a patient with _______. -non-fluent -impaired language production (speech) -some deficits in comprehension with prepositions, word endings, connecting words (i.e., grammatical words and devices)

corpus callosum

Persons born without a _______ ______ are not like split-brain patients. •Compensation during development •Other commissures become larger