Chapter 14, EXAM 2
Giogio has a collectivist cultural outlook.
"I am the son of Maria and Marcello."
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are also known as:
"good" cholesterol
Americans spend approximately__combined on over the counter and prescription pain medications each year
$16 billion
Which correlation coefficient b/w height and blood
+.81
Which correlation coefficient between height and blood pressure would enable a researcher to most accurately estimate a person's blood pressure from her or his height?
+.81
Which coefficient represents the strongest correlation?
-.45
which coefficient represents the strongest correlation?
-.45
among Americans woman nearly _ will get breast cancer during their lifetimes, making it the second leading cause of cancer
1 in 8
Current estimates place ___ older people as having Alzheimer's disease
1 out of 9
Approximately how many new white blood cells are produced in a healthy persons bone marrow each day
1,000,000,000
How many teaspoons of sugar are contained in an average 12-ounce can of soda
10
how many teaspoons of sugar are contained in an average 12-ounce can of soda?
10
On average, preschoolers need about ----- hours of sleep each night
10 to 11
On average, preschoolers need about ------ hours of sleep each night
10 to 11
Research on health disparities accounts for about __ of the current budget at the National Institutes of Health
10%
lack of exercise may be a factor in ____ of annual premature deaths worldwide, a rate roughly equal to the number of deaths caused by smoking
10%
The prevalence of eating disorder in men is approximately ------ of all cases
10% to 25%
Approximately --- of women and --- of men in the United States experience posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
10%, 5%
Worldwide estimates indicate that approximately ___ people have metabolic syndrome.
100 million
chronic or severe pain is estimated to be experienced by about ____ adults in the united states
100 million
Close to ___ American adults have hypertension
103 million
More than___of American adults have experienced some form of pain every day for the last three months
11%
more than ___ of American adults have experienced some form everyday for the last 3 months
11%
The world wide economic of physical activity has been estimated at ----- per year.
117 billion
Approximately how much of a person's lifespan is attributed to genetics?
12% or 20%
What percentage of American adults report using marijuana on a regular basis?
13%
Courtney's doctor is concerned about her cardiac health.
145/95
What percentage of US children are obese?
18%
What percentage of u.s. children are obese?
18%
By the year 2060, children under age 18 are projected to represent ___ of the U.S. population.
19.8%
By the year 2050, the worldwide population of older adults is expected to be
2 billion
After infection with the HIV virus most people will first begin to show symptoms in
2-4weeks
Approximately what % of people maintain their New years resolution the following June
20%
As a contrast in health disparities, about __ of children in the country of Chad will not live to the age of five, whereas __ of children in Europe will not do so
20%; 1%
In which year did the U.S. Supreme Court legalized same-sex marriage
2015
people who were prompted to acquire a range of health habits took an average of ______ days...
21
Worldwide incidence of cancer is expected to exceed ___ new cases by the year 2030
21 million
What percentage of cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) can be linked to maternal smoking while pregnant?
22%
By the year 2060, adults age 65 and older are projected to represent __ of the U.S. population
23.5%
During a recent doctors visit, Carsons physician informed him that according to the international body mass index (BMI) classification for adults, Carsons measurements placed him in the "pre-obese" category. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING BEST REPRESENTS CARSON'S BMI?
26.4
Infants born to mothers who are African American are nearly __ times __ likely to die prematurely than infants born to mothers of other races or ethnicities
3 ; more
obese children have a ____ risk of having a heart attack or stroke later in life compared to non obese children
30% to 40% greater
A landmark
32%_83%
The fact that significant health inequalities exit around the world is supported by the documented ___ discrepancy in life expectancy countries
33 year
The fact that significant health inequalities exist around the world is supported by the documented ___ discrepancy in life expectancy across countries.
33 years
Approximately___of Americans report experiencing physical pain "often" or "very often" in cross-cultural surveys
34%
approx ___ of Americans report experiencing physical pain often or very often in cross cultural surverys
34%
worldwide, approx how many children between the ages of 5 and 19 are overweight or obese?
340 million
A waist measurement greater than ----- inches for women is associated with an increased in the risk of poor health
35
Approx what percentage of adults in the United States qualify as obese?
36%
Emerging adults are ___ times more likely than adolescents to drink and drive
4
Based on 2012 census data, approximately ___ million people in the United States were age 65 to 84.
40
The U.S Department of Agriculture (USDA) revises its guidelines for healthy eating, nutrition, and chronic illness every ------ years
5
Approximately what percentage of deaths each year in United States are due to personal behaviors?
50%
Approximately what percentage of previously active women are no longer active after five years of motherhood?
50%
By the year 2050 it is predicted that people of color will account for about __ of the population of the United States
50%
What percentage of teenage girls and boys report unhealthy weight-control behaviors to manage their weight?
50% of teenage girls; 30% of teenage boys
Premature death due to heart disease affects—of black men and—of white men in the United states
62%42%
People who were prompted to acquire a range of health habits took an average if ------- days for the behavior to become routine
66
People who were prompted to acquire a range of health habits took an average of__days for the behaviors to become routine.
66
What percentage of Americans currently support legalizing marijuana?
66%
What percentage of men age 55 or older are currently classified as having hypertension?
70% to 79%
What percentage of respondents in a large-scale European survey could not identify any symptoms of a heart attack?
8%
On average an adult heart beats ___ times per minute
80
On average an adult's heart beats___times per minute
80
Approximately how many U.S. adults are projected to be over the age of 65 by the year 2050?
80 million
The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every
90 to 120 minutes
the human sleep cycle repeats itself about every:
90 to 120 minutes
AIDS is characterized by a CD4 count of:
<200 cells/mm3
Where does pain occur?
??
A couple are both 28 years old are planning a wedding. These stressful experiences are example of
????
preganglionic sympathetic neurons, those closer to the spinal cord---
????
Why so ambiguous events tend to produce greater distress than negative events?
???? NOT negative events
The tend and befriend response to stress would predict that
?????
Morton
A
Compared to the others, which person demonstrates the fewest number of risk factors for stroke?
A 42 year old Native American man who recently broke his leg
Lorenzo has been bitten by a mosquito.
A beta-fibers
Which outcome would be considered evidence of atheroclerosis?
A build up of plaque on the artery walls
definition of a clinical disorder (verbatim from the slides).
A clinical disorder is a constellation of symptoms that covary and are characterized by a particular symptom picture resulting in significant distress or impairment. It's specifiable by an onset, course, duration, outcome, response to the treatment and familial, psychological, and biological correlates.
identify examples of a positive and negative correlation as well as how to determine the relative strength of a relationship between two variables based on a correlation coefficient.
A correlation coefficient can range from -1.00 to +1.00. (-) indicates the increase of one variable as the other decreases. (+) indicates both variables being correlated to an extent. A negative correlation would be depression and social skills because as one variable (depression) increases, the other variable (social skills) decreases. An example of a positive correlation would be depression and isolation.
Know how we conceptualize genetic influences in childhood psychopathology (i.e., probabilistic vs. deterministic). what makes up genes, what genes produce, and how genes and the environment interact with one another.
A gene is a stretch of DNA that produces a protein. These proteins produce tendencies to respond to the environment in certain ways. Genes interact with the environment due to a concept known as epigenetics. Genes influence how we respond to the environment and the environment influences our genes.
Dr.Sanchez conducting an experiemnt in which she asks participants to deliver a speech to an audience
A group who is told the audience is extremely judgmental
Which characteristic defines a quantitative study
A health outcome, behavior or attitude is measured in some way.
A myocardial infarction is:
A heart attack
Four people get diagnosed with HIV in the same month. Statistically who will likely live the the longest?
A high-SES Native American woman
Compared to others, which American household statistically is LEAST likely to experience food insecurity?
A household in an urban area headed by a married couple.
How is waste to hip ratio related to central obesity
A large waist- to hip ratio indicated the presence of a greater amount of fat around the middle of the body
What is the Massachusetts' Stubborn Child Act of 1654?
A law that permitted parents to put "stubborn" children to death for misbehaving
Physicians have observed that some forms of knee surgery produce results that are no better than not providing treatment a all.
A placebo group
Marcus ingested a drug that made him feel energized and alert that caused his heart to start racing. Which type of drug did Marcus most likely take?
A stimulant
Macy computes a correlation coefficient of 0.85 with a p value below her predetermined cutoff for determining a reliable relationship. This indicates.
A strong positive correlation that is statistically significant
How does a vegetarian diet differ from a vegan diet?
A vegetarian diet allows the consumption of dairy and eggs
Large-diameter fibers which are sensitive to pressure and moving stimuli are known as
A-beta fibers
Lorenzo has been bitten by a mosquito. he notices that when he scratches his arm near the bite, it seems to soothe the itch. this action is due to the activation of
A-beta fibers
large-diameter nerve fibers, which are sensitive to pressure and moving stimuli are known as
A-beta fibers
the thick myelinated fibers that are most likely responsible for transmitting the immediate pain from an injury are
A-delta fibers
Patterns of American meat consumption show that ---- is consumed across sociocultural groups to a greater extent than other meats
A. chicken
During which stage of HIV are CD4 cell counts at their LOWEST?
AIDS
Be familiar with each of the perspectives/theoretical orientations that attempt to explain various behavior and/or disorders.
Abnormal Development Is Multiply Determined (look beyond the child's current symptoms and consider developmental pathways and interacting events that, over time, contribute to the expression of a particular disorder.), Child and Environment Are Interdependent ( viewing the environment as acting on the child to cause changes in development, and instead argues that children also influence their own environment), Abnormal Development Involves Continuities and Discontinuities (Continuity implies that developmental changes are gradual and quantitative and that future behavior patterns can be predicted from earlier patterns. Discontinuity implies that developmental changes are abrupt and qualitative and that future behavior is poorly predicted by earlier patterns.)
Hugo is addicted to pain pills
Abstinence violation effect
Sofia suffers from alcohol use disorder. she stopped drinking but relapsed.....she might as well resumed to her old bad habits. These feelings are a consequence of the phenomena known as a(n):
Abstinence violation effect
____is a disease characterized by a compromised immune system it is caused by infection with___
Acquire immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) : human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Felipe recently began attending a support group.....What stage of the transtheoterical model of behavior change best describes Felipe's situation?
Action
Health Promotion refers to
Activities people engage to maintain good health
Remo has been suffering from a sore and scratchy throat for the last couple of days, but he has noticed that he has been feeling better since he has used the throat spray his doctor gave him.
Acute
-------- refers to how well an individual complies with medical or health advice
Adherence
___ refer)s) to how well an individual complies with medical or health advice.
Adherence
When does a "window of vulnerability" generally occur for engaging in risk-taking behavior?
Adolescence
What conclusion was identified in the longitudinal Bogalusa Heart Study?
Adolescence is a crucial window
Which continent has the highest morality rate for children under 5 years old based on worldwide epidemiological data?
Africa
Which group has the highest rate of hypertension?
African American women
Which statement regarding health disparities within the United States is NOT true?
Although there are health disparities across countries, there is generally not a gap in health outcomes within the United States
How does transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) work?
An electric pulse is used to stimulate and change the magnetic field within brain regions.
Which situation BEST illustrates the formation of health related "possible Self"?
An overweight man imagines being 20 pounds lighter.
The scientifically accepted definition of pain is:
An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual
Agnetha is constantly concerned about gaining weight, even though her BMI indicates she is well below the cutoff for normal weight, sex and age. She perceives herself as an overweight and even close to obese. Agnetha most likely has which eating disorder?
Anorexia nervosa
People who engage in self-induced starvation and excessive weight lose are likely to be diagnosed with:
Anorexia nervosa
What does the "A" in the ABCs of behavioral assessment mean
Antecedents, or events that precedes a behavior
_____are found on the surface of bacteria, viruses and all bodily cells, typically in the form of proteins
Antigens
Yale had felt nauseous every morning for a week
Appraisal delay
___carey oxygenated blood to the organs and tissues of the body and __carey it back to the heart
Arteries, veins
Which component of a SMART goal involves choosing a goal that is possible to complete?
Attainable
Which components of the theory of planned behavior predict intentions and behaviors?
Attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control
Based on global comparisons, mothers in ___ were two times more likely to be inactive and sedentary than non-mothers four ears after delivering a child
Australia
Why are B lymphocytes significant to the immune system?
B lymphocytes snip a piece of DNA from antigen and store that information for future recognition
Harvey is traveling to a developing country for the first time and needs to get vaccinated before he leaves.
B lymphocytes will form antibodies to the specific virus that is being vaccinated against.
Which statement regarding body mass measurement is true
BMI is more accurate at classifying women than men
which statement regarding body mass measurement is true?
BMI is more accurate at classifying women than men
Rollo is not certain whether his health provider would cover the cost of a flu, he does not think he can find the time .... according to the health beliefs model . Rollo is weighing perceived
Barriers
In debating whether to get a flu shot, Annika thinks about how immobilizing getting the flu shot would be for her. in the health believes model, her thought processes represent perceived
Barriers or severity
What does the "B" in the ABCs of behavioral assessment mean
Behavior of interest
What is an example of continuities in abnormal development
Behavior problems is continuous across developmental periods
Fritz often eats large amounts of food when he is not hungry, eats to the point of feeling uncomfortably full, and feels out of control. Fritz most likely has which eating disorder?
Binge eating disorder
Someone who eats large quantities of food during a short period, doesn't purge, feels out of control over eating behavior, and feels depressed about this eating behavior is likely to be diagnosed with
Binge eating disorder
What was assumed to be the primary cause (or attribution) of children's disturbing behaviors in the 17th and 18th centuries?
Biological Problems/ The person's fault/ Possession or forces of evil
Rosita Often will eat a family-size bag of potato chips in secret, followed by a handful after handful of candy. She often feels as though she cannot control her eating and, to feel more in control, usually forces herself to vomit after eating too much. Rosita most likely has which eating disorder?
Bulimia nervosa
The small diameter nonmyelinated slow nerve fibers that transmit dull, aching and chronic pain are:
C-fibers
Social and shared activities increased the likelihood of healthy eating behaviors. specific activities include limiting time spent watching TV or using computers, getting adequate nighttime sleep, and :
C. Eating dinner together D. Going on family vacations
Miranda has a BMI of 32 and wants to lose weight. Based on this measurement , what is Miranda's doctor most likely to recommend?
C. lifestyle choices such as enrolling un a support group to learn about tracking calories
Dr Muldoon has been asked by a local citizen to address the growing threat that fast food pose to maintaining a healthy diet. what statistic should Dr Muldon share with his audience?
C. over 40% of people aged 20 to 39 consume fast food on a daily basis.
Esther is beginning a new exercise regimen focusing specifically on exercises that build condition muscle mass by using her own body weight. This form of exercise is known as ---- training
C. resistance D. cross a. Aerobic
What stage of the transtheoterical model of behavior change is characterized by acknowledgement of a problem BUT AMBIVALENCE ABOUT THE EXTENT OF SEVERITY AND LACK OF CONCRETE INTENTIONS TO CHANGE.
CONTEMPLATION
Based on global comparison first and second mothers in ___ showed significantly lower rates of perceived confidence that they could be physically active only 12 months after delivering a child
Canada
A colonoscopy can be used to detect
Cancer
Which statement correctly explains how cancer cells relationship to the immune system is different than that of a normal cell?
Cancer cells are able to trick the immune system into maintaining tumor growth.
Which statement does NOT identify a way in which cancer cells are different from healthy cells in the human body?
Cancer cells use apoptosis to rid themselves of abnormal features
Seventy-four percent of deaths in American high school students (measured in Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System) were attributable to four causes with the most prevalent cause being:
Car crashes
Sondra has been exercising regularly, and her physician has complimented her on her success. Sondras resting heart rate has decreased, her blood pressure has been lowered, and her good cholesterol level has significantly improved All of these benefits highlight the effect of exercise on the ------ system
Cardiovascular
Sondra has been exercising regularly, heart rate has decreased, blood pressure has lowered, and "good" cholesterol level has improved. All of these benefits highlight the effect on which system:
Cardiovascular
What is the leading cause of death in the United States today?
Cardiovascular diseases CVD
T-helper cells are also known as___and they are type of__
Cd4 cells; white blood cells
What are the primary components of the common-sense model of illness
Cognitive representations of illness, emotional representation of illness, coping , and appraisal
___can be described as coping through seeking advice from others in ways that are meaningful and are consistent with one's culture.
Collective coping
What does the "C" in the ABCs of behavioral assessment mean
Consequences, or the events that follow a behavior.
------ are day to day activities, demands, and desires that put someone at risk of relapse.
Covert antecedent
Which organ is NOT part of the immune system?
Cowper'sglands
food consumption patterns in the United States , measure as retail weight per person per year, show that ------ are more likely than ----- to consume more foods in every category.
D. Men; women
What cognitive benefit of exercise is especially relevant to older adults?
D. Prevention of brain atrophy
---- Percent of African American teens are obese, ------ percent of Hispanics teens are obese, and ------ of white teens are obese.
D. Twenty two; 25.8. 14.0
The number of calories needed by the body to carry out a basic functions such as breathing, heart pumping, and the conversion of food into usable energy is called:
D. basal metabolic rate.
Jamie expressed concern to her physician about her weight and how fat was distributed on her frame. Her concern .... fertility and metabolic health. Dr explained that GLUTEOFEMORAL fat, OR FAT ON THE -------, is a sign of strong fertility and metabolic health...... nothing to be concerned about.
D. hips and buttocks
Which condition is NOT a warning sign of sun damage and precancerous skin lesions?
D. increased sensitivity to light or water. B. an itchy swelling bump that is tender C. Changes to the size, color or surface of a mole
The immune system typically recognized the body's own__and then___
DAMPs; attacks them (I think but its not antigens; attacks them)
Four middle-aged rothers visit the same physician for their yearly checkup. which brother is MOST likely to meet diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome?
Daniel
Which strategy is an example of the specific component of the SMART goal system?
Deciding to pay off a credit card in its entirely
In an experiment the ___ is what researchers expect to change as a result of some kind of manipulation.
Dependent variable
a common psychological factor present in a sedentary lifestyle, heavy alcohol consumption, increased levels of c-reactive protein in the blood, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease is:
Depression
Which method of data collection is correctly paired with its description?
Descriptive gathering information about health attitudes and behaviors.
Which strategy is an example of the attainable component of the SMART goal system?
Determining that it is feasible to cut out spending on other parts of budget in order to pay off $100 each week on the credit card
What effects results from including calorie counts on a restaurant menu?
Diners make healthier choices and restaurants suffer no loos of revenue
What effects results from including calorie counts on a restaurant menu
Dinners make healthier choices, and restaurants suffer no loss revenue.
Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and usually ----- after baby is born
Disappears
The "D" in "type D" personality refers to:
Distressed
Dominic recently went to the doctor after feeling light headed and his systolic mmHg blood pressure reading was 183.
Dominic's blood pressure reveals he is in hypertensive crisis and should be taken to the emergency room immediately.
structured interviews
Don't veer off of the structure script. Used especially in research studies. We ask everyone the same questions! Issues may not be covered in the interview/ no expansion can put people off.
Which of the following is an example of a longitudinal research design?
Dr. Cisneros initially studied a group of 35-year olds to evaluate their cardiovascular fitness.
Which of the following is an example of a cross-sectional research design?
Dr. Huang assessed the lung
which is an example of cross sectional design?
Dr. huang assessed the long cape city fo the 2nd, 4th, and 6th graders
Which activity is an example of negative health behavior
Drinking and driving
The basic behaviors that lead to good health include maintaining a healthy weight, eating nutritious foods, avoiding snacking, eating breakfast, exercise regularly, quitting smoking, getting enough sleep, and :
Drinking in moderation
Which is NOT a behavioral or metabolic risk factor for hypertension?
Education
how neurons develop in the brain and how this interacts with the environment.
Embryonic development generates an initial overabundance of neurons. As they reach their destinations, they become neurons with axons that carry electrical signals to other parts of the brain.
People with type D personalities tend to use which type of coping strategy when facing stress?
Emotion-focused
According to the machine hypothesis which strategy should someone use when they can only deal with the distress caused by an event?
Emotion-focused coping
Lucy's father passed away and she is feeling very distressed. According to the matching hypothesis, which type of coping strategy would be most effective for Lucy to use?
Emotion-focused coping
What statement about workplace intervention is supported by the research evidence?
Enrollment rates in these program tend to be low
Which statement about workplace interventions is supported by research evidence
Enrollment rates in these programs tend to be low
How did Dorothea Dix change 19th century notions of illness?
Established 32 humane mental hospitals for treatment
Research in which there is direct manipulation of an independent variable and random assignment of participants to conditions is an example of ?
Experimental design
A detailed plan of a study which specifies the experimental data collection and sampling methods is known as
Experimental protocol
While investigating the link between personality and eating, a tentative association was indicated between high ----- and high BMI and high ----- and lower BMI's
Extraversion; conscientiousness
The warning signs of a stroke from the acronym
FAST
Which statement best illustrates that hypertension is a bio psychosocial disorder?
For 95%
In some epidemiological studies the researcher may attempt to influence action or encourage changes in behavior by framing the message positively or negatively in terms of
Gain or loss
Which theorist proposed the biopsychosocial model in 1977
George Engel
Jack is a generally optimistic person. When faced with the stress of an upcoming tax audit which coping strategy is he most likely to use?
Getting all of his papers in order, reviewing the relevant laws and statutes and noting ways to avoid this situation in the future
Which situation BEST represents a community level causation ?
Gina gives up smoking because her romantic partner and her parents disapprove of it
Which conclusion about the developmental trajectory of coping strategies and gender is TRUE?
Girls tend to use dispositional coping strategies more than boys.
LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin are examples of:
Hallucinogens
What attribute does not tend to contribute to health disparities
Handedness
what attribute does not tend to contribute to health disparities?
Handedness
Compared to others which person is LEAST likely to have an opportunity to specialize in health psychology
Harvey who is pursuing a master's degree in human factors engineering
When faced with a high risk which pathway predicts a decreased probability that a person will relapse to an undesirable behavior?
Having an effective coping response and feeling of increased self-efficacy.
When faced with high-risk situations which pathway predicts a decreased probability that a person will relapse to an undesirable behavior?
Having an effective coping response and feelings of increased self-efficacy
When faced with a high-risk situation, which pathway predicts a decreased probability that a person will relapse to an undesirable behavior?
Having effective coping response and feelings to increased self-efficacy
What is the general premise of the health beliefs model?
Health behaviors result from a perceived health threat and the belief that taking action will reduce that threat.
Which statement is NOT true regarding adolescence and emerging adulthood?
Health choice made by individuals during their time in these age groups have long-term trajectories
____ are also known as wellness coaches
Health coaches
Heino recently went to the doctor after bleeding after feeling light headed, and his diastolic mmHg blood pressure reading was 93, what next step for Heino after seeing doctor today?
Heino blood pressure reveals in stage 2 pf hypertension; he should be place on medication and schedule a follow up app with his doctor.
When persons blood pressure is in the 130-139 range or in 80-89 range
High blood pressure stage 1
Which symptom is typically associated with metabolic syndrome?
High fasting blood sugar
What indicator is present in all types of diabetes
High levels of glucose in the blood
___refers to an emotional state filled with aggression, opposition, anger, and defiance
Hostility
According to the common sense model of illness we see our health behaviors based on:
How we perceive our health
According to the common-sense model of illness, we see our health behaviors based on:
How we perceived our health
The fastest-growing and most common sexually transmitted infection is :
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
The 5 to 10 min transitional phase of sleep during which a person may have suddenly jerk movements or feel a sensation of falling is known as:
Hypnic myoclonia
A researcher propose that " consumption of 8 ounces of ice cream each day during pregnancy can lead to decreased severity of morning sickness in lactose tolerant woman
Hypothesis
Researchers who conduct quantitative research typically know ahead of time what ideas they are testing. Because of this quantitative research is almost always:
Hypothesis- driven
Chris received a D+ on his algebra test. Chris has an internal locus of control. Which explanation is Chris most likely to use for why he performed so poorly?
I didn't devote enough time
How has the legal system progressed and prioritized the mental health of children?
IDEA — Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: United Nations General Assembly (2007)
For as long as she can remember Caras father has worried excessively over his health, often interpreting the mildest of symptoms as indicators of serious and alarming disorders. her father likely suffers from
Illness anxiety disorder
Are the most pressing dangers that have the highest risks of relapse.
Immediate determinants
Which of the following statements is NOT necessarily true?
In order for coping strategy to have high efficacy it must be adaptive
What is the difference between incidence and prevalence when describing a disease illness or given condition?
Incidence is the number of new cases and prevalence is the number of total cases
What is the difference between incidence and prevalence when describing a disease, illness or given condition?
Incidence is the number of new cases, and prevalence is the number of total cases.
A state governor wants to use a social engineering to reduce rampant alcohol use in the capital city. Which method should he or she most likely use?
Increase taxes on sales of alcoholic beverages, such as wine, beer and liquor
What risk is associated with central obesity that makes it more dangerous than fat accumulated around other parts of the body?
Increased cardiovascular disease risk
Recent USDA nutritional guidelines advocate for which modification to the U.S populations diet?
Increased fruit and vegetable consumption
Exercise benefits the respiratory system in all the way listed EXCEPT in terms of:
Increased lung sized
In an experiment the ___ is what researchers manipulate.
Independent variable
What are the main findings in the Alameda County Study?
Individual who practiced several health behaviors 9-12 years later.
Which health behavior had the least impact on health outcomes in the Alameda county study?
Individuals who practice several health behaviors were healthier
What were the main findings in the Alameda County Study?
Individuals who practiced several health behaviors were healthier than those who practiced fewer, and the benefits were evident 9 to 12 years later.
Why is the common-sense model considered a parallel processing model?
Information processing and emotional processing occur simultaneously
Why is the common-sense model considered a parallel processing model?
Information processing and emotional processing occur simultaneously.
Why is the common- sense model a parallel processing model
Information processing and emotional processing occurs simultaneously
---- refers to feeling or re-experiencing a traumatic event as if it were still occurring.
Intrusion
Amal is a healthy young adult who exercises regularly and eats a balanced diet. whether she eats at home or out, Amal eats only when she feels hungry and stops when she is satisfied. AMAL WOULD BE BEST CLASSIFIED AS-------- EATER
Intuitive
A type of eating behavior in which a person is not preoccupied with food or dieting and that is characterized by less disordered eating is known as what?
Intuitive eating
Eighty-seven percent of all strokes are due to
Ischemic strokes
Which statement regarding a postdoctoral fellowship in health psychology is NOT true?
It is generally completed during one's final year of graduate school
How should the field of psychoneuroimmunology best be conceptualized
It is multidisciplinary field of study involving the work of many types of specialists
compared to the others which person demonstrates the greatest number of risk factors for stroke?
Jaqueline a 52 year old African American woman
johan is 24-year-old man with a family history of mental illness. while walking home from work one night, he is violently assaulted and robbed, according to the diathesis-stress model, what may result from this experience?
Johan may develop a mental health disorder
Johann is a 24 year old na with a family history of metal illness. According to the diathesis stress model, what may result from this experience?
Johann may develop a mental health disorder
who is considered the "Father of Behaviorism."
John B Watson
what beliefs about children did John Locke advanced
John Locke believed children should not be seen as objects, but as a human being. They are emotionally sensitive beings. Should be raised with thought, care understanding and given proper educational opportunities instead of indifference and harsh treatment
What is an example of emotional reactivity
Jorge was emotionally reactive to certain academic tasks, he became upset and couldn't concentrate
Excessive alcohol use that leads to memory loss and destruction of the brain cells is known as:
Korsakoff's sundrome
Excessive alcohol use that leads to memory loss and a destruction of brain cells is known as:
Korsakoff's syndrome
Which statement about stress experiences is FALSE?
Life events always pose greater health risks than daily hassels.
Which statement regarding stress is FALSE?
Life expectancies for white americans are generally lowers than the other racial
Rates of adherence to health related change tend to be lowest for
Life style changes
Rates of adherence to health-related change tend to be lowest for:
Life style changes
What term do epidemiologists use to describe the proportion of a population that has a given medical condition at some point in their lives?
Lifetime prevalence
When the behavior of a group of research participants is measured overtime this is called
Longitude
If a researcher was interested in learning how attitudes toward exercise change between the ages of 5 and 15 the researcher might study a group of children in kindergarten until they are 15 years old
Longitudinal
External eaters characteristically score :
Low on measures of self discipline and high on measurements of neurotism
___distinguish your body tissue from substances that are not part of the body?
Lymphocytes
Madeleine has been fighting with her boyfriend for the last two weeks causing her to skip classes and miss turning in important assignments.
Madeleine stress level may make her more susceptible to infection and her body may delay healing the wound on her leg.
Quan has been sober from alcohol for the last three moths. He was recently approached by an old friend who told him .......Quan tell his friend that he is in recovery and no longer plans to visit the bar. Quan is in what stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change?
Maintanace
What stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change is characterized by repeatedly implementing strategies for sustaining new, healthy behaviors that will maintain and lasting?
Maintanance
What is the marijuana paradox?
Marijuana is an effective treatment for illness but can also have negative health outcomes
Compared to the others which person statistically is more likely to develop an autoimmune disease?
Marisa
Which statement is NOT true regarding smoking during pregnancy?
Maternal smoking is associated with a decreased of cardiovascular disease in future adults.
Maya had been feeling sick all last week with the flu
Maya's body immune system failed to kill the germs
compared to others who has the greatest number of risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
Maybelle leads a sedentary lifestyle and is currently overweight.
the most widely used tool for describing and measuring pain is
McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ)
The most widely used tool for describing and measuring pain is the
McGill Pain questionnaire (MPQ)
What health-related impact did the legalization of same-sex marriage in the United States have on members of the LGBTQ community
Medical insurance benefits could now cover the spouse and children of all couples
Which substance is most responsible for the signaling of sleep readiness?
Melanine, adenosine or adrenaline
------- are cancers of the cell that produce pigment in the skin
Melanomas
More than three quarters of the deaths to skin cancer are attributed to :
Melanomas
Which long-standing ides in medicine informs the practice of psychoneuroimmunology?
Mental states influence physical states and can affect healing
unstructured interviews
Might not ask the same questions to every patient. Based on things they've seen before. Good for building report for the relationship. You may miss important questions!
Which of the following is NOT true about mindfulness?
Mindfulness has been demonstrated to be a technique derived from "pseudo- science" (or not real science).
Jerome an epidemiologist fir the state health department
Morbidity
Which statement regarding the Tuskegee experiment is NOT correct
More than 1000 participants died of syphilis before the experiment was officially terminated.
Which statement regarding driving and seatbelt safety is true?
More than half of adults and teens killed in car accidents were not wearing their seatbelts
A preoccupation with becoming more muscular is know as
Muscle dysmorphia
Recent research about the health in the LGBTQ community indicates that
NOT A (Transgender men and women experience overall poorer health outcomes in comparison to cisgender men and women.) This IS WRONG answer
A college dean wants to reduce smoking on campus using social engineering approach. Which technique is the dean MOST likely to use
NOT D hosting student-run workshops is the wrong answer
Willingness to change is most predictive of change in ----- and intentions to change are most predictive of change in ----
NOT D young adult; adolescence is the wrong answer
Why do emotional eaters eat
NOT a (They eat because the experience negative....)This is the wrong answer
The spreading of ideas, information, and behaviors through networks is known as:
NOT a (social learning theory) NOT c (the built environment)
A result of activating the hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical axis is the release of
NOT adrenomedullary hormones
To be characterized as chronic states, stress needs to:
NOT affect a person's physical health
Withdrawal from friends and activities are warning signs shared by which two eating disorders?
NOT b (bulimia nervosa and ....) wrong answer
What drug does not belong in the same category as the others
NOT d (DXM) wrong answer
Which statement regarding alcohol consumption is TRUE?
NOT d. (Social drinking is defined...) wrong answer
A group of students were discussing the common cause model explaining personality and eating disorders " childhood experiences increases the risk of developing both personality disorders and eating disorders" Claimed Chloe........
Nathan
As of 2017, which country had the highest rate of adult obesity?
Nauru
___is the tendency to experience unhelpful and sometimes harmful emotional states over time and in multiple settings.
Negative affectivity
Bella was encourage to try new foods when she was a child, and as a result she has been able to make healthier and more varied choices in her adult diet. Her son is very picky.... only eats what he is familiar. Bella and Garvin show a wide disparity in:
Neophobia
How does neuralgia differ from causalgia
Neuralgia is characterized by intense episodes of extreme pain, whereas causalgia is recurrent, episodic pain resulting from severe trauma
Amber tends to have more of a type D personality. Amber's most pronounced Big 5 personality trait is:
Neuroticism
Which statement regarding the use of tobacco is FALSE?
Nicotine is less addictive than heroin.
Which strategy is an example of a way in which people can attempt a behavioral change on their own, without assistance from others?
Nicotine replacement program
Jesse wants to test the idea that intensive social media use hampers a person sleep quality
No dependent variable has been measured
A correlation coefficient of .00 means there is _____ between the variable being studied.
No relationship
What would a person in a wait-list control group be most likely to experience?
No treatment
in studies examining the symptoms of menopause across North American and asian cultures, which result was not obtained?
North American reported fewer symptoms than Japanese woman
The 10 point directive that serves as the foundation for the ethical treatment of human research participants is known as the :
Nuremberg Code
Which condition is NOT a behavioral risk factor for hypertension?
Obesity
In regard to making health related behavior changes, most of ex-smokers have quit smoking:
On their own by using a nicotine replacement program
Malnutrition is the cause of over ------- of childhood deaths in developing countries when essential foods are unavailable
One Third
Approximately ___ deaths in the United States is due to cardiovascular diseases
One out of every three
what is the scanning technique that measures metabolic processes to appraise how well an organ is functioning?
PET
Walter has been diagnose with a high risk for developing lung cancer....stop smoking cigarettes, but Walter denies smoking is a problem and ask about alternative.... WALTER IS IN THE ----- STAGE OF THE TRANSTHEOTERICAL MODEL OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE
PRECONTEMPLATION
____ can develop after a person is exposed to a life-threatening event and begins to experience intrusive symptoms, avoidance, negative alterations in cognitions and mood, and altercations in arousal and reactivity
PTSD
Alcohol myopia theory proposes that:
People under the influence of alcohol are unable to process information deeply.
According to the theory of planned behavior, which element is NOT a primary contributor to deciding reduce alcohol intake?
Perceived susceptibility to experience physical harm from drinking
---- determines the way in which stress is perceived by a given individual.
Person- environment fit
Which degree do practicing professional health psychologists typically hold?
PhD
A non cancerous tumor in the inner lining of the colon or rectum is known as a:
Polyp
Which statement regarding ethnic identity is TRUE?
Positive ethnic identities can help buffer stress associated with discrimination
Alethea is committed to using a monitoring device to keep track of her daily exercise progress, caloric intake, and sleep quality. Her use of this device is an example of:
Practicing health promotion
What is the correct order of stages in the trasntheoretical model of illness?
Pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
Tim has been hospitalized for alcohol intoxication 3 times in the last month...... he says is due to recurring bouts of food poisoning. What stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change is Tim is most likely in
Precontemplation
The theoretical perspective that personality is both independent of eating disorders and capable of affecting one's likelihood of having an eating disorder is know as the:
Predispositional model
What is the relationship between pregnancy and the risk for autoimmune disorders?
Pregnancy contributes to the distribution of nonself fetal cells in the mother's bloodstream which can result in the body attacking its own immune system
What stage of transtheoretical model of behavior change is characterized by an acknowledgment of a problem and an initial consideration of potential changes?
Preparation
According to the recommendations by the National Sleep Foundation, which group is properly paired with the average number of hours of daily sleep its members need?
Preschoolers 10 - 11 hours
which of the following is not a disadvantage of classification?
Prevalence
Which statement regarding eating disorders is False?
Prevalence rates are increasing for white women, but decreasing for nonwhite women.
Individuals who are more optimistic are more likely to use which type of coping strategy when facing stress?
Problem-focused
Kara is studying the experiences of hospice caregivers and how their interactions with patients and families impact their own emotional state
Qualitative
Darryl was addicted to heroin for five years. He stopped for 3 months, but when he felt stressed, he returned to the heroin again. Using heroin again after quitting is an example of
Relapse
How does religiosity differ from spirituality?
Religiosity is a belief in a divine power, spirituality is a belief in an ultimate purpose in life
Which principle is NOT a component of evidence based practice
Relying on anecdotal advice
Which statement about research ethics is true
Research ethics apply to both human and animal research
Jorge is extremely focused on the amount of food and calories he consumes each day. He has a very regiment diet that he adheres to without exception. Jorge would be classified as:------ eater
Restrained
Dr. Klein
Retrospective
Which researcher coined the term PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY
Robert Ader
Sexual engagement that is respectful, pleasurable, freely consented to by both partners, and reduce the risk of unintended pregnancy or passing infections is also known as:
Safer Sex
who is displaying a clear internal locus of control?
Samantha, who believes that her future is in her hands
Courtney has notices that, as stress at work has increased, she has an inability to control her desires, emotions, and behaviors as they relate to her eating. It seems Courtney is struggling with:
Self- Control
Which of the following is an example of the TIMELY component of a SMART goal?
Setting a goal to pay off a credit card by January 1.
who is most often associated with psychodynamic and behavioral theories.
Sigmund freud (psychodynamic) Pavlov & Watson (behaviorism)
Which health behavior had the least impact on health outcomes in the Alameda County Study ?
Skipping breakfast everyday
How are the potentially health-compromising behaviors of smoking, drinking and lack of physical activity related to one another?
Smoking elevates the risk of mortality for everyone, but death rates are particularly high when smoking is combined with heavy drinking and a lack of physical activity.
Increasing taxes on tobacco sales is an attempt to reduce smoking in the community is an example of
Social engineering
Using the environment to shape behavior is the basis of
Social engineering
Compared to the others residents of which country have the highest rate of hypertension?
South Africa
Which component of a SMART goal involves asking who, what, where, when, which, and why?
Specific
When persons blood pressure is in 120-129 range and in the less than 80 range
Stage 1
Why adolescence an especially vulnerable time for developing health concerns?
Stress causes inflammation and elevates the risk of future cardiovascular disease and adolescence is a particularly stressful developing period
Heather was a competitive athlete through her early teens and twenties. In her thirties began to gain increased abdominal fat as her diet change for the worse.... WHAT IS THE NAME GIVEN TO THE WEIGHT GAIN THAT HEATHER EXPERIENCED?
Stress weight
Which statement regarding strokes is TRUE?
Stroke risk factors overlap with risk factors for heart disease.
Marisol is thinking about drinking less....concerned her friends will support her decision. This is an example of ------- according to the theory of planned behavior.
Subjective norms
Food high in ----- and ---- affect the brain in a manner similar to drug effects.
Sugar; fat
Karen is considering getting the flu shot this year. making her decision she contemplates how likely it is that she will come in contact with the influenza virus. Karen is judging her perceived:
Susceptibility
Compared to the others residents of which country have the highest rates of HIV infection?
Swaziland
Why are T lymphocytes significant to the immune system?
T lymphocytes attack antigens directly
The Freudian notion that there is an unconscious drive propelling us toward self- destruction is called:
Thanatos
___ allows people living in the United States to take time off work to care for an ill family member
The Family Medical Leave Act
what the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act is and what it requires schools to do for individuals with special needs.
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act is a law that protects the rights of those with special needs IDEA ensures that students with a disability are provided with Free Appropriate Public Education that is tailored to their individual needs which includes culturally appropriate testing and an IED (individualized education program)
Which health model posits that change will be most successful when it occurs at the right stage of readiness?
The Transtheoretical model
___refers to a set of circumstances following a relapse ( and the negative feeling that accompany that relapse) that can make another lapse more likely.
The abstinence violation effect
Why are the labels juvenile onset and adult onset no longer accurate terms for describing different types of diabetes
The age of onset for type 2 diabetes has decreased due to the rising rated of obesity in young people
Why are disengagement and avoidance coping synonymous?
The basis of these strategies is to escape, distance, or distract oneself from a stressor and its effects.
which areas of the brain develop first.
The brain stem, cerebellum, and cortex develop first.
___posits that social support helps minimize the negative effects of stress.
The buffering hypothesis
Jenna has convenient access to fast-food restaurants and difficult access to places to exercise, factors that contribute to her battle with overweight and obesity. This is an example of the effects of:
The built environment
What is the most commonly used rating scale/checklist for assessing child behavior and emotional problems
The child behavior checklist CBCL
Brad wakes up and feels sore, he reminded himself that he went to the gym, and decides his muscles are sore because of his hard workout, later he realizes he has a fever and re-evaluates; he more likely has the flu. Brad's experience is an example of WHICH BEHAVIOR MODEL.
The common-sense model of illness
Evidence- based practice results from:
The conscientious application of current scientific findings to health related decision making.
_____assumes that having greater amounts of social support is linked with better health regardless of stress levels.
The direct effects hypothesis
Winnie's religious traditions prohibit her from drinking alcohol. This influence represents the role of ----- in the theory of triadic influences.
The environment
A health locus of control can be defined as
The extent to which people believe they have control over health outcomes in their lives
How does a tumor develop?
The immune system is ineffective in preventing the uncontrolled reproduction of cells
A health value may be define as
The importance an individual places on engaging in a particular health behavior.
Why are some current theorists critical of the biopsychosocial model?
The model lacks predictive and explanatory power
How are health goals related to healthful decisions and behaviors?
The more important a health goal is to a person the more likely that person will be to actively pursue that goal through healthful decisions and behaviors.
How are health goals related to a healthful decisions and behavior?
The more important a health goal is to a person, the more likely that person will be to actively pursue that goal Through healthful decisions and behaviors
If someone experienced " white coat syndrome" which outcome would be most likely?
The person's blood pressure would increase when in a doctors office
Which health model is concerned primarily with how long a behavior change will last?
The relapse prevention model
Which health model is concerned primarily with how long behavior change will last?
The relapse prevention model
What was one of the serious limitations of Fried and Rosenman's 1974 study that calls into question the generalizability of its results?
The sample consisted of only middle aged men
What was one of the serious limitations of Friedman and Rosenman's 1974 study that calls into question the generalization of its results?
The sample consisted of only middle-aged men
A correlation coefficient represents two characteristics: ___ and___.
The strength of the association between the variable; the direction of the relationship.
How can a psychotherapist be effective in helping a person change a behavior
The therapist can get to know the client and tailor suggestions to the clients needs.
How can a psychotherapist be effective in helping a person change behavior?
The therapist can get to know the client and tailor suggestions to the clients needs.
What does research evidence indicate about developing a health habit?
The time required to develop a health habit varies by the individual and type of habit.
What does research evidence indicate about developing a health habit?
The time requires to develop health habit by individual and type of habit
A large scale of middle age Scottish men investigated the link between health and inactivity. Which is NOT one of the findings of that study?
The time the men spent in front of the computer being sedentary was only time spent at work and did not include any leisure time.
Which statement related to the cost of treating chronic pain is TRUE?
The total cost per year of treating chronic pain
Which health model proposes that in order to change a behavior, an individual must first be ready to change?
The transtheoretical model of illness.
Sara is 50 pounds overweight, does not exercise.....WHICH THEORETICAL MODEL SPECIFICALLY PROPOSES THAT IF SHE IS not ready to change her behavior, she will be unlikely to modify her lifestyle?
The transtheoterical model of illness.
What is the most commonly used intelligence scale and what domain it measures
The wechler intelligence scale and domain being measured are verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory and processing speed
A set of ideas that explain the world in which we live is called a
Theory
Katie went to her primary care physician three times with different symptoms and did not receive a diagnosis of an autoimmune disorder until the third visit. Which circumstances would NOT contribute to the outcome?
There are no laboratory tests to aid the diagnosis
Kent wants to test the hypothesis that high doses of vitamin C reduces a person's reaction time.
There is no control group
Why are nonnormative events especially likely to be perceived as stressful
These events are often unexpected or unpredictable
What is one reason that gut bacteria are essential to maintaining good immune system functioning?
They help protect against respiratory injuries
What effects do antiretroviral drugs have on the treatment of HIV?
They stop the progression of the disease
what our primary goal is when treating children with a psychological disorder. What level of developmental functioning are we attempting to achieve (e.g., previous, further)?
To continue improvement in the child, not just to return to previous behavior before disorder
What concern surrounds the prescription of the most potent pain relievers?
Tolerance, addiction and abuse may develop
Which person's progression from diagnosis to death is MOST typical of someone who suffers from HIV without treatment?
Tony
Which activity is an example of a health goal?
Training to run in next month's 10k race.
Which guideline is NOT of the dietary recommendations proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO)?
Try to burn twice as much energy as you eat
---- percent of women experience migraine headaches.
Twenty-five
___results when a person's body does not produce enough insulin.
Type 1 diabetes
___ diabetes usually develops ___
Type 1; in childhood
Mathew is visiting the bank to deposit some money.
Type B
Anxiety, depression, irritability, low self esteem and impoverish social support network are health risk factors that tend to be prevalent among people with a___ personality pattern.
Type D
a trait patterns marked by high negative affect contributed with social inhibition describes the ___ personalit
Type D
What is the relationship between the type D personality style and cardiovascular risk?
Type D is related to cardiovascular risk through the avenue of unhealthy lifestyle choices.
Which statement about treatments for smoking cessation is TRUE?
Up to 80% of people who try to quit smoking will relapse at least once.
Which situation represents a nicotine replacement program
Using nicotine patches.
a test that measures or predicts what is supposed to measure or predict is said to have a high degree of:
Validity
Over the past decade, the use of illicit drugs by students in eight through twelve grades has decline in all categories EXCEPT:
Vaping
What % of US residents fail to consume a regular diet that follows established recommendations and guidelines?
Virtually 100%
semi-structured interviews
We can follow up questions/ more friendly and natural. Stick to the same kinds of questions generally!
Clarissa is a health psychologist who has particular interests in how climate change affects people's health. Which question is Clarissa LEAST likely to investigate?
What is the best strategy to increase federal funding for training health psychologists
A group of students were discussing what they have learned in their health psychology class. " I think personality traits make it more or less likely that an eating disorder will develop"....... added WINSTON. " but i think there's an underlying factor that influences the development of both personality and eating disorders." Which student statement supports the COMMON CAUSE MODEL?
Winston
a group of students were discussing what they've learned in their health psychology class "I think personality traits make it more or less likely that an eating disorder will develop," Julie proposed "nope", countered Edgar "after you've developed an eating disorder, it changes your personality" Micaela suggested, "maybe personality and eating disorders are unrelated to one another?" "could be" added Winston. "but I think there's an underlying factor that influences the development of both personality and eating disorders" Which student statements support the common cause model?
Winston
Ingo works in a medical clinic
Wong-Baker FACES pain rating scale
ingo works in a medical clinic in a neighborhood that is populated by immigrants who dont speak as English as their first language. in order to help patients specify their level of pain, ingo uses an instrument with cartoon depictions of a how a person might feel and asks patients to point to the image that shows how the feel. this is the
Wong-Baker Faces pain rating scale
Is age an important determining factor in the development of cancers?
Yes the natural process of aging results in greater likelihood of accumulating damaged cells.
which one you must have in order to have the other (but not vice versa).
You must have validity in order to have reliability.
What percentage of teenage girls and boys report using unhealthy weight-control behaviors to manage their weight ?
a 50% of teenage girls; 30% of teenage boys
Otto is a teenager who has been using marijuana recreationally. Otto is likely to experience all of the following EXCEPT
a An increased likelihood of moving on to other drugs.
The surroundings that humans create, such as neighborhoods, parks , shopping areas, and restaurants, are known as:
a Built environment
Which statement regarding marijuana is TRUE?
a Compared to previous generations, fewer teenagers now believe marijuana is dangerous
The dopaminergic system is primarily responsible for:
a Moderating hormones that influence cognition and consciousness.
The ----- adopts a perspective that aligns most closely with the biopsychosocial model.
a Theory of triadic influence
Sitting in traffic on the way to work is an example of
a daily hassle
sitting in traffic on the way to work is an example of:
a daily hassle
The belief that everything happens for a reason is an example of:
a global meaning system
the belief that everything happens for a reason is an example of:
a global meaning system
which characteristic defines a quantitative study?
a health outcome,behavior, or attitude is measured in some way
A risk factor for atherosclerosis is:
a high fat, high calorie diet
motivational syndrome refers to:
a lack of interest in one's environment and feelings of apathy
what is the best definition of mindfulness?
a mental state achieved by being aware of ones thoughts, feelings and bodily sensations in the moment
Based on the known prevalence of risk factors, which person is MOST likely to develop type 2 diabetes?
a middle aged man of low socioeconomic status with metabolic syndrome
how is the checklist of nonverbal pain indicators used?
a patient is observed both at rest and in movement, and behavioral indications of pain are assigned a point value by the observer
physicians have observed that some forms of knee surgery
a placebo group
how does parenting style influence children's coping skills?
a positive parenting style predicts effective coping, whereas a negative parenting style contributes to dysfunctional coping
An experiment is a research method in which;
a researcher manipulates one or more variables that might affect behavior
Psychological distress after a cardiac event is a risk factor for all EXCEPT:
a shorter hospital stay.
Vaccines use___to trigger an immune response, thereby conferring immunity to the vaccinated person
a small dose of a virus as an antigen
A situation or event that triggers stress is known as
a stressor
Amanda receives a D-minus on her chemistry test and is scared that she might not pass the class. the event of receiving a low grade on a test is an example of:
a stressor
Amanda recieves a D minus on her chemistry test and is scared that she might not pass the class.
a stressor
may comopptes a correlation coefficient of .85 with a p value below her predetermined cutoff
a strong positive correlation that is statistically significant
Who would an employer be MOST likely to hire when starting a wellness program for employees
a wellness coach
Alex has a BMI of 26, and Courtney has a BMI of 31, Which statement is accurate?
a. Alex is overweight, whereas Courtney is obese.
Which statement regarding obesity is FALSE?
a. Because obesity is common, individuals who are obese generally experience fewer psychological consequences than non-obese individuals SAME QUESTION: ANOTHER CORRECT obesity is determined largely by genetics, which cannot be overcome regardless of lifestyle.
From 2014 to 2017 the number of Americans with food insecurity ------ by approximately ------
a. Decreased by 2%
Enzo cannot imagine going a day without drinking. He experiences withdrawal symptoms if he does not consume alcohol regularly, but he has a solid relationship with his partner and reports daily to his job. Which statement is true about Enzo?
a. Enzo is likely an alcoholic
Sealing the stomach and creating a small pouch around part of the small intestine is a procedure known as:
a. Gastric bypass.
----- is defined as participating in activities with frequency or intensity that puts an individual's health or well-being at risk.
a. Health compromising behavior
---- is founded on the idea that the social environment plays a substantial role in shaping behavior.
a. Social learning theory
spontaneous activation of the motor areas of the brain that may produce a sensation of falling and jerky movements is some individuals occurs during which phase of sleep?
a. Stage 1, d. Stage 5
Frances is a mental health counselor who uses the principles of the theory of triadic influences to understand his clients reasons for drinking heavily. Given his theoretical orientation, what is Francis MOST likely to believe is the underlying reason explaining his clients behavior?
a. The client's biology, personal factors, social context, and environment factors.
Alicia has been diagnose with anorexia nervosa. She highly restricts her calories and has become more compulsive as a result. Which theoretical perspective would argue that this personality change occurred as a result of the onset of her eating disorder?
a. The complication model
Frequently engaging in cardiovascular exercise is an example of :
a. health behavior b. disease prevention c. a health value
Walking backwards is a common form of exercise in china . This practice is based on the ancient myth that walking backwards can:
a. reverse passage of time C. offset senile dementia
Lack of exercise may be a factor in ---- of annual premature deaths world wide, a rate roughly equal to the number of deaths caused by smoking:
a.10%
How does abdominal fat contribute to developing dementia?
a.Greater abdominal fat, measured by a large waistline doubles the risk of dementia
Sofia suffers from alcohol use disorder
abstinence violation effect
Which element is NOT a component of the illness perception model?
acceptance of illness
Alvaro recently moved from Ecuador
acculturation
Learning and adapting to a culture is known as:
acculturation
Eugene has just relocated to a new country he finds the custom, language, and pace of life in his adopted country overwhelming, and he ends each day feeling drained and bewildered. what is he experiencing?
acculturative stress
validity
accuracy.
Preganglionic sympathetic neurons, those closer to the spinal cord, trigger the release of ____ in response to a threatening event
acetylcholine
Which substance is NOT a catecholamine?
acetylcholine
which substance is NOT a catecholamine
acetylocholine
Felipe recently began attending a support group for people recovering from opioid addiction.
action
A person with a high level of Extraversion would be predicted to use___coping strategies
active
a person with a high level of extraversion would be predicted to use ___ coping strategies
active
Men tend to rely on___ coping strategies whereas women tend to rely on__ strategies
active: emotion regulation
remo has had a sore throat for the past couple days, but he's been feeling better since he started using a throat spay. he doesn't expect to be sick that long or long term consequences. he is most likely suffering from an ____ illness
acute
The correct order of the stages of HIV infection is
acute retroviral syndrome, clinical latency AIDS
A person who was involved in a car crash likely experienced
acute stress
adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) create both ____ and ____
acute toxic stress, lifelong health consequences
being fired from a job is an example of ____ while experiencing discrimination every day is an example of ____
acute; chronic stress
which substance is most responsible for the signaling of sleep readiness?
adenosine
When does a "window of vulnerability" generally occur for engaging in risk-taking behavior?
adolescence
Which group is NOT among the most vulnerable to issue relating to climate change?
adults in midlife
The biopsychosocial model emphasizes that responses to stress are:
aimed at preserving equilibrium
the biopsychosocial model emphasizes that responses to stress are
aimed at preserving equilibrium
Loretta is quickly realizing that she is going to be late --
alarm
Loretta is quickly realizing that she is going to be late to take an important exam and may not be able to take it at all. she is likely in the ___ phase of the general adaptation syndrome
alarm
the ____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome is characterized by the sympathetic nervous system becoming activated, thereby activating the adrenal glands and producing stress hormones
alarm
What is the correct order of stages in the general adaption syndrome?
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
what is the correct order of stages in the general adaptation syndrome?
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
why does fetal alcohol syndrome occur?
alcohol crosses the placental barrier and interferes with the normal development of the fetus
what is an example of comorbidity?
all of the above
which indicators of abnormality are influenced by culture and society
all of the above (maladaptiveness, violating social norms/rules/laws
Ian has been a chronic drug user for many years and as a consequence has suffered from weight loss, insomnia, seizures, and cardiac complications. Which drug has Ian MOST likely been abusing?
amphetamine
Pietro is in an age group in which STIs are most frequently diagnosed. How old is Pietro?
an adolescent or young adult
Dr. Chang wants to provide health care to his patients who suffer from cardiovascular concerns by delivering feedback on their stress level in the moment.
an ecological momentary intervention
Juano wears a fitness tracker on his wrist that collects moment-by-moment and daily measures of exercise, heart rate, pulse rate, and other bodily indicators.
an ecological momentary intervention
how does transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) work?
an electric pulse is used to stimulate and change the magnetic field within brain regions
The scientifically accepted definition of pain is
an unpleasant sensory
the scientifically accepted definition of pain is:
an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage
Maurice has a headache and takes aspirin to get relief: Leon had reconstructive knee surgery and his physician gave him a prescription for painkillers and Vanya is suffering from pancreatitis in the hospital and has been given morphine for the pain
analgesics
aspirin for relief, painkillers, morphine; all these drugs are:
analgesics
Both Martin and Lewis are 73 years old and live in a retirement community.
angina pectoris
Anya was recently diagnosed with heart disease. Given the buildup of plaque in her arterial walls she will need to consider various treatment options
angioplasty
Agentha is constantly concerned about gaining weight, even tho her BMI indicated she is well below the cutoff for normal weight for her height, sex, and age. She perceives herself as overweight and even close to obsessing. Agentha most likely has which eating disorder?
anorexia nervosa
withdrawal from friends and activities are warning signs shared by which two eating disorders?
anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
Danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are:
antigens
which statement is true about research ethics
applies to both humans and animals
Judd didn't seek medical treatment for a lesion on his inner thigh
appraisal delay
Judd didnt seek medical treatment for a lesion on his inner thigh bc he thought it would go away on its own. this delay would be known as
appraisal delay
Yael has felt nauseous every morning for a week. he recognizes his symptoms daily and knows something is wrong, but hasn't decided if its serious enough. she is demonstrating:
appraisal delay
deciding that a stressful event occurred bc it was gods will is an example of engaging in
appraised meaning
Cancer and allergies are alike in that both of them:
are examples of immune system failure
The leading cause of disability in the United States is
arthritis
after you saw your dog get pecked, , you develop a schema that large birds are dangerous, even though you've seen other birds that aren't; this is a concept of
assimilation
Which component of the SMART goal system involves choosing a goal that is possible to complete?
attainable
which component of the SMART goal system involves choosing a goal that is possible to complete?
attainable
Gail was enjoying a day at the amusement park with her friend
attentional
compared to others, residents of which country are most likely to report experiencing physical pain often or very often
australia
which parenting style is high in control, low in warmth
authoritarian
which parenting style is most likely to result in a positive developmental outcome?
authoritative
The ---- nervous system regulates internal functioning, such as our heartbeat and respiration
autonomic
An example of an involuntary coping response is
averting ones eyes when feeling nervous
an example of an involuntary coping response is
averting ones eyes when feeling nervous
Rhonda was robbed while walking to her car after working late one night. Rhonda is experiencing ---- associated with posttraumatic stress disorder.
avoidant symptons
It is estimated that ----- people in the United States will develop clinically significant eating disorder at some point in their lives.
b 30 million
Pietro is in an age group in which STIs are most frequently diagnosed. How old is Pietro?
b An adolescent or young adult
what is an example of proximal risk factor?
b an c (severe difficulties with a marital partner, disappointment at school or work)
Approximately what % of women un the United States experience Symptoms of anorexia nervosa?
b. 9%
Ian has been a chronic drug user for many years and as a consequence has suffered from weight loss, insomnia, seizures, and cardiac complications Which drug has Ian MOST likely been abusing?
b. Amphetamine
Evolutionary explanations of sexual behavior argue that:
b. People who have more sex partners are more likely to pass on their genes.
One's muscle are relatively more tense and most body systems are inactive during which stage of sleep?
b. Slow wave c. Ultra slow wave
Compared to the others, who is statistically more likely to engage in risky behavior?
b. a 15 year-old boy
how do basal carcinomas differ from squamous cell carcinomas
b. basal cell carcinomas are raised, waxy, pink bumps.... are Red, rough, scaly.
Individuals who engage in cycles of binging and purging food are likely to be diagnosed with:
b. bulimia nervosa
Rollo is not certain whether his health provider would cover the cost of a flu shot
barriers
In debating whether to get a flu shot Annika thinks about how immobilizing getting the flu shot would be for her.
barriers or severity
how do basal cell carcinomas differ from squamous cell carcinomas?
basal cell carcinomas are raised, waxy, pink bumps, where squamous are red rough scaly lesions
the number of calories needed by he body to carry out basic functions such as breathing, heart pumping, and the conversion of food into usable energy is called:
basal metabolic rate
what is the difference b/w the behavioral and cognitive behavioral perspective?
behavioral believe that only the study of directly observable behavior, cognitive relies on emphasis of higher mental processes
Although she knows she needs to see a doctor about her symptoms, Sandra keeps putting off making an appointment. Sandra's behavior is an example of:
behavioral delay
Although she knows she needs to see a doctor for her symptoms, Sandra keeps putting it off. Sandra's behavior is an example of:
behavioral delay
self-efficacy refers to:
beliefs about ones ability to reach a goal
How much of the variance in anorexia and bulimia can be explained by genetic factors?
between 50% and 80%
fritz often eats large amounts of food when he is not hungry, eats to the point of feeling uncomfortably full, and feels out of control. Fritz most likely has which eating disorder?
binge eating disorder
Dr. Lunan is helping a pregnant woman to quit smoking in order to protect her fetus. Dr. Lunan offers to use an ultrasound to show the effects of smoking on the fetus. What component of smoking cessation intervention is Dr. Lunan recommending?
biological feedback
A hemorrhagic stroke is the result of ----- whereas an ischemic is the result of -----
bleeding in the brain from the rupture of a weakened blood vessel; blocked blood flow to the brain
a study in which participants are unaware of the hypothesis being studied
blind study
Hormones activated during the stress response affect health
by both direct and indirect mechanisms
Hormones activated during the stress response affect health:
by both direct and indirect mechanisms
Worldwide approximately how many children between the ages of 5 and 19 are overweight or obese?
c 340 million
Professor Hernandez believes that one of the main reasons teenagers smoke is that being perceived as cool and fitting in with peers outweigh the potential risk of developing lung cancer. Which theory is professor.... adopting?
c Problem behavior theory
Among American women, nearly ---- will get breast cancer during their life times, making it the second leading cause of cancer in women.
c. 1 in 8
Approximately what percentage of adults in the United States qualify as obese?
c. 36%
why does fetal alcohol syndrome occur
c. Alcohol crosses the placenta barrier and interferes with the normal development of the fetus.
Which statement regarding the biology of obesity is TRUE?
c. Between 40% and 75% of the variability in human weight gain is attributed to genetics
Grace's doctor suggest that she measured her body composition with a technique that utilizes impedance. What technique is the doctor suggesting for Grace?
c. Dual-energy X-Ray absorptiometry.
which exercise trend is properly matched with country if origin
c. Nationwide radio stretching- Japan
Which statement about obesity is NOT true?
c. Only a person loses 15% of body weight can they begin to improve mental well-being
Which statement regarding eating disorders is TRUE?
c. Some eating disorders can involve eating too much
Which perspective proposes that risky behaviors are not thrill-seeking behaviors but rather purposeful, goal directed behaviors?
c. problem behavior theory
Compared to the others, who is statistically LEAST likely to engage in the regular practice and maintenance of preventive health care and dental care?
c. someone who just graduated from college a. someone with a college diploma b. someone who earns a high income
Which statement correctly explains how a cancer cell's relationship to the immune system is different than that of a normal cell?
cancer cells are able to trick the immune system into maintaining tumor growth
The general term for diseases that affect the heart and circulatory system is:
cardiovascular diseases
Dr. Ramaciotti called a meeting of her staff at the Infectious Diseases Center. Climate change is increasing heat waves, producing longer and hotter summers and extending warm-weather patterns
cases of West Nile virus and Lyme disease
Dr. Patel is collaborating with her university basketball team to determine an optimal training schedule. Three daily training sessions at 5am 7am 1:30pm were analyzed. After seven weeks dr. Patel found that holding all other variables constant when a student athlete attends the 5am training session subsequent game performance consistently improved by 10% over previous performance. The relationship between these two variable is an example of a :
casual relationship
Jahnvi ate a new restaurant and woke up the next morning with an upset stomach
cause
eating at a new restaurant and woke up with upset stomach. she attributed her stomach troubles to consuming spicy food. this experience best firs the ___ elements of the common sense model of illness
cause
The system that coordinates basic bodily functioning is the ---- nervous system.
central
Interpreting a stressor as a --- during primary appraisal affords the possibility of growth and personal gain.
challenge
In large-scale study of Europeans aged 14 to 98 the only symptom of a heart attack recognized by more than 50% of respondents was:
chest pain
What was the only symptom of a heart attack identified more than 50% of respondents in a large-scale European survey?
chest pain
in a large-scale study of europeans aged 14 to 98,the only symptom of a heart attack is recognized by more than 50% of respondents was
chest pain
patterns of Americans meat consumption show that ___ is consumed across sociocultural groups to a greater extent than other meats
chicken
Ethnic identity begins to develop in:
childhood.
Marlena has been suffering from progressive memory loss and cognitive impairment
chronic
suffering from progressive memory loss and cognitive impairment. Dr has been tracking the decline over several years and has advised that there is no cure. patient is likely suffering from an ___ illness
chronic
Enrique broke his wrist a few weeks ago.
chronic benign pain
Allergies are an example of
chronic inflammation
Rosario has been experiencing severe pain in her joints that has significantly increased in intensity over the past couple of years.
chronic progressive pain
Cardiovascular disease is both __ and ___.
chronic, comorbid with other disease
During which stage of HIV infection is a person the LEAST symptomatic?
clinical latency
the component of pain that seems to be the most uniquely human is the ___ component
cognitive
Following discharge from a hospital after experiencing a heart attack, which of these activities would be a beneficial part of an after care plan?
cognitive behavior therapy
What are the primary components of the common-sense model of illness?
cognitive representation of illness, emotional representation of illness and appraisal
____ can be described as coping thru seeking advice from others in ways that are meaningful and are consistent with ones culture
collective coping
____can be described as coping through seeking advice from others in ways that are meaningful and are consistent with ones culture
collective coping
___can be described as coping through seeking advice from others in ways that are meaningful and are consistent with one's culture
collective coping
Brad wakes up and feels sore. He reminds himself that he recently went to the gym and decides that his muscles are sore because of his hard workout.
common sense model of illness
Cross-sectional studies
compare participants in several different age groups at the same time.
after being pecked by a bird, a dog looks afraid whenever they see/hear a bird. the sight/sound of the bird is the ___ and the pecks is best described as ___
conditioned stimulus' unconditioned
martino has chickenpox, all he can think about is missing school, and the project he has due, which aspect of the common-sense model of illness does his experience best fir?
consequence
reliability
consistency
The parasympathtic nerous system performs activities such as ---, whereas the sympathetic nervous system perform activities such as --
constricting the pupils; dilating the pupils
the parasympathetic nervous system performs activitites such as ____ whereas the sympathetic nervous system performs activities such as ____
constructing the pupils; dilating the pupils
Margret recently learned that she has signs of fatty liver disease.
contemplation
Micah frequently consumes six to eight beers each night. Micah most likely in what stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change?
contemplation
what stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change is characterized by acknowledgement of a problem but ambivalence about the extent of severity and lack of concrete intentions to change
contemplation
Any effort to relieve or lessen pain including pain signal blocks electrical stimulation exercise or biofeedback is referred to as pain:
control
any effort to relieve or lessen pain, including pain signal blocks, electrical stimulation, exercise or biofeedback is referred to as pain:
control
To provide a baseline against which they can evaluate the effects of a specific independent variable, experimenters make use of a(n)
control group
engaging in efforts to avoid or lessen a threat and reduce the experiences of distress is better known as:
coping
Assunta has been on a diet
counter regulatory
Assunta has beeb on a diet and dutifully monitored her caloric intake. Her friends host a party.....Assunta indulges in appetizers and large meals, reasoning that she has already blown her diet that night... ASSUNTAS EATING PATTERN WOULD BE DESCRIBED AS:
counterregulatory
Laurel binge drinks every weekend with her friends
covert antecedent
___ are day to day activities, demands, and desires that put someone at risk of relapse
covert antecedents
____ are the most pressing dangers that have the highest rinks of relapse
covert antecedents
Dr. Triandis wants to study health info seeking
cross-cultural
cohort effects are a potential problem most commonly associated with which type of research design?
cross-sectional
Eva has been suffering from sporadic outbreaks of cold sores around her lip.
cyclic illness
Which of these is NOT a type of white blood cell?
cytokines
fat tissue is a strong producer of protein molecules that help regulate the immune system, these molecules are called:
cytokines
Which attribute is NOT part of the Body Positive Model of eating disorder intervention?
d Forgiving others.
Obese children have a ----- risk of having a heart attack or stroke later in life compared to nonobese children
d. (30% to 40 % greater)
Amotivational syndrome refers to
d. A lack of interest in one's environment and feeling of apathy.
Barney sees himself as smaller than he actually is and is obsessed with practices to make himself more "bulky" and muscular. Barney most likely has:
d. Muscle dysmorphia
As of 2017, which country has the highest rate of adult obesity?
d. Nauru
Actions that promote good health, longevity and well being are collectively known as health ------ behaviors
d. developing a. enhancing
Which excuse is NOT one of the common reasons people give for not exercising regularly?
d. fear of being mocked
During stage 2 sleep, which lasts around 20 min each time we cycle through it:
d. sleep spindles are generated.
Megan talks endlessly about the sight smell and taste of her favorite food, .... not even hungry for something, ... see a commercial for that item and just want to have some MEGAN WOULD BE BEST CLASSIFIED AS a (n) :
d.external
Which activity is NOT one of the primary aspects in a certificate program for a health coach
data collection for research
which strategy is an example of the measurable component of the SMART goal system
deciding to pay off a credit card by putting $100 toward the overall amount each week
from 2014-2017, the number of Americans with food insecurity __ by approx __
decreased; 2%
Research supports the conclusion that telehealth
decreases health disparities
Physiological reactivity is BEST defined as the
degree of change in the sympathetic nervous system and hormone production in response to stress
People who hold inaccurate models of illness may be more likely to
delay seeking prompt medical attention
people who hold inaccurate models of illness may be more likely to
delay seeking prompt medical attention
mediating variable
describes what happens at the psychological/neurobiological level to explain how one variable results from another.
Which characteristic is a qualitative variable?
describing one's romantic relationship
which characteristic is a qualitative variable?
describing one's romantic relationship
what are the primary purposes of assessment
description, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment planning
which method of data collection is correctly paired with its description?
descriptive, gathering information about health attitudes and behaviors
a health psychologist interviews assembly-line workers
descriptive; field
which strategy is an example of the attainable component of the SMART goal system
determining that it is feasible to cut out spending on other parts of a budget in order to pay off $100 each week on the CC
The methods-foci approach refers to:
determining the focus of one's coping efforts.
prevalence refers to the total # of:
diagnosed cases of a disease or condition in a given time frame
Prevalence refers to the total number of:
diagnosed cases of a disease or condition in a given time frame.
describe equifinality.
different factors = similar outcome Genetic Pattern, Familial characteristics, Environmental Features = Conduct Disorder)
Marcus notices that no matter how stressed he feels, being able to talk to someone about his troubles always helps him feel better. this is an example of
direct effect hypothesis
During her annual physical examination, Felicia was told she is at risk for type 2 diabetes. However Felicia has not changed her habits or increased her physical activity. What coping strategy is Felicia using to deal with her diagnosis?
disengagement coping
during her annual exam, she was told she is at risk for type 2 diabetes. she has not changed her eating habits or increased her physical activity, what coping strategy is she using to deal with her diagnosis:?
disengagement coping
a person who attempts to escape a perceived threat is using a strategy known as _____ whereas a person who attempts to approach a stressor is using a strategy known as:
disengagement, engagement
Mary Jane is a teacher, after being harassed by one of her students, she goes to Publix and takes it out on the sub guy; which ego defense mechanism is being displayed?
displacement
Applying the same coping strategy to all stressful situations regardless of the type of stressor encounter is known as__coping
dispositional
Brandon uses humor as a coping mechanism regardless of whether he is coping with a poor grade on a test or more serious issues, such as a family member becoming gravely ill. Brandon relies on___coping strategies
dispositional
Brandon uses humor as a coping mechanism regardless of whether he is coping with with a poor grade on a test or serious issues, such as a family member becoming ill. Brandon relies on ___ coping strategies
dispositional
applying the same coping strategy to all stressful situations, regardless fo the type of stressor encounters, is known as ___ coping
dispositional
What is categorical classification approach
distinct categories that people fall into or don;t
what is assimilation in the cognitive - behavioral perspective?
distort new data to make them fit to existing frameworks
the "D" in type D personality refers to
distressed
The "gating mechanism" in the gate control theory of pain is located in the
dorsal horns of the spinal column
Dr. Nozick
double-blind
Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are uniformed as to which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of
double-blind procedure
Dr. Nozick is part of a research team testing a new treatment for dry mouth. The lead investigator provides each patient with a vital of oral solution and Dr. Nozick records the code number on the vial and conducts a follow up interview with the patient two days later. Neither the patient NOR Dr. Nozick knows whether the patient is receiving the current treatment or the experimental treatment under investigation. This type of research design is known as a ___study.
double-blinds
An example of a maladaptive coping strategy is:
drinking alcohol to avoid thinking about the problem at hand
an example of a maladaptive coping strategy is
drinking alcohol to avoid thinking about the problem at hand
Which activity is an example of a negative health behavior?
drinking and driving
the basic behaviors that lead to good health include maintaining a healthy weight, eating foods, avoiding snacking, eating breakfast, exercising regularly, quitting smoking, getting enough sleep, and
drinking in moderation
which activity is an example of a negative health behavior?
drinking, driving
graces doctor suggests that she measure her body compositions with a technique that utilized impedance. what techniques is the doctor suggesting?
dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
social and shared activities increase the likelihood of healthy eating behaviors. specific activities include limiting time spent watching tv or using computers, getting adequate nighttime sleep, and:
eating dinner together
What is an example of discontinuities in abnormal development
eating disorders occur more suddenly and without prior warning.
Nerve fibers that carry electrochemical signals from the spinal cord tot he tissues organs and muscles of the body are called__ nerves
efferent
nerve fibers that carry electrochemical signals from the spinal cord to the tissues, organs and muscles of the body are called ____ nerves
efferent
Winston is quite successful in his career but he gets extremely stressed out while at work.
emotion focused
A person with a high level of Neuroticism would be predicted to use___coping strategies
emotion-focused
a person with high level or neuroticism would be predicted to use ___ coping strategies
emotion-focused
winston is successful in his career but gets extremely stressed while at work, he knows its not work that is bothering him but rather an offensive coworker. he decides that he will ignore the comments and not take them personally. he is engaging in ___ as a coping startegy
emotion-focused
Which of these terms does NOT belong with the others?
emotion-focused coping
Ynez knows she can't force her neighbors to move. she also knows asking them to turn down their music gets nowhere. and she knows its very stressful for her. she decides to spend more time with her friends and volunteer and the animal shelter. if she can't control her situation she can at least control how she feels. what kind of coping ?
emotion-focused coping
Ynez knows she cannot force her obnoxious downstairs neighbors to move out of the apartment complex
emotion-focused coping
making a downward social comparison can be conceptualized as a form of:
emotion-focused coping
which coping strategy is similar to "putting a positive spin" on a bad situation?
emotion-focused coping
which of these terms does NOT belong with the others?
emotion-focused coping
a pain is processed in the central nervous system it is simultaneously regulated by ____ the body built in pain relievers
endogenous opiods
As pain is processed in the central nervous system it is simultaneously regulated by__ the body's built in pain relievers
endogenous opioids
As pain is processed in the nervous system it is simultaneously regulated by ___the body's built in pain relievers.
endogenous opioids
___ is a strategy that involves actively managing the stressor and the emotions produced by the stressor
engagement coping
actions that promote good health, longevity and well being are collectively known as health - ___ behaviors
enhancing
Becca lives in a dorm with two roommates.
environmental attribution
Becca lives with two roommates and the campus has an outbreak of influenza. none of her roommates have symptoms but becca who sufferes from allergies has been feeling symptoms. bc of the outbreak she assumes she has the influenza; this demonstrates a potential error to
envitonmental attribution
What does the gland Adrenal produce
epinephrine and cortisol (stress)
Quasi-experiments can accomplish all of the following EXCEPT
establish causality
quasi-experiments can accomplish all except?
establish causality
A central challenge facing the biopsychosocial model is
establishing causation among biological, social and psychological factors
What does the gland pituitaryoid produce
estrogen and testosterone.
the simple changes in lifestyle that has been shown to effectively treat back pain, one of the most common problems among residents of industrialized nations is
exercise
Ron has a whirlwhind of a morning
exhaustion
The --- phase of the general adaptation syndrone is characterized by feelings of depletion due to expending a great deal of energy
exhaustion
ron had a whirlwind of a morning, her was driving to take and exam and realized he was going to be late. very distraught, then tried to find the best way to adapt. at this point he is depleted from all the stress he has been enduring. Ron is likely in the ___ phase of the general adaptation syndrome
exhaustion
A detailed plan of a study which specifies the experimental data collection and sampling methods is known as
experimental protocol
a detailed plan of a study which specific the experimental, data collection, and sampling methods is known as
experimental protocol
Which technique is NOT a common method used by epidemiologists to gather data on health problems?
experimentation
Be familiar with challenges to the public accepting scientific evidence (e.g., do experts frequently agree or disagree?).
experts on childhood problems frequently disagree. research studies that appear in mainstream media are frequently oversimplified, and the way in which findings are presented can make them more or less believable. research findings in abnormal child psychology are often in conflict with one another. research has led to different recommendations regarding how children with problems should be helped.
Megan talks endless about the sight, smell, and taste of her favorite foods. She often says that she may not even be hungry for something, but then she will see a commercial for that item and just has to have some. Megan would best be classified as an :------ eater
external
Which approach is NOT an example of telehealth
face-to-face contact with a physician
which excuse is not one of the common reasons people give for not exercising regularly?
fear of being mocked
Which immune defense is an example of innate humoral immunity
fever
Which condition is NOT an example of localized pain?
fibromyalgia
which condition is NOT an example of localized pain?
fibromyalgia
The reponse to stress known as ---- prepares the body for attacking a threat or running from it
fight or flight
F3 response seen in animals and humans under threat refers to
fight-flight freeze
concealing ones problems in order not to burden others is a strategy known as
forbearance coping
Health psychologists typically complete ___ years of undergraduate education __ years of graduate training and up to ___ years of internship or postdoctoral training
four; five ; three
What is the brain stem responsible for
functions to stay alive.
sealing the stomach and creating a small pouch around part of the small intestine is a procedure known as:
gastric bypass
Which system has only recently been discovered to play a crucial role in affecting the body's ecosystem and interaction among other systems relevant to maintaining health?
gastrointestinal tract
Which attribute does NOT spread HIV?
general skin contact
What does "BLUE ZONE " refer to?
geographic location where people live long healthy lives
what does a "blue zone" refer to
geographic locations were people live long health lives
Professionals who focus on studying and providing care for older adults are called;
gerontologists
Which situation BEST represents a community level of causation?
gina gives up smoking bc her romantic partner and her parents disapprove of it?
in the study described in this video clip, the major IV was ___ and the major DV was ____
gingko biloba; memory
which conclusion about the developmental trajectory of coping strategies and gender is TRUE
girls tend to use dispositional coping strategies more than boys
how does abdominal fat contribute to developing dementia?
greater abdominal, measures by a larger waistline, doubles the risk of dementia
LSD, mescaline, psilocybin are examples of:
hallucinogens
What attribute does not tend to contribute to health disparities?
handedness
who is most likely to seek social support from women in their social network?
hanna, an unmarried women
Board certification in health psychology usually requires an applicant to
have completed a one-year internship or prior to obtaining a doctorate
When faced with a high risk situation which pathway predicts a decreased probability that a person will relapse to an undesirable behavior
having an effective coping response and feeling of increased self-efficacy.
A ___ may also be referred to as a case manager
health advocate
Todd was recently diagnosed with a serious illness. He felt lost regarding what to do next, so he hired Sun Li to help him coordinate doctor's appointments and stay on top of insurance requirements. Sun Li is MOST likely a
health advocate
Clinical consultants who guide patients and caregivers through health care issues are known as
health advocates
Kim works at a gym mentoring people on how to modify their behaviors to help them attain a healthy lifestyle. Kim is most likely a (n)
health coach
A ___helps a person bring about changes in health by identifying behavioral barriers, whereas a __ helps patients with serious medical concerns to navigate the health care system
health coach, health advocates
A ___ helps a person bring about changes in health by identifying behavioral barriers whereas a ___ helps patients with serious medical concerns to navigate the health care system
health coach; health advocate
____help clients attain a healthy and sustainable lifestyle
health coaches
Health differences between groups are also known as
health disparities
_____ is defined as participating in activities with a frequency or intensity that puts an individuals health or well-being at risk
health-compromising behavior
Both on-pump and off-pump techniques are aspects of:
heart bypass surgery
Corey was born with the inherited disorder congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) which symptom will Corey Not experience as a result of his condition?
heightened sensitivity to cold
Hypertension is
high blood pressure
What are indicators is present in all types of diabetes?
high levels of glucose in the blood
Why is maternal smoking by a pregnant woman associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease when the child reaches adulthood
higher nicotine concentration in the fetus's cardiovascular system lead to hypertension and cardiovascular disorders later in life
Jamie expressed to her physician; glutefemorial fat or fat on the _ is a sign of strong fertility and metabolic health in women
hips and buttocks
calmly reading a book by yourself is to ____ as being spooked by a weird sound in your house is to the _____
homeostasis; sympathetic nervous system
Calmly reading a book by yourself is to --- as being spooked by a weird sound in your house is to the
homeostatis; sympathetic nervous system
a person with a high-level of agreeableness would be predicted to use ___ coping startegies
humor-based
the 5-10 minute transitional phase of sleep during which a person may have sudden jerky movements or sensation of falling is known as:
hyping myoclonia
Which component has NOT demonstrated positive effects in smoking cessation interventions for pregnant women?
hypnosis
a researcher proposes that consumption of 8 oz of ice cream each day during pregnancy
hypothesis
a statement of a predicted relationship b/w an IV and DV such as "playing violent video games" increases aggressive behavior - is an example of:
hypothesis
researchers who conduct quantitative research typically know ahead of time what ideas are testing, this is
hypothesis driven
According to the common-sense model of illness the label we place on a disease is known as the illness
identity
accord to the common-sense model of illnesses, the label we place on a disease is known as the illness?
identity
Caras father has worried excessively over his health, often interpreting the mildest of symptoms as indicators of serious and alarming disorders. her father likely suffers from
illness anxiety disorder
small rash on her abdomen but hasn't seen a doctor bc she is healthy and a serious illness seems unlikely. her behavior is an example of
illness delay
What are the components of the common-sense model illness?
illness identity, consequence, time line cause
Jimmy has a family history of heart disease
illness perception model
Keneesha has been exercising regularly ....... has not been ill ... has not contracted the flu or diseases when many other patients do all of these benefits highlights the effect of exercise on the ------ system
immune
keneesha has not been ill during the last several years and has not contracted the flu or other diseases. these benefits highlight the effect on the _ system
immune
Danyelle skinned her knees while playing on a rough carpet
immune system is fighting an infection
a negative correlation b/w two variables means that their values move:
in opposite direction
A negative correlation between two variables means that their values move:
in opposite directions
where does pain occur?
in the brain
The use of marijuana for either recreational or medical purpose is legal:
in the majority of the United States
the use of marijuana for either recreational or medicinal purposes is legal:
in the majority of the United States
Dr. Whittlesly presented a proposal to her local city council. "Smoking by pregnant women in our community is at an all-time high. I would urge the counselor to approve a measure that would give any pregnant woman who has smoked for five years or longer and who continues to smoke while pregnant a $500 gift card in exchange for quitting
incentives
Liselle finds that 60 new cases of heatstroke occurred outside the beef cattle show barn during the second week of the county fair than occurred during the first week. What is Liselle documenting?
incidence
liselle finds that 60 new cases of heatstroke occurred outside the beef cattle show barn during the second of the first week. What is Liselle documenting?
incidence
The population of people age 65 years and older in the United States is projected to ___ between the present and the year 2050
increase
Constantly feeling on edge, having a hard time concentrating, and being very suspicous of other is a sympton of posttraumatic stress disorder known as:
increased arousal
Ever since Lucas came home from combat---Lucas is experiencing ----- as a facet of posttraumatic stress disorder.
increased arousal
constantly feeling on edge having a hard time concentrating and being very suspicious of others is a symptom of PTSD known as
increased arousal
constantly feeling on edge, having a hard time concentrating, and being very suspicious of others is a symptom of PTSD is known as:
increased arousal
exercise benefits the respiratory system in all of the ways expect?
increased lung size
which condition is not a warning sign of sun damage and precancerous skin lesions?
increased sensitivity to light or water
Autoimmune diseases are
incurable and chronic
Annika is investigating the influence of hours spent mediating
independent
Annika is investigating the influence of hours spent meditating on college student grades. She instructs some students to meditate for three hours a week some for six hours a week and some for nine hours per week. She finds that the more hours spent in meditation the higher grades the students attains in the majority of class. What type of variable is hours of meditation?
independent
During an experiment, researchers manipulate the ___ and measure the___.
independent variable; dependent variable
The body's response to tissue damage takes the form of
inflammation
moderating variable
influences the direction or strength of the relationship of variables (e.g. age, sex, culture)
Donnie is 6 months old and has not been given his two month vaccinations yet
innate immunity
The sensation and perception we have of our bodies physically, viscerally and physiologically is called
interoception
the sensation and perception we have of our bodies physically, viscerally, and physiologically is called:
introception
Rhonda was robbed while walking to her car after working late one night. ever since this happened, she refuses to park in the same lot. she experiences a crippling level of anxiety even thinking about walking thru that parking lot again. Rhonda is experiencing _____ associated with PTSD
intrusion, or re-experiencing symptoms
amal is a healthy young adults who exercises regularly and eats a balanced diet. she only eats when she feels hungry and stops when satisfied; she is an _ eater
intuitive
What is dimensional classification
is a broadband and narrowband rating scale
Communication between the immune system and central nervous system
is frequent and bidirectional
emotional regulation
is the ability to control one's own emotional state
emotional reactivity
is the intensity of emotional experiences which provide clues to an individual's level distress and sensitivity to the environment.
define comorbidity.
is the simultaneous occurrence of two or more childhood disorders that is far more common in a patient. Example: diabetes, heart disease, somethings that have been present or developing for some time.
Arturo counts on his close friends, family to provide interpretations of his health symptoms even tho they have no medical training. he is relying on a
lay referral network
Arturo counts on his close friends, his pastor
lay referral network
across the lifespan, receiving social support and finding meaning in stressful encounters are associated with
less stress and better adaptation
Blood pressure is considered in the normal range when systolic mmHg is__and diastolic mmHg is___
less than 120: less than 80
Blood pressure is considered in the normal range when systolic mmHg is __ and diastolic mmHg is ___
less than 120; less than 80
A desirable total cholesterol level is:
less than 200 mg/dl
a desirable total cholesterol level is
less than 200 mg/dl
___ of American teenagers have a good cardiovascular health
less than half
which statement regarding stress is FALSE?
life experiences for white Americans are generally lower than other racial/ethnic groups bc white Americans tend to experience more stress
Rates of adherence of health related change tend to be lowest for:
lifestyle changes
rates of adherence to health-related change tend to be lowest for:
lifestyle changes
what term do epidemiologist use to describe the proportion of a population that had a given medical condition at some point in their lives?
lifetime prevalence
Which health behavior had the least impact on health outcomes in the Alameda country study?
limiting alcohol intake to fewer than 5 drinks
if a researcher was interested in learning how attitudes toward exercise change
longitudinal
when the behavior of a group of research participants is measure over time this is:
longitudinal
In a graphic depiction representing a perfect correlation the values of the variables would fall:
loosely along a straight vertical line
Which structure of the immune system can be found under the armpits?
lymph node
Which structure of the immune system can be found in the groin area?
lymphatic vessels
Quan has been sober from alcohol for the last three months
maintenance
What stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change in characterized by repeatedly implementing strategies for sustaining new, healthy behavior that will be maintained and lasting?
maintenance
Dixie has learned that drinking a bottle of wine each night is a very helpful way to make her forget the stresses of work. This is an example of a(n)___
maladaptive coping strategy, coping efficacy
dixie has learned that drinking a bottle of wine each night is helpful in making her forget her stresses. this is an example of ____ with a high degree of___
maladaptive coping strategy, coping efficacy
evaluating distress by asking how the stressful event will change ones life or why the event happened in the first place represents ___ coping
meaning-focused
which component of the SMART goal system involves asking how much and how many?
measurable
more than three quarters of the deaths related to skin cancer are attributed to:
melanomas
Which long-standing idea in medicine informs the practice of psychoneuroimmunology?
mental states influence physical states and can affect healing?
Estella has high blood pressure, low levels of good cholesterol, and a large waistline. These factors are symptomatic of:
metabolic syndrome
When a group of risk factors ( such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol) cluster together to elevate the risk of experiencing negative health outcomes, this is known as
metabolic syndrome
Subtle verbal, behavior, or environmental ingignites that may be intentional or unintentional are known as:
miscroagrressions
keeva has been out of work for a year, which has been making her feel depressed, angry and anxious. keri has the same allergies and has been out of work but has maintained a positive outlook and barely notices her sniffles. this example demonstrates the influence of ___ on symptom recognition
mood
which method of treatment is focused on a patients social, individual, and occupational needs?
moral management
Jerome, an epidemiologist, complies the number of people per county who contracted food poisoning during the previous 3 months. His report is a record of:
morbidity
Worldwide, rates of obesity have -----since 1975
more than tripled
The number of deaths attributable to a specific cause is referred to as :
mortality rate
the # of deaths attributes to a specific cause is referred to as:
mortality rate
Dr. Sardonicus has been following the progression of a disease over the past two decades in the general population. She found that new cases of the disease have been declining over the past five years although the overall number of cases of the disease remains substantial. The decline in cases represents ___and the overall number of cases represents____.
mortality; morbidity
Gerald is participating in an experiment on sensitivity to afferent nerve stimulation.
movement from the caterpillar
gerald is participating on sensitivity to a afferent nerve stimulation. his arm is exposed to a cold-water bath, a heated pad, and is poked with a pencil eraser, and a cartipillar is allowed to crawl up his arm. Geralds A-delta fibers will NOT respond to which of these stimuli?
movement from the caterpillar
the protein sheath that protects a-delta fibers but is not present on c-fibers results from a process known as
myelination
Health psychologists who study autoimmune diseases would probably NOT be focuses on studying:
myocardial infarction
which exercise trend is properly matched with its country of origin?
nationwide radio stretching - japan
Donald was in a serious automobile accident last year and developed posttraumatic stress disorder as a result. He has started to isolate himself from his family and friends. Donald is experiencing:
negative alternations in mood or cognitions
Stress is BEST defined as a
negative emotional state associated with physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes
A "type D" personality is one in which an individual has mostly:
negative emotions and difficulty expressing their emotions.
Bella was encouraged to try new foods when she was a child, her son is very picky and will not try new foods:
neophobia
how does neuralgia differ from causalgia
neuralgia is characterized by intense episodes of extreme pain, whereas causalgia is recurrent, episodic pain resulting from severe trauma
What are the three forms of neuropathic pain?
neuralgia, causalgia phantom limb syndrome
Barbara is participating in a program in which she is being taught to monitor her brain waves adjust her breathing and monitor her heart rate in order to achieve a more relaxed brain activity
neurofeedback
the neural network in the brain that synthesizes and integrates info from the senses is called the
neuromatrix
Reggie's doctor informs him that pain is due to damage to the nerves of his peripheral nervous system.
neuropathic pain
the process through which pathways in the brain reorganize and new pathways develop in response to experience is called:
neuroplasticity
incidence is to ___ as prevalence is to _
new; total
Dr. Crellin is helping a pregnant woman to quit smoking in order to protect her fetus. Dr. Crellin suggest that she uses a nicotine patch to help reduce her urge to smoke. What component of smoking cessation intervention is Dr.Crellin recommending
nicotine replacement
Jesse wants to test the idea that intensive social media use hampers sleep quality
no dependent variable has been measured
Mai tests the hypothesis
no independent variable has been manipulated
a correlation coefficient of .00 means there is ___ b/w the variables
no relationship
what would a person in a wait-list control group most likely experience?
no treatment during the course of experiment
Sensory neurons in the skin are called
nociceptors
Sensory neurons in the skin are called:
nociceptors
sensory neurons in the skin are called
nociceptors
which of the following is an example of a necessary cause of depression?
none of the above
Stella is 12 years old. She was born with__immunity and then developed__immunity after receiving her school vaccinations.
nonspecific: specific
Postganglionic neurons secrete catecholamines such as
norepinephrine
The component of pain that seems to be the most uniquely human is the __ component
not sensory
Morbidity refers to the
number of cases of an illness in a specific group of people at a specific time.
What global epidemic is a major causal factor in the increase of type 2 diabetes cases?
obesity
which statement regarding the need for sleep as we age is true?
older adults spend less time in deep sleep
Which question would most likely be used in a quantitative study of smoking behavior?
on a average day, approximately how many cigarettes do you smoke?
which question would most likely be used in a quantitative study of smoking behavior?
on an average day, approx how many cigs do you smoke?
a couple are both 28 years old and are planning their wedding. they are feeling overwhelmed by everything they have to get ready for the event, such as booking a venue and sending out invites. these stressful experiences are an example of
on-time, normative event
Research on pain has revealed that
one in five adults who experience problems with surgery suffer from long-lasting chronic pain
research on pain has revealed that
one in five adults who experience problems with surgery suffer from long-lasting chronic pain
malnutrition is the cause of over __ of childhood deaths in developing countries where essential foods are unavailable
one third
when an individual learns how to achieve a desired goal, this is called:
operant conditioning
which group tends to have better immune system functioning and recovers more quickly from coronary strategy
optimistic people
Though differing in severity the pain of childbirth a migraine headache and a twisted ankle all originate from tissue pressure or damage. These types of pain are classified as___pain
organic
though differing in severity, the pain of childbirth, a headache and a twisted ankle all originate from tissue pressure or damage. these types of pain are classifies as ___ pain
organic
which statement about pain is FALSE?
pain is often interpreted by patients as merely a symptom of an underlying medical condition
What structure is NOT part of the cardiovascular system?
pancreas
as Casey walks down a dark stress on his way home, the rustling sounds he hears from around the corner make him feel nervous. when a feral cat appears and meows at him, he laughs as his heart beats slow and his pupils constrict, these bodily reactions are caused by her?
parasympathetic nervous system
How does parenting style influence children's coping skills?
parenting style is largely unrelated
Chloe is at the start of an unplanned pregnancy. As such she continues her long-standing smoking habit as she contemplates her future courses of action. Both of Chloe parents and her brother smoke as well, making it difficult for her to quit although she knows she should. Which smoking cessation intervention would be MOST helpful in getting Chloe and her family to quit
partnering
Viruses and bacteria are examples of
pathogens
Howard has been obese most of his life. According to social learning theory, which aspect of Howard's life are MOST likely to blame?
peers' and parents' eating habits
The disthesis--stress model states that
people born with a biological predisposition may develop mental illness after being exposed to asignificant stressor
What is the fastest-growing segment of the older population worldwide
people over the age of 80
William Shakespeare wrote in Hamlet that
person environment fit
William shakespeare wrote in the Hamlet that "there is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so" this phase illustrates
person-environment fit
Which substance is NOT considered a chemical messenger
phagocytes
Which substance is NOT considered a chemical messenger?
phagocytes
Which type of white blood cell is responsible for removing dead and damage cells?
phagocytes
Tiana had oral surgery to remove two of her molars which left her with empty sockets where the teeth used to be. moths ago she started having similar pain to what she had before the teeth were removed in the same location as the taken molar. there is no sign of infection and concludes that she is experiencing
phantom limb pain
What is the cerebral cortex responsible for.
planning, reasoning and creating.
yesterday 80% of students reported experiencing test anxiety at the moment; this is an example of
point prevelance
a noncancerous tumor in the inner lining of the colon or rectum is known as a
polyp
Researchers have found that as the number of cigarettes increases, the risk of developing lung cancer also increases in a predictable and systematic fashion. This relationship is an example of a:
positive correlation
which statement regarding ethnic identity is TRUE?
positive ethnic identities can help buffer stress associated with discrimination
researchers have found that as the # of cigaretss smokes increases, the risk also increases
postive correlation
Ellen is a Navy SEAL who recently returned home from her second deployment to Iraq. She tells her therapist that she has been feeling depressed. Ellen MOST likely has:
posttraumatic stress disorder
Samantha has a family history of breast cancer and is careful to get annual cancer screenings from her physician. Her behavior is an example of?
practicing disease prevention
Samantha has a family history of breast cancer and is careful to get annual cancer screenings from her physicians. Her behavior is an example of
practicing disease prevention
Samantha has a family history of breast cancer and is careful to get annual screenings. her behavior is an example of?
practicing disease prevention
Athea is committed to using a monitoring device
practicing health promotion
Tim has been hospitalized for alcohol intoxication three time
precontemplation
Tim has been hospitalized for alcohol intoxication three times In the last month, he insists is due to food poisoning. what stage of the trans theoretical model of behavior change is he in?
precontemplation
What are the "three P's" associated with preemptive medicine?
prediction, prospective diagnosis, preventive intervention
another name for independent variable is
predictor
the theoretical perspective that personality is both independent of eating disorders and capable of affecting one's likelihood of having an eating disorder:
predispositional model
What stage of transtheoretical model of behavior change is characterized by acknowledgement of problem and an initial consideration of potential changes?
preparation
According to recommendations by the national sleep foundation which group is properly paired with the average number of hours of daily sleep its members need?
preschoolers - 10 to 11 hrs
what cognitive benefit of exercise is especially relevant to older adults?
prevention of brain atrophy
HIV progresses to AIDS in this order
primary HIV infection , viral set point AIDS
An initial evaluation of the type, seriousness, and consequences of a stressor takes place during
primary appraisal
Fabrizo is assessing wheter any harm or loss occured as a result of being fired from a job he really didnt enjoy in first place . Fabrizo is engaging in the ----
primary appraisal
which perspectives proposed that risky behaviors are not thrill-seeking behaviors but rather purposeful, goal-directed behaviors?
problem behavior theory
people who are optimistic are more likely to use which type of coping strategy when facing stress
problem focused
Emmas commutes more than an hour each day to work
problem focused coping
People who are optimistic are more likely to use which type of coping strategy when facing stress?
problem- focused
Emma commutes more than an hour each way to work. the commute is trustful and she has tried different routes to work, altered her work schedule and considered moving. her coping strategy can be best described as
problem-focused coping
Michelles boss said that she noticed that Michelle has been coming into work late and being unproductive at work and that its starting to be a serious issue. according to the matching hypothesis, which coping strategy would be most beneficial to use in this situation?
problem-focused coping
according to the matching hypothesis, which coping startegy should someone us of the situation can be modified in some way?
problem-focused coping
Tangible support is an example of
problem-focused coping.
___ involves doing something directly about a stressor itself, whereas___ repraises the stressor to reduce its impact
problem-focused; emotion-focused coping
How does adopting a plant-based diet help to offset climate change
producing edible plants requires less land use and less depletion of fresh water than raising animals as a good source
Longitudinal epidemiological studies that begin with people who are disease-free and who are then followed for a period of years are called:
prospective
Longitudinal epidemiological studies that begin with people who are disease-free and who then are followed for a period of years are called:
prospective
Sylvia was trained in a health psychology program that emphasized evidence-based practice. What is Sylvia MOST likely to do while interacting with patients?
provide care based on established empirical findings
Andre is suffering from severe muscle cramps and stress headaches, for which he has sought medical treatment from a doctor.
psychogenic pain
suffering from severe muscle cramps and stress headaches for which has sought out medical treatment. after examination, the doctor can't find anything physiologically worn. the pain is best characterized as
psychogenic pain
The study for interactions among the endocrine, behavioral, neural and immune system is known as
psychoneuroimmunology
After phagocytes go to work__is the result of dead tissue dead phagocytes and dead bacteria
pus
kara is studying the experiences of hospice caregivers
qualitative
Marisol investigated the exercise behaviors of middle school kids. First observed a group of 5 6 graders and recorded the # of minutes each child
qualitative and quantitative
Marisol investigated the exercise behaviors of the middle school children. She first carefully observed a group of five sixth graders on the playground and recorded the number of minutes each child sat ,ran and jumped.
qualitative and quantitative
Dr. Chang
qualitative data collection
Dr. Chang is interested in pedestrian safety and sits near the same crosswalk at the same time on three consecutive days.
qualitative data collection
When an independent variable cannot be experimentally manipulatedbut still allows for comparisons between roughly equivalent groups, the research design is best classified as a:
quasi-experiment
What types of methods might be included in the multi-method approach
questionnaires, surveys, rating scales, observation, gathering information from informants and interviews
Adrenaline, also known as ephinephrine, has the effect of
raising blood pressure
To minimize any differences between participants who were in different conditions in this study, the researchers used:
random assignment
Allergies are the result of the immune system
reacting to harmless pollen and particles
which factor does NOT help determine an individuals physiological response to stress
reaction of others
which component of the SMART goal system involves choosing a goal theory that may force someone to determine whether they are willing to change behavior or thinking patterns to achieve the goal
realistic
An on-going evaluation of one's ability to cope with a stressor takes place during the --- phase of the transactional model.
reappraisal
Lisa is seeing a psychotherapist to deal with her ongoing anxiety
reappraisal
What primary benefit results from applying cognitive behavior therapy after a major cardiovascular event?
reducing the risk of depression and encouraging lifestyle changes
people suffering from chronic pain tend to show
reductions in gray matter in the brain
prevalence rates.
refer to all cases whether new or old during a specified period of time.
define reliability
refers to the consistency of result obtained using a specific method of measurement.
define validity.
refers to the extent to which it actually measures the dimension that the researcher sets out to measure.
treatment effectiveness.
refers to whether the treatment can be shown to work in clinical practice, not just in well-controlled research settings
treatment efficacy
refers to whether the treatment can produce changes under well-controlled conditions.
incidence rates
reflect on new cases over a specified period of time
What is the limbic system responsible for?
regulates emotion, basic drives of sex, hunger and thirst.
What is the basal ganglia responsible for?
regulates, organizes and filters information related to cognition, emotion, mood and motor function.
Darryl was addicted to heroin for five years. He stopped using heroin for three months...Using heroin again after quitting is an example of?
relapse
If a test yields consistent results every time it is used, it has a high degree of
reliability
Cognitive behavior therapy:
relies on identifying maladaptive thoughts and learning to modify them.
which principle is NOT a component of evidence-based practice:
relying on anecdotal advcie
which technique involves repeating an earlier research study to determine if its results are reliable?
replication
Be familiar with how research is presented in the media and what potential shortcomings may be involved with media reports of new research.
research studies that appear in mainstream media are frequently oversimplified, and the way in which findings are presented can make them more or less believable.
In which of these locations is a health coach LEAST likely to work
research university
how is the experience of chronic pain related to structural changes in the brain
researchers are not certain whether pain leads to structural changes or whether structural changes lead to chronic pain
Esther is beginning a new career regimen focusing one exercises that builds and condition muscle mass by using her own body weight. this form of exercise is known as __ training
resistance
Kate was driving to school to take an important exam and realized she was late. she initially was very nervous/anxious. now she is attempting to adapt to this stressor by thinking about how she can best handle the situation. Kate is likely in the ____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome
resistance
What is herd immunity
resistance to a contagious disease that results when a high proportion of a population is immune to that disease
Jorge is extremely focused on the amount of food and calories he consumes each day. he is an ____ eater
restrained
Dr. Klien is conducting a longitudinal study
retrospective
grandparents always spoke about the flu in dire language that described frightening symptoms, creating imagery that made their nephew hyper vigilant to the smallest changes in his health during the flu season. this cognitive representation her formed of an illness is known as
schema
As she was entering the classroom, Claire tripped and fell in front of all her classmates. When Claire assessed the costs and benefits of how to handle her fall, she was in the --- process of the transactional model.
secondary appraisal
As she was entering the classroom. Claire tripped and fell infront of her classmates. she simply smiled and got us like nothing happened. she decided to ignore the situation and display confidence. when Claire assessed the costs and benefits of how to handle her fall, she was in the ___ process of the transactional model
secondary appraisal
Deciding what can be done with a stressor ,such as reducing it, neutralizing it, or getting rid of it, is part of the --- process.
secondary appraisal
deciding what can be done to deal with a stressor, such as reducing it, neutralizing it, or getting rid of it, is part of the ____ process
secondary appraisal
Courtney has noticed that, as stress at work increased, she has an inability to control her desires, emotions, and behaviors as they relate to her eating. She is struggling with:
self-control
The dimension of pain measurement that includes information on the location intensity quality and pattern of the pain is the __ dimension
sensory
The dimension of the measurement that includes information on the location , intensity, quality and pattern of the pain is the ___ dimension
sensory
the component of pain that is evolutionary speaking the oldest function is the __ component
sensory
the dimension of pain measurement that includes info on the location, intensity, quality, and pattern of the pain is the ___ dimension
sensory
which strategy is an example of the timely component of the SMART goal system
setting a goal to pay off the CC by jan 1 of the coming year
Which strategy is an example of the timely component of the SMART goal system?
setting a goal to pay off the credit card by January 1 of the coming year
what key factors (e.g., age) we consider in Childhood Psychopathology
sex differences, race and ethnicity, culture, lifespan implications, adolescents and sexual minority youths, child maltreatment and non-accidental trauma and poverty and socioeconomics disadvantage.
what primary factors are considered in a clinician's approach to assessment, diagnosis and treatment
sex, age, gender, culture, and norms
Acute illnesses are often characterized by ___duration and chronic illnesses are those that___
short must be managed
acute illnesses are often characterized by ____ duration, and chronic illnesses are those that ____
short; must be managed
The procedure in which a lighter camera is used to examine the lining of the colon and rectum is known as:
sigmoidoscopy
Lamar collected data on the relationship between the temperature of elementary school classroom and the number of children who asked the teacher for a drink of water.
significant positive correlation
describe multifinality
similar early experiences = different outcomes Early childhood maltreatment = Disorder(s)).
During their partner's pregnancy, fathers generally experience
similar or greater declines in physical activity than their partners
Coping as a response to specific environmental conditions is known as ___coping
situational
Sometimes Brandi
situational
coping as a response to a specific environmental conditions is known as ____ coping
situational
sometimes brandi will make jokes to lighten the mood when she's distressed about something minor such as a friend cancelling plans at the last minute, but other times shell use coping strategies such as making lists and figuring out how to tackle a problem. brandi tends to use ____ coping strategies
situational
Alzheimer's disease currently is the __ leading cause of death in the United States
sixth
during stage 2 sleep, which lasts around 20 min each time we cycle through it:
sleep spindles are generated
one's muscles are relatively more tense and most body systems are inactive during which stage of sleep?
slow waves
Using the environment to shape behavior is the basis of?
social engineering
using the environment to shape behavior is the basis of
social engineering
___ is founded on the idea that the social environment plays a substantial role in shaping behavior?
social learning theory
Which element represents the social component of stress?
socioeconomic status (NOT SURE)
the stress generation hypothesis suggests that:
some people may create negative life experiences bc of their personality and behavior
The stress generation hypothesis suggests that
some people may create negative life experiences because of their personality and behavior
compared to the others, who is statistically least likely to engage in the regular practice and maintenance of preventive health care and dental care
someone who just graduated from college
which component of the SMART goal system involves asking who, what, where, when, which and why?
specific
native Americans culture typically uses a good deal of ____ to cope with personal and collective adversity
spiritual humor
Vince is a transgender college student who is visiting the campus health center for a physical exam. Based on documented research findings what is Vince likely to experience during the visit
staff who are uninformed about LGBTQ health care issues
spontaneous activities of the motor areas of the brain may produce a sensation of falling and jerky movements occurs during which phase of sleep?
stage 1
The stage of sleep in which we spend most time on average and that is characterized by a decrease in the body temperature, reductions in breathing and heart rate, and increasing disengagement from our surroundings is:
stage 2
Rudy is both a sleep walker and a sleep talker. These sleep disturbances are likely to affect Rudy during ------ of his nightly sleep cycle
stage 3
Between the present and the year 2060 the percentage of the U.S. residents under age 18 is expected to ___, and the percentage of residents age 65 and over is expected to ___
stay fairly constant; rise continuously
Lydia was recently diagnosed with arterial blockage. Her artery is weak but stable and she would like to pursue a surgical option that would reduce the blockage without being overly invasive.
stent catheterization
heather was a competitive athlete throughout her early teens and twenties, the pressures of her job mounted, her diet has changed, what is the name given to the weight gain she is experiencing?
stress weight
the potential causes of childhood disorders and how they interact.
structural brain damage/dysfunction, neurotransmitter imbalance, genetics, environmental toxins, etc
Marisol is thinking about drinking less but is concerned about whether her friends will support. this is an example of what theory of planned behavior
subjective norms
Marisol is thinking of drinking less
subjective norms
The region of the spinal cord that receives sensory information from the skin surface is called the:
substantia gelatinosa
The region of the spinal cord that receives sensory information from the skin surface is known as the:
substantia gelatinosa
the region of the spinal cord that receives sensory info from the skin surface is called the
substantia gelatinosa
Karen is considering getting the flu shot this year
susceptibility
the autonomic nervous system is divided into the:
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
Kiana is taking a shortcut home through a dark alley. These bodily reactions are caused by Kiana's
sympathetic nervous system
Kiana is taking a shortcut home through a dark alley. as she passes some garbage cans she hears a weird stirring and wheezing sound that causes her heartbeat to increase, pupils to dilate, and her mouth to go dry. these bodily reactions are caused by Kianas?
sympathetic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system is divided into the
sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
Carole's nephew was recently fired from his job. Carole sends him a $500 check to help ease the transition while he looks for a new job. Carole's financial help is an example of:
tangible support
Which term does NOT belong with the others?
telecasting
What do correlation coefficients tell us? What do they not tell us?
tell us if there's a relationship among variables. They cannot, however, interpret causality.
Comparing our current selves to our past selves is known as
temporal comparison
comparing our current selves to our past selves is known as
temporal comparison
Seeking help from others and the release of oxytocin are major components of the
tend and befriend response
seeking help from others and the release of oxytocin are major components of the:
tend-and-befriend response
Brain region that interprets messages from sympathetic nervous system
thalamus
The Freudian notion that there is an unconscious drive propelling us toward self-destruction is called:
thanatos
what is ABCs of behavioral assessment used for
the ABC is used to organize findings for behavioral assessment.
Which country has the greatest number of citizens aged 65 to 84
the United States
the strength of correlation coefficient is indicated by __ and the direction of a correlation is indicated by
the absolute value of the coefficient, whether the coefficient is positive or negative
why are disengagement and avoidance coping synonymous?
the basis of these strategies is to escape, distance, or distract oneself from a stressor and its effects
Self-efficacy refers to:
the belief about one's ability to reach a goal.
what is our current best understanding of why phantom limb pain occurs
the brains representations of the missing body part remains intact even after the body part itself is lost
evidence-based practice results from:
the conscientious application of current scientific findings to health related decision making
Ecological momentary intervention is BEST defined as
the delivery of interventions to people within the context of their daily lives and settings
___ assumes that having greater amounts of social support is linked with better health regardless of stress levels
the direct effects hypothesis
Marcus notices that no matter how stressed he feels, being able to talk to someone about his troubles always helps him feel better. This experience is most in line with:
the direct effects hypothesis.
The idea that risk factors for many chronic conditions might be established before birth is called
the fetal origins of disease hypothesis
The alarm phase of the general adaption syndrone is similar to --- and activates the ---- system
the fight or flight response; sympathetic adrenomedullary
For women and men combined estimated deaths from lung cancer are
the highest compared to most other cancers
A health value may be defined as:
the important an individual places on engaging in a particular health behavior
example of prevalence rates
the number of teens with conduct disorder in the general population from 2012 and 2013
example of incidence rates
the number of youths who develop a depressive disorder during the school year
a correlation coefficient represents two characteristics: ___ and ___
the strength of the association b/w the variables;
epidemiology is
the study of the distribution of diseases, disorders, or health-related behaviors in a given population
which research would be most appropriate for studying the relationship b/w the religious beliefs of a group of people and their attitudes toward same-sex marriage?
the survey
a large-scaly of middle aged Scottish men investigated the link b/w health and inactivity. which is not one of the findings of that study?
the time the men spent in front of the computer being sedentary was only time spent at work and did not include any leisure time
which statement related to the cost of treating chronic pain is TRUE?
the total cost per year of treating chronic pain is more than the annual costs of treating cancer, heart diseases and diabetes
Sara is 50 pounds over weight doesn't exercise
the transtheoretical model of illness
Which health model proposes that in order to change a behavior an individual must first be ready to change?
the transtheoretical model of illness
In a classic experiment, groups of research participants watched a film showing genital mutilation but recieved diff kinds of information ahead of time to frame their perception of the film.
the trauma group
a set of ideas that explain the world in which we live is:
theory
the __ adopts a perspective that aligns most closely with the biopsychosocial model
theory of triadic influence
why are non normative events especially likely to be perceived as stressful?
these events are often unexpected or unpredictable, so less social support may be available to help the affected person cope
+0.70 correlation between anxiety and depression
those with anxiety are more likely to display depression as well
-0.70 correlation between depression and social skills
those with depression have fewer social skills
What does the gland Thyroid produce
thyroxine(hunger)
Which statement regarding health psychologist is NOT true
to be a "true" health psychologist one must receive an advance degree in health psychology
What is the overall goal of preemptive medicine?
to initiate lifestyle changes and positive interventions early in life to ward off the possibility of later negative health outcomes
On average, which group of people needs the most hours of daily sleep?
toddlers
on average, which group of people needs the most hours of sleep?
toddlers
what concern surrounds the prescription of the most potent pain relieves?
tolerance, addicition, and abuse may develop
what concern surrounds the prescription of the most potent pain relievers?
tolerance, addiction, and abuse may develop
Why is resilience not a personality trait?
traits are fairly stable , whereas resilience is dynamic
The way in which we assign meaning to our experiences forms the sore component of the
transactional model of stress
Sara thinks she has the flu
treatment for HIV infection
Be familiar with which settings (e.g., laboratory, community) one might be preferred over the other.
treatment is evaluated in clinical settings, clients are usually referred rather than selected, and therapists provide services without many of the rigorous controls used in research.
which guideline is not one of the dietary recommendations proposed by the world health organization (WHO)?
try to burn twice as much energy as you eat
___ percent of women experience migraine headaches
twenty-five
Worldwide the number of people older than 60 years in 2017 was more than __ times as many as in 1980
two
Worldwide, the number of people older than 60 years in 2017 was more than ___ times as many as in 1980
two
Ron was exposed to congenital rubella as a child
type 1 diabetes
anxiety, depression, irritability, low self-esteem and an impoverished social support network are health risk factors that tend to be prevalent among people with a ____ personality pattern
type D
what is the relationship bw the type D personality style and cardiovascular risk?
type D is related to cardiovascular through the avenue of unhealthy lifestyle choices
what are unstructured assessment interviews?
typically subjective and do not follow a predetermined set of questions
The fire alrm goes off in your dorm while you are sleeping
uncontrollable
What percentage of US residents fail to consume a regular diet that follows established recommendation and guidelines?
virtually 100%
which statement regarding time-management is FALSE
when planning a daily schedule, people should prioritize only items that are relevant to their career to ensure they stay on task
In a study in which some college students are pampered ( given large sun of money, smartphones, and creamy desserts0 to se whether this will improve their scores in their health psychology course, what is the independent variable?
whether students were pampered or not
in a study which some college students are pampered
whether students were pampered or not
the tend-and-befriend response to stress would predict that
woman and men faced with a stressful situation are likely to engage in affiliation-related behaviors
which statement regarding exercise and coping is NOT true?
yoga is promoted as a means of relieving stress, but research evidence generally does not support its efficacy in doing so
Compared to the others, which group faces the highest probability that its members will die in a car crash?
young adult Native American men