Chapter 14: life in the Industrial Age

Walter Camp

Adapted rugby into an early form of game known as football in the U.S. in the 1880s, of which a professional league was set up in 1920.

In what ways did the goals of early photographers differ from those of romantic artists?

Aimed to show people and the world in realistic ways.

What themes did most romantic literature share?

Appealed to imagination and individuality. Valued emotion and instinct about reason.

How do archaeology, anthropology, and sociology differ?

Archaeology studies human culture through artifacts. Anthropology studies different societies. Sociology studies human relationships in society.

Evolution

Belief that organisms develop through change over time.

How did Marconi's method of communication build on that of Alexander Graham Bell?

Bell used wires to transmit messages. Marconi used electromagnetic waves to transmit messages without wires.

How was the development of history like that of political science? Why?

Both influenced by nationalism. Use scientific methods to collect and organize information. Study people as members of society.

Social sciences

Branches of knowledge that scientifically study people as members of society of society covering such areas as economics, political institutions, history and relations among people.

According to Freud, how can one's unconscious fears and desires be revealed and examined by means of psychoanalysis?

By studying one's dreams. Encouraging person to talk freely about whatever comes to mind.

How was the internal combustion engine different than engines that came before it?

Carried its own power source. Combustion of fuel took place inside a closed cylinder.

What had scientists before Virchow noticed about cells?

Cell size and shapes varied for different species.

What triggered the growth of cities in the 1800s?

Changed in agriculture and industry.

Michael Faraday

Concentrated mainly on exploring the nature of electricity. Discovered that by moving a magnet through a coil of wire, he could generate an electric current in the wire. Developed the first electric generator, which transformed mechanical power into electrical energy.

Thomas Edison

Created a light bulb that glowed for two days before burning out.

Jane Adams

Dedicated her life to helping the poor. Opened the Hull House in an immigrant neighborhood of Chicago, which provided education, job training, and cultural events. Crusaded for world peace, becoming chairwoman of the Women's International League. Became the second women ever to win the Nobel Peace Prize.

Mark Twain

Described life along the Mississippi River in his novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

What characterized many of the people who emigrated during the 1800s?

Desire to improve economic or political standards.

Guglielmo Marconi

Developed a way to send messages through space without wires. Invented the wireless telegraph for sending and receiving radio waves that became very important to ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communication.

Wilhelm C. Rontogen

Discovered a new form of Ray in 1895 that could go through many substances, including human skin and tissue and could ask I leave an impression on photographic paper.

Alexander Fleming

Discovered penicillin in 1928.

Ivan Pavlov

Discovered the condition of reflex. Concluded that human actions are responses to outside stimuli and can be changed by training.

Louis Pasteur

Discovered the scientific principle at work in Jenner's smallpox vaccine. Identified microorganisms called bacteria, showing that they reproduce like other living things. Also discovered that bacteria cause fermentation.

Special theory of relativity

Einstein's theory that no particle of matter can move faster than the speed of light and that motion can be measured only relative to a particular observer.

Dynamo

Electric generator.

With what were the realists concerned?

Everyday life and social settings.

How did the work of Cezanne, Gauguin, and Rodin show their individual styles?

Experimentation. Movements away from realistic portrayals.

How did the theory of evolution change science?

Explained the rich variety of living things.

In what ways did other arts reflect the same themes as romantic literature?

Expressed love of nature. Ideals such as livery and freedom. Emphasized emotion and drama.

Wilbur and Orville Wright

First people to achieve a sustained, controlled flight in a powered airplane. Used the technology of the internal combustion engine to people their plane through the air.

Regionalism

For of realism that focuses on everyday life in particular places.

Ludwig Van Beethoven

German composer who brought to music some of the same aims that the British poets of his time brought to literature. Expressed his love of nature in the Pastoral Symphony. His music became known for it powerful and passionate emotions.

How were Thomas Edison's light bulbs an improvement over the ones that came before?

Glowed longer.

Impressionists

Group of painters who developed a type of realism by studying light and color to create vivid impressions of people and places.

What conditions made the rise of leisure activities possible in the 1800s?

Growth of cities. Paying audiences. Publicity. Written rules for games. Development of parks for recreation.

How did advances in medicine help to fight disease worldwide?

Helped scientists to identify causes of illness and to develop vaccines against them.

Paul Cezanne

His landscapes and still life's explored the form and shapes of his subjects. Moved away from recognizable, realistic scenes. His work influenced a group of painters who are often called the postimpressionists.

Sigmund Freud

Introduced the idea of the unconscious as a determine factor in human behavior. Learned that under hypnosis, some of his patients could remember past experiences that they otherwise could not recall. Believed that these early experiences had led to their illnesses. Founded modern psychiatry, the study and treatment of mental illness.

What do the discoveries about the structure of the atom imply about the scientific process?

It is a building process in which discoveries proceed from earlier discoveries.

Dmitry Mendeleev

Made the first workable classification of the elements. A modified version of his periodic table is still used in chemistry today.

Quantum theory

Max Planck's theory stating that energy can be released only in definite "packages" or quanta.

Realism

Method of dealing with the realities of everyday life and expressing a keen observation of social settings, characteristic of literature and art in the mid 1800s.

Emigrations

Movements of people away from their native lands.

Max Planck

Proved that energy could be released only in definite "packages". His "quantum theory" formed that basis for a completely new approach to the study of matter and energy.

Pierre and Marie Curie

Provided evidence that atoms were not as simple as earlier scientists had though. Experimented with polonium and radium and found that they constantly break down and release energy on their own, a process called radioactivity.

Albert Einstein

Published four papers that forever changes physics. -examined some of the basic concepts of mechanics and tried to prove the existence of atoms. -built on Planck's theory to describe the nature of light. -developed his special theory of relativity, concluding that no particles of matter can move faster than the speed of light. -developed his famous equation (E=mc^2) to express the relationship between energy and mass.

Naturalists

Realists who took the approach one step further to show the ugly or unpleasant aspects of everyday life.

Suburbs

Residential areas on the out skirts of a city.

Physical sciences

Sciences concerned with energy and mostly no living matter, such as astronomy, geology, physics, and chemistry.

Biological sciences

Sciences that deal with living organisms, such as biology and genetics.

Aerodynamics

Scientific principles governing the movement of the air around objects.

Social Darwinism

Theory developed by Herbert Spencer that applies Darwin's theories to the evolution of Human Societies.

Alexander Graham Bell

Transmitted the human voice over a long distance by means of an electrical circuit through a wire, then patented this telephone in 1876.

Romanticism

Trend followed by many writers of the early 1800s whose work appeared to sentiment and imagination and dealt with the romance of life.

Antisepsis

Use of chemicals to kill disease-causing germs.

Herbert Spencer

Used evolution as the basis for studying human communities. Applied Darwin's theory of natural selection to human societies, counting the phrase "survival of the fittest. " Believed that human society, like plant and animal life, had evolved for lower to higher forms through natural selection. Theory became known as the Darwinism (those who had acquired wealth and power had done so because of their superior abilities, inversely meaning that of poverty were unfit.

How did Jenner's vaccine work?

Used weakened germs to encourage growth of antibodies that could defend against more deadly germs.

Pyotr Llich Tchaikovsky

Wrote ballet music, operas, and symphonies. His works were often built around stories, such as the ballet The Sleeping Beauty and the overture fantasy Romeo and Juliet. His 1813 Overture commemorates Napoleon's defeat in Russia.

Emile Zola

A French novelist who was a leader of the naturalist approach which showed the ugly or unpleasant aspect of everyday life. Wrote as if he were a scientist carefully studying human activity. His exposure of social problems helped bring about reform.

Bobbies

Nickname for London police.

Auguste Comte

One of the founders of sociology. Argued that society, like nature, operated by certain laws. Believed sociologists should follow scientific methods by using objective facts, not personal interpretations.

Sir Robert Peel

Organized a permanent police force in London. The police were called "boobies" after Peel's first name, Robert.

What were Einstein's major contributions to physics?

Overturned long-held ideas. Extended understanding of the physical universe by identifying the space-time continuum.

What effects did increased education have on society?

People be came better informed and could participate more in government. More books, newspapers and magazines were published.

Radioactivity

Process in which atoms of certain elements constantly break down and release energy.

Pasteurization

Process of heating liquids to kill bacteria and prevent fermentation.

Psychoanalysis

Process of revealing and analyzing the unconscious.

Charles Darwin

Spent 30 years studying plant and animal life. Published his theory of evolution in a book called On the Origin Of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Developed idea known as survival of the fittest, or natural selection: those who survive will, in general, be those who characteristics are best adapted to their environment.

Psychiatry

Study and treatment of mental illness.

Genetics

Study of the ways in which in born characteristics of plants and animals are inherited by their descendants.