Chapter 14

If the clinician faced with a diagnosis is strongly influenced by gender stereotypes when assessing the symptom complaints of a women who reports muscle pain, visual problems, heart palpitations, sweating, and sleep disorders, the diagnosis would probably be a. hysteria. b. heart attack. c. somatization disorder. d. depression.

c. somatization disorder.

The biggest change for the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders a. was the abandonment of its empirical basis. b. was the elimination of the axis system that appeared in DSM-III and DSM-IV. c. the addition of an axis for classifying culture-bound syndromes. d. the elimination of disorders for which research has found little support.

c. the addition of an axis for classifying culture-bound syndromes.

One view holds that men tend to react to stress by "fight or flight," and women tend to react by a. stronger "flight" and less "fight." b. stronger "flight and fight." c. using a "tend and befriend" strategy. d. reversing the source of stress and using problem-focused coping.

c. using a "tend and befriend" strategy.

Occupying the roles of spouse, parent, and worker may be more stressful for women than for men because a. women have less effective coping strategies than men. b. women do not seek social support, which can be an effective coping strategy. c. women tend to have a heavier child care burden than men. d. both a and b

c. women tend to have a heavier child care burden than men.

Research on men's multiple roles has shown that a. work roles are a more important source of stress for men than their family roles. b. few men become so involved in their family roles to gain benefits from their role as parent. c. work roles and family contribute equally to men's feelings of distress. d. family roles can contribute to men's feelings of distress but do not contribute to their feelings of well-being.

c. work roles and family contribute equally to men's feelings of distress.

In studying racism as a form of stress, what percentage of African Americans reported experiencing racist discrimination at some time during their lives? a. 25% b. 50% c. 70% d. 100%

d. 100%

The expression of negative feelings as depression a. is consistent with the female gender role. b. is not consistent with the male gender role. c. may be one of several ways of dealing with negative feelings. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Resources for coping include a. money. b. power. c. social support. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

Patterns of abnormal behavior that are specific to a cultural group a. are especially frequent in Asian cultures. b. are no longer a factor in the diagnosis of mental disorders. c. are described in a new section of DSM-5 along with their relationship to other diagnoses. d. appear in a glossary of cultural concepts in DSM-5.

d. appear in a glossary of cultural concepts in DSM-5.

omen's tendency to be more willing to seek health care than men a. is limited to young women and does not apply to mature women. b. is limited to European-Americans and does not apply to women and men from other ethnic groups. c. is limited to physical health care and does not apply to mental health care. d. applies to seeking mental as well as physical health care.

d. applies to seeking mental as well as physical health care.

The use of emotion-focused versus problem-focused coping strategies is related to a. the gender of the person who experiences the stress. b. the amount of social support available. c. the frequency of the stress. d. the situation that provoked the stress.

d. the situation that provoked the stress.

For women, the role(s) that relate to good health include a. spouse. b. employee. c. parent. d. two of the above. e. all of the above.

d. two of the above.

Some research has suggested that drinking is a strategy than men use to manage a. depression b. anger c. embarrassment d. sleep disorders e. both b and d

a. depression

Sexual abuse in the form of rape during adulthood or childhood molestation a. has been related to depression in adults. b. has been related to mental health problems in women but not in men. c. is related to problems in sexual functioning in women with genetic vulnerability but not in other women. d. has no consistent relationship to mental health problems for either women or men.

a. has been related to depression in adults.

Phyllis Chesler contended that women who overconform or fail to conform to traditional gender role behavior are at risk for psychiatric diagnosis, and subsequent research a. has confirmed her hypothesis. b. has failed to confirm her hypothesis, showing instead that women who fail to conform are viewed as healthier than women who conform. c. has extended her hypothesis to include men, finding that men who conform to the female gender role are considered mentally healthier than other men. d. has shown that gender and gender role interact, forming a complex pattern of acceptable behavior based on both factors.

a. has confirmed her hypothesis.

The compatibility of psychopathology and gender role behavior a. is high, with women exhibiting symptoms of weakness and physical complaints and men showing symptoms of violence and unacceptable sexuality. b. is high, with women exhibiting behaviors more commonly associated with men and men exhibiting behaviors more commonly associated with women. c. is low, with pathological behavior being more characteristics of the other gender than the person's gender. d. is variable, showing some consistency for some diagnoses but failing to show an overall pattern.

a. is high, with women exhibiting symptoms of weakness and physical complaints and men showing symptoms of violence and unacceptable sexuality.

Several of the negative effects of poverty on mental health can be summarized as a. lack of control. b. lack of intelligence. c. lack of planning. d. inability to follow through with coping strategies.

a. lack of control.

The ratio of depressed women to men is about 2:1 a. when examining treatment figures or community surveys in the United States. b. in all cultures and all ethnic groups. c. for college students but not in the general population. d. but more women than men avoid treatment, resulting in an equal ratio of men and women who receive treatment for depression.

a. when examining treatment figures or community surveys in the United States.

Socioeconomic status and mental health have what type of relationship? a. Those in the higher socioeconomic classes have higher levels of problems. b. Those in the lower socioeconomic classes have higher levels of problems. c. Those in the lower and higher socioeconomic classes have higher problems than those in the middle class. d. No clear relationship exists between socioeconomic status and mental health.

b. Those in the lower socioeconomic classes have higher levels of problems.

Which of the following situations pose risks for mental health? a. a marriage in which both partners are employed b. a marriage in which neither partner is satisfied c. a woman who feels that her husband supports her career efforts d. a woman who feel that her partner contributes to the emotional work of the relationship

b. a marriage in which neither partner is satisfied

hite men experience less stress than African American men, which leads to a. a decreased risk for developing depression. b. an increased risk for developing depression. c. an increased ability of cope with stress among White men. d. symptoms of anger and irritability.

b. an increased risk for developing depression.

Gender bias in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders seems to a. be restricted to women, with several categories of diagnosis representing exaggerations of the stereotypical female gender role. b. apply to both men and women, with several categories of diagnosis representing exaggerations of the stereotypical female gender role and other categories matching characteristics of stereotypical masculinity. c. have been a prominent feature of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders but was eliminated in the fifth edition. d. be an advantage, offering clinicians a restricted range of choices for diagnoses.

b. apply to both men and women, with several categories of diagnosis representing exaggerations of the stereotypical female gender role and other categories matching characteristics of stereotypical masculinity.

When male and female participants reported on their coping strategies _________; when the same participants used an electronic diary to report, __________. a. women reported more problem-focused coping . women showed more emotion-focused coping b. gender differences appeared . no gender differences appeared c. no gender differences appeared . large gender differences appeared d. men reported more emotion-focused coping . women used more emotion-focused coping.

b. gender differences appeared . no gender differences appeared

The system of diagnosis used in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders a. overlooks the individual nature of problems. b. includes a 50% overlap between different diagnoses. c. gives the impression of validity but lacks a strong research basis. d. fails to mention cultural differences in the acceptability of behaviors.

b. includes a 50% overlap between different diagnoses.

The tendency to ruminate over problems instead of using activity as a distraction a. shows a relationship to the tendency to develop substance abuse problems versus anxiety disorders. b. may explain gender-related differences in the frequency of depression. c. has been shown to be an effective way to avoid depression and anxiety reactions. d. relates to early childhood experiences more strongly than to gender.

b. may explain gender-related differences in the frequency of depression.

A person who has received an Axis I diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder a. will receive an Axis II diagnosis of Substance Abuse Disorder. b. may or may not receive a diagnosis on Axis II that indicates pathology. c. must receive a diagnosis on each Axis or the process is invalid. d. will not receive diagnoses on other Axes.

b. may or may not receive a diagnosis on Axis II that indicates pathology.

In examining patterns of drug use among men and women, a. both women and men use (but men abuse) illegal drugs more often than prescription drugs. b. men tend to use (and abuse) illegal drugs more often, and women tend to use (and abuse) prescription drugs more often. c. women tend to use (and abuse) illegal and prescription drugs more often than men. d. men tend to use (and abuse) illegal and prescription drugs more often than women.

b. men tend to use (and abuse) illegal drugs more often, and women tend to use (and abuse) prescription drugs more often.

Schizophrenia is one of the disorders that a. shows similar percentages of men and women given this diagnosis but a large discrepancy in types of treatment for men and women. b. shows no gender-related difference in frequency, but women and men exhibit some differences in symptoms. c. shows the strongest gender-related differences, with a gender ratio of about 8:1 of men to women receiving this diagnosis. d. has not been studied in relation to gender composition.

b. shows no gender-related difference in frequency, but women and men exhibit some differences in symptoms.

One of the negative aspects of diagnosis of mental problems is a. the predictive ability; these predictions becoming self-fulfilling prophecies of continued negative behavior. b. the labeling aspect; diagnostic labels magnifying the similarities and minimizing the differences among individuals. c. the treatment aspect; diagnosis and treatment becoming inseparable. d. the explanatory aspect; diagnosis also provides an explanation for the condition.

b. the labeling aspect; diagnostic labels magnifying the similarities and minimizing the differences among individuals.

Silencing the self is a. an explanation for women's tendency to be silent in groups dominated by men. b. a strategy used by men to keep women silent. c. a cognitive explanation for depression that focuses on women having to deny their true selves in order to get along in society. d. an emotional reaction to poverty and violence that affects ethnic minorities that can lead to psychopathology.

c. a cognitive explanation for depression that focuses on women having to deny their true selves in order to get along in society.

Anxiety Disorders a. show no gender differences. b. show clear gender differences. c. are more common among women than men. d. have not been studied in terms of gender distribution.

c. are more common among women than men.

Being a victim of violence a. has short-term but not long-term negative consequences for mental health. b. has few short-term consequences but may be a major source of long-term problems in mental health. c. has both short-term and long-term negative consequences for mental health. d. has not been shown to relate to mental health.

c. has both short-term and long-term negative consequences for mental health.

The hypothesis that hormones are the basis of the gender difference in depression a. has been supported by cross-cultural research. b. has been supported by research on neurotransmitters in the brain. c. has not been supported because research shows that depression is equally common in men and women in some cultures. d. both a and b

c. has not been supported because research shows that depression is equally common in men and women in some cultures.

Early studies on bias in clinical judgment by Inge Broverman and her colleagues suggested that clinicians a. exhibit no gender bias in diagnosis. b. treat each person as an individual and have trouble classifying people according to categories. c. have a double standard for mental health, with a bias favoring masculine characteristics. d. have more bias against men and the problems behaviors associated with men than against women's problems behavior.

c. have a double standard for mental health, with a bias favoring masculine characteristics.

Misdiagnosis occurs in two forms. One form consists of identifying problems when none exist, which is __________; the other form consists of failing to identify existing problems, which is __________. a. cognitive bias . emotional overgeneralization b. reformulation . regression toward the mean c. overdiagnosis . underdiagnosis d. underformulation . relevance biases

c. overdiagnosis . underdiagnosis