Chapter 14: Practice Test

A small cluster of neurons, the nucleus accumbens, is highly active when people experience A) pleasure. B) anger. C) fear. D) depression. E) disgust.

A

Fear-learning experiences can traumatize the brain by creating fear circuits within the A) amygdala. B) thalamus. C) hypothalamus. D) anterior cingulate cortex. E) brain stem.

A

For a fraction of a second after the lightning flash disappeared, Ileana retained a vivid mental image of its ragged edges. Her experience most clearly illustrates the nature of _______ memory. A) iconic B) flashbulb C) recall D) explicit E) implicit

A

Luke suffers from acrophobia, a fear of high places. Luke's therapist suggests that his reaction to heights is a generalization of the fear triggered by a childhood playground accident in which he fell off a sliding board. The therapist's suggestion reflects a ________ perspective. A) learning B) psychoanalytic C) cognitive D) humanistic E) biological

A

Norby, an 18-year-old college freshman, has missed almost all his classes during the past month. He spends most of his time in his bedroom, frequently not even bothering to get dressed or eat meals. He thinks his whole life has been a failure and blames himself for being a social misfit. Norby is most likely suffering from A) major depressive disorder. B) an antisocial personality disorder. C) a dissociative disorder. D) an obsessive-compulsive disorder. E) agoraphobia.

A

The symptoms of ________ are likely to appear at an earlier age than the symptoms of ________. A) antisocial personality; schizophrenia B) major depression; bipolar disorder C) obsessive-compulsive disorder; phobias D) schizophrenia; obsessive-compulsive disorder E) major depression; alcohol abuse

A

A disorder in which an individual is overexcited, hyperactive, and wildly optimistic is known as A) paranoia. B) mania. C) a panic attack. D) hypochondriasis. E) schizphrenia

B

A lack of conscience is most characteristic of those who have a(n) ________ disorder. A) dissociative B) antisocial personality C) dysthymic D) generalized anxiety E) obsessive-compulsive

B

A questioning attitude regarding psychologists' assumptions and hidden values best illustrates A) the false consensus effect. B) critical thinking. C) the hindsight bias. D) overconfidence. E) illusory correlation.

B

According to the social-cognitive perspective, women are more vulnerable to depression than men because they are more likely to A) have unrealistically optimistic goals in life. B) sense a lack of personal control over their lives. C) struggle with unresolved feelings of anger toward their mothers. D) experience low levels of norepinephrine. E) experience cyclical variations in hormone levels.

B

Cognitive changes that accompany depression include a(n) A) decrease in self-focused thinking. B) increased expectation of negative outcomes. C) increased externalization of blame. D) increased obsession with experiencing physical pleasure. E) decrease in pessimistic explanatory style.

B

Compulsions are best described as A) persistent fears. B) repetitive behaviors. C) illusory sensations. D) suicidal thoughts. E) false beliefs.

B

Evidence that dissociative identity disorder is not simply a product of conscious role playing is most clearly provided by the A) periodic intervals during which patients with this disorder become violent. B) distinct brain and body states associated with differing personalities. C) inability of psychiatric experts to hypnotize patients with this disorder. D) dramatic increase in reported cases of this disorder during the past 40 or so years. E) persistent autonomic nervous system arousal experienced by patients with this disorder.

B

Evidence that dissociative identity disorder is not simply a product of conscious roleplaying is most clearly provided by the A) periodic intervals during which patients with this disorder become violent. B) distinct brain and body states associated with differing personalities. C) inability of psychiatric experts to hypnotize patients with this disorder. D) dramatic increase in reported cases of this disorder during the past 40 or so years. E) overwhelming evidence for genetic predispositions related to dissociation.

B

Jeremy experiences so much anxiety about taking the elevator that he climbs 10 flights of stairs to get to his office each workday. Jeremy appears to suffer from A) post-traumatic stress disorder. B) specific phobia. C) bipolar disorder. D) obsessive-compulsive disorder. E) generalized anxiety disorder.

B

Learning theorists have suggested that compulsive behaviors are A) habitual defenses against unconscious impulses. B) reinforced by anxiety reduction. C) classically conditioned habits. D) unconditioned responses to stress. E) learned through cultural stereotypes.

B

Ravi brushes his teeth 18 times a day. Each time, he uses exactly 83 strokes up and 83 strokes down. After he eats, he must brush twice with two different brands of toothpaste. Ravi suffers from a(n) A) dysthymic disorder. B) obsessive-compulsive disorder. C) phobia. D) generalized anxiety disorder. E) bipolar disorder.

B

Schizophrenia is most likely to be characterized by A) suicidal thoughts. B) disorganized and fragmented thinking. C) a lack of guilt feelings. D) alternations between extreme hopelessness and unrealistic optimism. E) periodic intervals of uncontrollable violence.

B

The medical model of psychologically disordered behavior is most likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of A) anxiety and depression. B) social circumstances and psychological factors. C) biological evolution. D) the DSM-IV-TR. E) genetically influenced abnormalities.

B

When a person's test performance can be compared with that of a representative and pretested sample of people, the test is said to be A) reliable. B) standardized. C) valid. D) normally distributed. E) internally consistent.

B

William, an airplane pilot, is unable to remember anything of a bombing raid in which his plane was severely damaged and two crew members were killed. Because he himself suffered no physical injuries, psychologists suspect that William probably suffers from a A) panic disorder. B) dissociative disorder. C) phobia. D) generalized anxiety disorder. E) bipolar disorder.

B

Work is most likely to satisfy the higher-level needs in Maslow's hierarchy for those who A) work only part-time. B) view their work as a calling. C) are strongly motivated by high wages. D) are supervised by managers with a directive style. E) view work as a means to an end.

B

Genetically female children exposed to excess testosterone during prenatal development subsequently exhibit more "tomboyish" behaviors than most girls. In order to avoid overestimating the influence of prenatal hormones on these behaviors, it should be noted that these children A) do not experience gender-typing. B) have unusually reactive temperaments. C) may be treated more like boys because they frequently look masculine. D) are affected by a variety of random errors in gene replication. E) develop a more masculine brain-wiring pattern prior to birth.

C

If individuals expect someone labeled as mentally ill to be hostile, they may act in unfriendly ways that provoke that person to respond with hostility. This illustrates the dangers of A) the medical model. B) linkage analysis. C) self-fulfilling prophecies. D) the biopsychosocial approach. E) the DSM-IV-TR.

C

If research indicated that phobias result from a chemical imbalance in the central nervous system, this would most clearly give added credibility to A) learning theory. B) psychoanalytic theory. C) the medical model. D) the social-cognitive perspective. E) the DSM-IV-TR.

C

In the process of classifying objects, people are especially likely to make use of A) algorithms. B) phonemes. C) prototypes. D) mental sets. E) heuristics.

C

Mira claims that alcohol dependence is a disease that, like pneumonia or meningitis, can be cured or prevented with proper treatment. Her belief is most clearly consistent with A) the biopsychosocial approach. B) psychoanalytic theory. C) the medical model. D) the social-cognitive perspective. E) the learning perspective.

C

Mr. Kalish, a long-term government employee, falsely believed that his supervisor was a communist agent who was putting poison in the employees' coffee. When Mr. Kalish was referred to a psychiatrist, he claimed to be the grandson of Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Kalish is most likely suffering from A) dissociative identity disorder. B) agoraphobia. C) schizophrenia. D) panic disorder. E) an antisocial personal disorder.

C

Research has shown that neck-level spinal cord injuries reduce the intensity of certain emotional experiences. This finding supports the A) Cannon-Bard theory. B) adaptation-level principle. C) James-Lange theory. D) catharsis hypothesis. E) relative deprivation principle.

C

Rishi, a college student, complains that he feels apprehensive and fearful most of the time but doesn't know why. Without warning, his heart begins to pound, his hands get icy, and he breaks out in a cold sweat. Rishi most likely suffers from a(n) A) dysthymic disorder. B) obsessive-compulsive disorder. C) generalized anxiety disorder. D) phobia. E) dissociative disorder.

C

Since the early 1990s, adolescents with strong mood swings have been increasingly likely to be diagnosed as suffering from A) panic disorder. B) hypochondriasis. C) bipolar disorder. D) agoraphobia. E) major depression

C

Spearman referred to the general capacity that may underlie all of a person's specific mental abilities as A) IQ. B) heritability. C) the g factor. D) factor analysis. E) emotional intelligence.

C

The conception of psychological disorders as biologically based sicknesses is known as the A) psychoanalytic theory. B) humanistic perspective. C) medical model. D) biopsychosocial approach. E) DSM-IV-TR.

C

The tendency to search for information consistent with our preconceptions is called A) functional fixedness. B) the availability heuristic. C) confirmation bias. D) the representativeness heuristic. E) overconfidence.

C

There is some evidence that a relatively low level of autonomic nervous system arousal may contribute to A) post-traumatic stress disorder. B) phobias. C) antisocial personality disorder. D) dissociative disorders. E) generalized anxiety disorder.

C

Which perspective suggests that depression is a reaction to loss and the internalization of unresolved anger toward parents? A) social-cognitive B) biological C) psychoanalytic D) learning E) humanistic

C

A World Health Organization study of 20 countries estimated that ________ had the highest prevalence of mental disorders during the prior year. A) Japan B) Germany C) Mexico D) the United States E) the United Kingdom

D

A mood disorder involving a chronic state of low energy and low self-esteem that is a bit less disabling than major depression is called a A) bipolar disorder. B) generalized anxiety disorder. C) catatonia. D) dysthymic disorder. E) phobia.

D

Although experiencing severely traumatic events may lead to PTSD, it is also likely to lead to A) schizophrenia. B) linkage analysis. C) bipolar disorder. D) increased personal strength. E) generalized anxiety disorder.

D

Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult is indicative of A) an obsessive-compulsive disorder. B) a dysthymic disorder. C) schizophrenia. D) agoraphobia. E) bipolar disorder.

D

College students were asked to pretend that they were accused murderers. Under hypnosis, they typically expressed a second personality when prompted to do so by the examining psychiatrist. This most strongly suggests that dissociative identity disorder may involve A) low self-esteem. B) unconscious fear. C) internal attributions of blame. D) role-playing. E) feelings of ambivalence.

D

Indira, a third-grade teacher, frequently suffers from dizziness, heart palpitations, muscular tension, and fatigue. She is also continually agitated and unable to relax outside the classroom, but she cannot pinpoint a reason for her problems. Her behavior is most indicative of a(n) A) dysthymic disorder. B) phobia. C) obsessive-compulsive disorder. D) generalized anxiety disorder. E) dissociative disorder.

D

Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of A) latent learning. B) shaping. C) intermittent reinforcement. D) discrimination. E) spontaneous recovery.

D

Plato's belief that death involves the separation of the mind from the body is known as A) the circadian rhythm. B) age regression. C) dissociation. D) dualism. E) hypnagogic state.

D

Psychiatrists and psychologists are most likely to consider socially unusual behavior as disordered if it is A) consciously motivated. B) difficult to change. C) biologically influenced. D) personally distressful. E) psychoanalytically repressed.

D

The discovery that words heard underwater are later better recalled underwater than on land best illustrates the value of A) the method of loci. B) echoic memory. C) the spacing effect. D) retrieval cues. E) implicit memory.

D

The risk of suicide is greatest when people A) anticipate the onset of a depressive episode. B) experience the first symptoms of a depressive episode. C) experience depressive symptoms at their most extreme levels of severity. D) begin to rebound from their depression. E) use psychoactive medication prescribed by psychiatrists.

D

The vicious cycle of depression is often initiated by A) a breakdown in selective attention. B) unrealistic optimism. C) excessive levels of norepinephrine. D) stressful life experiences. E) external attributions of blame.

D

Three-month-old Andrew was obviously startled by the first ring of the telephone, but with each subsequent ring he seemed to become less reactive. This best illustrates the process of A) accommodation. B) conservation. C) imprinting. D) habituation. E) attachment.

D

When children are told that certain classmates are learning disabled, they may behave in ways that inhibit the success of these students in the classroom. This best illustrates the dangers of A) delusions. B) the medical model. C) linkage analysis. D) self-fulfilling prophecies. E) the psychoanalytic perspective.

D

Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory? A) evolutionary B) behavioral C) psychodynamic D) neuroscience E) behavior genetics

D

Which perspective suggests that explaining our own failures in terms that are global, stable, and internal contributes to depression? A) psychoanalytic B) biological C) learning D) social-cognitive E) humanistic

D

Within the framework of Bandura's reciprocal determinism, an external locus of control refers to a(n) A) behavior. B) genetic predisposition. C) environmental factor. D) cognitive factor. E) defense mechanism.

D

According to Freud, the defense mechanism that underlies all others is A) regression. B) reaction formation. C) projection. D) displacement. E) repression.

E

After studying artists who would spend hour after hour painting or sculpting with enormous concentration, Csikszentmihalyi formulated the concept of A) transformation leadership. B) strengths-based selection. C) achievement motivation. D) 360-degree feedback. E) flow.

E

An abnormal shrinkage of cerebral tissue is most likely to be associated with A) dissociative disorders. B) obsessive-compulsive disorder. C) post-traumatic stress disorder. D) dysthymic disorder. E) schizophrenia.

E

Evidence suggests that ________ contribute(s) to schizophrenia. A) the internalization of anger B) depressed serotonin levels C) a pessimistic explanatory style D) conscious role-playing E) prenatal viral infections

E

Low birth weight is a known risk factor for A) antisocial personality disorder. B) dissociative identity disorder. C) major depressive disorder. D) obsessive-compulsive disorder. E) schizophrenia.

E

News about the supposed effects of briefly presented messages on moviegoers' consumption of popcorn and Coca-Cola involved false claims regarding A) parallel processing. B) difference thresholds. C) kinesthesis. D) synaesthesia. E) subliminal stimulation.

E

Your ability to experience the physical pleasure of a hot shower is most likely to be disrupted by damage to your A) corpus callosum. B) angular gyrus. C) hippocampus. D) amygdala. E) thalamus.

E