Chapter 14: Substance Use and Gambling Disorders

What are symptoms of hallucinogens and pcp use?

coldness and loss of feeling in hands, metallic taste on tongue, constricted sensation on throat, out of body feel, heavy body parts, paresis, weak pulse, synesthesia

What are the highs of opioid intoxication?

euphoria, then orgasm in abdomen, tingling sensation and pervasive sense of warmth, drowsiness similar to drunk "on the nod"

opioids

morphine, heroin, codeine and methadone; pain reliever, naturally occurring to some extent in the body, injected, snorted, smoked

What are the symptoms related to substance withdrawal?

opposite those of intoxication, significant distress or impariment

alcohol facts

*people in countries where alcohol is usually consumed with meals (France), show lower rates of alcohol use disorders *the legal definition of alcohol intoxication much narrower than the criteria for a diagnosis of alcohol intoxication *.08 is under legal limit *600,000 alcohol related injuries leading to death internationally

How many substance classes are there according to the DSM-5 related to substance use disorders?

10; our book uses five (CNS-depressants, CNS-stimulants, opiods, hallucinogens, and cannabis)

Trends related to amphetamines

13.4% college students have used, prevalence of use is increasing, employers provide to employees to increase productivity

Hospital records in the United States indicate that alcohol-related illnesses among Native American

3 times the other people

What percent of people in the US are heavy drinkers? What percent college students are binge drinking withing a month?

7% heavy, 17-23% people are binge drinkers in a month; binge drikning for college students is 35% within past month; more common in frats and sororities

What is the prevalence of using benzodiazepines and barbiturates?

9% adults, 9.6% COLLEGE STUDENTS, 5% teenagers have used in the last year for nonmedical purposes (hypnotic, sedative, or anxiolytic)

What are cultural and Ethnic/Radical differences in alcohol abuse and consumption?

Europe and america drink the most/person with eastern med and southeast Asia at the lowest rates (may be due to cultural prohibition) native Americans-43% meet criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence at some point The higher rate of alcohol related problems has been tied to excessive rates of poverty and unemployment, lower levels of education, and greater sense of helplessness/hopelessness

date rape drug

GBH and rohypnol, has been associated with sexual assaults, Liquid exctasy, georgia home boy

Phencyclidine (PCP)

Hog, tranq, dust, powder to be snorted or smoked, similar to hallucinogens

The permanent form of dementia in which the individual develops retrograde and anterograde amnesia, leading to an inability to remember recent events or learn new information is called (chronic form of wernicks)

Korsakoff's syndrome

What substances have high risk for tolerance?

alcohol, opiods, stimulants and nicotine; cannabis and PCP have lower risks

Disulfiram is also known as

antabuse

Which of the following is true concerning the consumption of alcohol and death?

about one-third of the deaths that occur from drinking large quantities of alcohol are caused by respiratory paralysis

Brendan has been using marijuana daily for more than six years. If he stops using the drug we can expect

a strong psychological need for it when he is tense but no withdrawal symptoms.

Stimulants

activate the CNS causing feelings of energy, happiness, and power; a decreased desire for sleep and diminished appetite; cause dangerous increases in blood pressure and heart rate, alter the rythm and electrical activity of the heart, and constrict the blood vessels that can cause respiratory arrest and seizures

What are the kinds of depressants given in the book?

alcohol, benzodiozepines and barbiturates

substance

any natural or synthesized product that has psychoactive effects--changes perceptions, thoughts, emotions, and behaviors

Experiments have shown that endorphins __________ hypnotic analgesia.

are not responsible for

What do benzo and barbs do to the body?

decrease blood pressure, rep rate, and heart rate; respiratory arrest-death, cardiovascular collapse-death DON'T MIX with alcohol

Annette abuses diet pills and realizes that the best way to avoid withdrawal symptoms is to continue to take them. She had a very frightening experience the last time she took too many. Annette found herself experiencing severe delusions and hallucinations. She was most likely experiencing

delirium tremors

Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates

depress the CNS, similar withdrawal and high of alcohol (feel euphoric and disinhibited, then are depressed, lethargic, and have loss of coordination and perceptual distortions sold illegally by prescription-sedatives for anxiety and insomnia

crack

form of freebase cocaine boiled down into tiny chunks or rocks, and usually smoked

Alcohol's effects on ________ explain its ability to impair judgment

glutamate

cannabis

hemp plant, 42% of adults in US and 23% of adults in Europe have used drug, 7-10% of US qualifies for a diagnosis of cannabis use disorder

The Bayer Company developed and abandoned which drug?

heroin

What medical problems can amphetamines lead to ?

increased blood pressure, irreversible, stroke producing damage to small blood vessels in the brain, elevated body temp and convulsion, death

What does cocaine make you feel?

initially-rush of intense euphoria, self esteem, energy, crave more when taken grandiosity-impulsiveness, hypersexuality, compulsive behavior and agitation, anxiety panic and paranoia when finished- exhaustion and depression ***triggers reward and pleasure areas of brain

speed run

injection of amphetamines frequently over several days without eating or sleeping, leads to devastating depression; memory loss, confusion, paranoid thinking, perceptual abnormalities

What are gender and age differences related to alcohol abuse?

men are more likely to drink and more likely to drink heavily, gap between minorities is large, alcohol use declines with age; 70% 12th graders drink, 22% have binge drank in the past month

Nicotine

most addictive, alkaloid found in tobacco, 70% of people over 12 have smoked at some point, 28% are currently smokers; operates in central and peripheral nervous systems, releases dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin and endogenous opioids into brain-fight or flight

What are withdrawal symptoms of opioids?

muscle aches, tearing or nasal mucus discharge, dilation of pupils, goose bumps, sweating, diarrhea, yawning, fever, insomnia

What are the withdrawal symptoms of alcohol intoxicatons?

occur in three stages: 1. weakness, profuse perspiration, the shakes, headache, nausea, vomit, EEG abnormal. 2. convulsive seizures, 12 hours after drinking or 2-3 days. 3. delirium trements or DTs (auditory, visual, and tactile hallucinations occur, delusions, agitation and disorientation, fever, weird heartbeat (fatal 10% of the time))

drug addicts

people who abuse substances, though may not be physically dependent on it in order to be termed this

Hallucinogens and PCP

produce perceptual changes even in small doses, LSD and peyote, discovered by accident 11% population in the US has tried but only .4% PCP in the last month, higher among teenagers and young adults

GBH

promotes relation, CNS depressant, helps lose fat and build muscles , HBP, mood swings, liver tumors, and violent behavior, sweating, nausea, loss of reflexes, tremors

ketamine

rapid acting anesthetic that produces hallucinogenic effects ranging from rapture to paranoia , comatose, similar to PCP

What do amphetamines do in the body?

release the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine and block their reuptake; perceptual illusion, alertness, agitation, euphoria, self confidence; dillusions, hearing voices dependence and tolerance develops quickly

barbiturates

seconal

substance intoxication

set of behavioral and psychological changes that occur as a result of the physiological effects of a substance on the central nervous system

substance withdrawal

set of physiological and behavioral symptoms that results when people who have been using substances heavily for prolonged periods of time stop or greatly reduce their use

Depressants

slow the CNS; make us more relaxed, sleepy, reduce concentration, and impair thinking, judgment, and motor skills, can ultimately lead to death

ecstacy

stimulant effects of an amphetamine along with the occasional hallucinogenic properties 7% college and 13% non college adolescents have used ; cause people to score lower on attention, memory, learning, and intelligence tests; leads to cardiac, liver failure, depression, teethgrinding

amphetamines

stimulants prescribed for the treatment of attention problems (adderall, ritalin), narcolepsy, and chronic fatigue; also in diet drugs; speed, meth, chalk, swallowed injected snorted, or smoked

caffeine

stimulates CNS, increasing dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin; increases metabolism, body temperature, and blood pressure, feel more alert, and change in appetite

What is the difference between abuse and dependence (DSM-IV)?

substance abuse-when a person's recurrent use of a substance resulted in significant harmful consequences comprising four categories (1.failure to fulfill important obligations, 2. individual repeatedly uses the substance in situations which it is physically hazardous to do so, 3.repeated legal problems as a result of substance use, 4. continuation of substance despite repeated problems )----at least one of them for 12 months repeatedly substance dependent (drug addiction)-substance tolerance for same dosage, withdrawn when not on substance (physiological dependence not required); person experiences significant social, occupational, psychological, or medical problems as a result; can be abuser and not dependent

What do opioids do to the body?

suppress respiratory and cardiovascular systems to the point of death, drowsiness, constriction of pupils, attention and memory problems, impaired judgment and retardation; craving for more; nausea, vomiting, goose bumps, fever, diarrhea

gambling disorder

the inability to resist the impulse to gamble

synesthesia

the overflow from one sensory modality to another (hear colors and see sounds)

DSM-5 classification of substance abuse and substance dependence

they are one disorder (substance use disorder) because it was hard to distinguish between, had low reliability criteria: impaired control, continued use of substances despite negative social, occupational, and health consequences, risky use, evidence of tolerance or withdrawal IN 1 YEAR---rated as mild, moderate, and severe

What are the long term effects of alcohol misuse?

toxic effects on stomach, esophagus, pancreas, and liver; hypertension (high triglycerides and low lipoprotein--heart disease, increases risk of cancer, malnourished, chronic thiamine deficiency--CNS disorders--muscle detioration and loss of visual acuity; long term-dementia, deteriorated memory and abstract thinking, judgment

inhalants

volatile substances that produce chemical vapors, which can be inhaled and which can depress the central nervous system, less than 2% have ever reported using inhalants (most users are male, adolescents)

What can inhalants do to body?

when chronic, can lead to respiratory irritations and rashes, degeneration and lesions of the brain, cognitive deficits and severe dementia, hepatitis and other liver and kidney disease, loss of oxygen and heartbeat irregularities

cocaine

white powder extracted from the coca plant, most addictive, snort or inject; crack

benzodiazepines

xanax, valium, halcion, librium (used in muscle relaxants and antiseizure medicines