Chapter 14 Test

Which of the following most directly contributed to the creation of the Cumberland Road as depicted on the map?

federally funded infrastucture

Explain the impact of technology on farming

The McCormick reaper (1830) helped farmers cut and gather more crops and the steel plow (1837) helped break through the tough soil of the west. Inventions like these made farming more efficient, as a single man could now do the work of five men at once. It helped bloom commercial large scale farming and created more demand for land, machinery, and transportation (which would come). The cost of these machines put more farmers into debt.

A significant long-term result of transportation systems like the Cumberland Road did what?

The North and West developed a strong relationship because they were linked through transportation networks.

Which party the Democrats or the Whig would have supported the Market Economy. Provide 3 specific facts to support your answer.

The Whigs. The Whig Henry Clay made the American System, which included many aspects of the Market Economy. Many Whigs were also from the industry zones of New England, thus they would've supported this industry-based economy. Whigs also supported federally funded infrastructure like the Cumberland Road.

Explain a specific demographic shift that took place during the Market Revolution and its impact.

The rise of populations in cities took placer during the Market Revolution. By 1860, forty three cities could boast populations of twenty thousand or more. However, urbanization brought sanitation issues such as foul sewage, impure water, and rats. Boston in 1823 put in a sewer system and New York in 1842 implemented a piped-in water supply. Gave birth to the urban worker and bred extremes of economic inequality. Farmers also move to cities for factory jobs.

Explain the impact of the market economy on gender and family roles.

As industrialization comes about, many single women work in factories and when women get married, they go back into the home. Women and children worked in factories, however it was unusual for a married women to work in factories, and only single ones did. Mens' role gets changed into working in a factory and a married women's role is to stay in the home and to be enshrined in the cult of domesticity.

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay in the 1820s to promote American industry through a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally funded transportation network.

Explain an innovation that increased the efficiency of production methods.

Eli Whitney invented interchangeable parts for muskets which allowed for machines to make each part so that every part was identical. This gave birth to the mass production of muskets in factories, providing greater efficiency. Later on, other industries will adopt this method. This gave the north a gun advantage over the south before the Civil War. The McCormick reaper allowed individual western farmers to do the work of five men by allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots, thus more crops at once. This gave birth to large-scale commercial agriculture in the Midwest.

Patent Office

Federal bureau that reviews patent applications for inventions in the 1800s. A patent is legal recognition of a new invention, granting rights to the inventor. A spike in patents during the Market Revolution represents the innovation of the time period.

Protective Tariff of 1816

First protective tariff in American history. Used to protect American manufacturers from the flood of cheap British goods. Put a 20%-25% tax on dutiable imports, however the rates were not high enough to provide adequate safeguards, but it was a good first step.

Explain the impact of immigration on American society

Immigrants, especially Irish and German, flooded into America during the Market Revolution for land, jobs in factories, and American opportunity. The Germans contributed the Christmas tree and kindergarten. While the Irish contributed manpower for tough jobs as well as culture. They angered American "natives" because of their "stealing" of jobs and their Catholicism. This led to the formation of the Know-Nothing Party. Immigrants played a huge role in politics by supporting democrats. They also brought their culture and communities to America, diversifying the country.

Limited Liability

Legal principle that facilitates capital investment by offering protection for individual investors, who, in cases of legal claims or bankruptcy, cannot be held responsible for more than the value of their individual shares. It aided the concentration of capital in the U.S.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Massachusetts Supreme Court decision that strengthened the labor movement by upholding the legality of unions. However, the first unions wouldn't be formed until later on.

Know-nothing Party

Political party that arose in 1849 due to a flood of immigration to the U.S. The party was full of nativists who believed immigrants stole jobs and ruined culture. They advocated for restrictions on immigration as they saw it as a threat.

Tammany Hall

Powerful New York political machine that primarily drew support from the city's immigrants, who depended on Tammany Hall patronage, particularly social services.

Explain an improvement in transportation that helped regional interdependence.

Robert Fulton's steamboat, developed in 1807, provided faster, cheaper, and more efficient transportation across waterways. It allowed cotton growers and farmers to ship out their produce to markets in other regions faster and cheaper. They could also store their valuables on the ship for a cheaper price.

Treaty of Wanghia (1844)

Signed by the U.S. and China, it assured the United States the same trading concessions granted to other powers, greatly expanding America's trade with the Chinese.

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837)

Supreme Court Case when Boston's Charles River Bridge sued the owners of the new Warren Bridge for unconstitutionally violating their original contract. However, the court sided with the Warren Bridge and stated that the rights of the community outweighed corporate rights. This opened new entrepreneurial channels and encouraged competition and the winds of economic opportunity blew more freely.

ecological imperialism

Term used by some historians to criticize the West's exploitation of resources which ravaged the environment through excessive hunting, logging, and mining.

Lowell System

Textile mill structure during the Market Revolution that implemented showplace factories that employed farm girls who had few opportunities to share dissatisfactions with working. Named after a textile mill in Lowell, Massachusetts which followed this model.

Explain the growth of the development of the economic interdependence of northern manufactures and southern cotton production. Use a min of 3 specific facts.

The invention of the cotton gin in 1791 allowed cotton to be mass cultivated, which in turn helped textile industries in the north flourish. The invention of the sewing machine in 1846 helped to turn the cloth into clothes much faster. And transportation advancements such as canals in the 1820s and 1830s transported goods between the north and south faster and cheaper.

What class grew during the market revolution?

The middle class

South exported cotton to

The north and Europe

New methods of production attracted men and women into a growing market economy and away from small-scaled agricultural work. Provide a specific exampled with a definition.

The sewing machine, a mechanism used to make clothes with a driven needle, was invented by Elias Howe and then perfected by Isaac Singer in 1846. It provided a more efficient way to make clothes and it became the industry's foundation. It allowed for women to buy manufactured dresses from stores instead of making them and it drove many seamstresses from homes to the factories.

What was a big part of market infrastructure.

Transportation