Chapter 14 U.S. History

What contributions did African Americans make to the Northern war effort? How did their treatment reflect the general racial attitudes of white America?

189,000 african americans were in the union army or navy helped win many major battles and were very committed to their work which helped the union in many battles.

What part did women play in the Union's war effort?

Above all, women entered nursing. The US Sanitary Commission, an organization of civilian volunteers led by Dorothea Dix, mobilized large numbers of female nurses to serve in field hospitals.

How the Civil War fit into the worldwide movement to create large, consolidated nations

After the war, the arguments of nullification and secession ceased to be issues because the supremacy of the federal government over the states was accepted as an established fact. The abolition of slaves gave a new meaning and legitimacy to American democracy.

What role did Lincoln propose for the United State Navy? How did the Confederacy attempt to overcome this naval advantage and what was the result?

Blockade of South/ assisting armies in field operations. The south created new weapons and copied ships but still didn't stand a chance.

What impact did the Civil War have on women in the North?

By the end of the war, women were the dominant force in nursing, and by the end of the century, nursing had become an almost entirely female profession. This often reinforced Traditional Gender Roles. Nurses, and many other women, found the war a liberating experience, in which the American woman had evolved potencies and possibilities of which she had been unaware. The women nursing war effort had an enormous impact on the medical profession and treatment of the soldiers during the war. However, this could not step the spread of disease, and twice as many soldiers died of disease than died in combat during the war.

What compromises were proposed to bring these states back into the Union, and why did they fail?

Crittenden Compromises. It would cause republicans to abandon their position.

What was Lincoln's view of the extent of presidential war powers? Who were the opponents of the war, and how did Lincoln use these powers against them? What was the outcome?

He had the power to send troops without consulting congress. The peace democrats were the opponents of war and he ordered military arrests of civil dissenters and suspended habeaus corpus. 13000 arrested.

How did the Confederacy attempt to finance the war? What problems did it face, and what were the results?

Income tax, paper money, borrowing ---> declining economy --> inflation.

Why was states' rights the greatest source of division in the Confederacy's war effort? What caused this division, and what was the effect?

It caused much resistance to the idea of centralization also sectionalism was a large part of the states trying succeed from the union. The effect was the civil war.

Why was 1863 the "year of decision"? What took place in 1863 to swing the advantage to the side of the Union? Where did these battles occur? Who were the generals involved? What did the battles accomplish? Why were they so important?

It decided the North was the military winner. Meade and Grant - Braggs.

Explain the origins of the Confederate government. How did its constitution differ from that of the United States? Who were chosen as its leaders, and what problems did they face?

It originated as a version of the original constitution, but it acknowledged popular sovereignty and made abolition impossible. John Davis was the president and he faced diverts division and the prospect of war.

What was Abraham Lincoln's opinion on the legality of secession, and how was that opinion reflected in his action concerning Fort Sumter?

It wasn't legal per se (no state could leave). "Hold, occupy, posses" all seceded states' federal property. He sent help to Fort Sumter.

Compare and contrast Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis—their backgrounds, abilities, and objectives. Why was Lincoln more successful at organizing a command system than Davis?

Lincoln had little political and military backgrounds or experience while Davis had ample experience in both fields. Jefferson Davis seemed to have everything it took to be a wartime leader. the irony is that Davis had no gift for military strategy and proved to be less than he appeared while Lincoln proved to have it all.

What were the characteristics of Lincoln as a leader? How were these characteristics reflected in the selection of his cabinet?

Lincoln was considered a minor politician from the prairies, a man whom the leaders of his party would easily control. He also created his cabinet representing every faction of the Republican Party and every segment of the Northern opinion.

How was the Confederacy finally defeated? In what way did the Union forces destroy the South's will to carry on the fight?

March to the Sea, seize Pittsburg.

Outline the battles fought in the East in 1862. How did Lincoln's action toward his commanders affect the war effort? What were the relative positions of the two armies at the end of 1862? Which side had been more successful in achieving its objectives?

Meanwhile, Confederate troops under Joseph E. Johnston were attacking me lens scanning army outside of Richmond. But in the two days of the battle of the seven pines or fair oaks (may 31-June 1), confederates could not repel union forces, and Johnston was badly wounded and replaced by Robert e lee, who then recalled Stonewall Jackson from the Shenandoah valley. With a combined force of 85,000 to face McClellan 100,000. Lee launched a new offensive known as the battle of seven days (June 25-July 1). Lee wanted to cut McClellan off from his base on the York river and then destroy the isolated union army. But McClellan fought his way across the peninsula and set up a new base in the kames. There with nasal support, the army of the army was safe McClellan was now only 25 miles from Richmond with a secure line of waste communication. He was in a good position to renew his campaign but time and time again he found a reason to delay. Instead of replacing McClellan with a more aggressive commander, Lincoln finally ordered the army to move to northern Virginia and join a smaller force under john pope. (The president hope to begin a new offensive against Richmond on the direct overland route that he preferred)

How did the Union propose to finance the war? How successful was this? What was the effect on the economy?

New taxes, 10% + incomes $5000, greenbacks, loans. It helped a little, but the new paper currency hurt more than helped.

How was this split in the Republican Party revealed in the debate over what to do about slavery? What action did each faction propose? What did Lincoln do, and why?

Radicals, led in Congress by men such as Representative Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania and Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts and Benjamin Wade of Ohio wanted to use the war to abolish slavery immediately and completely. The Conservatives favored a slower, more gradual, and as they believed, less disruptive process of ending slaver, and in the beginning, at least, they had the support of the President.

What was Grant's grand strategy for 1864? Who was to be in charge of the armies involved, and what were their objectives?

Richmond, seize Atlanta. Grant (etc.) involved.

Which states were the first to secede, and what was the reaction of the United States government to this?

South Carolina, then Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. No state had the right to secede but the federal government didn't have the authority to stop it.

Explain the impact that technology had on the conduct of the war. Which technological inventions made the most difference and which side gained the most from their use?

Technology had a large impact on the conduct of the war. For example, the railroad was improved, as was the telegraph, the hot air balloon, and the cannon. The railroad helped transfer troops to their stations. This improved piece of equipment was used by both the North and the South. The telegraph helped with communication - it was much faster. This was also used by both the North and the South. The hot air balloon was not used much during the war - however, the Union did use it. The cannon was also improved. It was used by both the North and the South.

How has the scholarly debate over the causes of the Civil War revolved around the question of whether it was a "repressible" or an "irrepressible" conflict?

The "irrepressible conflict": because the north and south had reached positions on slavery that were both irreconcilable and seemingly unalterable some historians claim the conflict was inevitable. (social and cultural factors as well as economic and moral)Other historians have argued that the civil war might have been avoided, that the difference between north and south was not so fundamental as to have necessitated war. (revisionists, Collapse of the second party system)

How did the Civil War "transform" Southern society? How was the transformation like what which took place in the North? How was it different?

The Civil War had a devastating effect on the Southern economy. Although both economics in the North and South changed, the North became more prosperous while the South struggled to produce products without slaves.

What were the foreign-policy objectives of the Union and the Confederacy? How did each attempt to achieve these objectives? Which was most successful, and why?

The North kept relations with Europe. The south sold cotton and diplomacy. Neither was very successful.

For what reason was the "Union Party" created? Who were its candidates?

The Republican party created a coalition of the groups that supported the war after their loss in the Congressional elections. The candidates were Johnson, McClellan, an Lincoln.

How did the Republican Party act to expand the American economy during the war? To which prewar party was their program similar? Why were they able to enact it, whereas the previous party was unable to do so?

The Republican party worked to give more money to the government to create public schools (including colleges and universities). In addition, tariffs were made to protect the industry from foreign competition. The Republican party became almost unchallenged after the South left Congress.

What was the Union plan on the Virginia front in 1862? Who was the general selected to carry this out? Who was the Confederate general he faced, and what was the relative strength of the two armies?

The Union plan on Virginia front in 1862 was to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond. But instead of heading overland directly toward the Capital, McClellan chose a complicated, roundabout route. McClellan faced Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson and was forced to change his plans. In the brilliant Valley campaign, Jackson defeated two separate Union forces and slipped away before McDowell could catch him.

What factors, other than political pressure, brought about the Emancipation Proclamation? What did the Proclamation really accomplish? When did full emancipation really come?

The Union victory at the Battle of Antietam led to the creation of the Emancipation Proclamation. Although the proclamation freed all slaves in the confederate states (not in border states) it confirmed the main fueling factor of the war was slavery.

What two factions were trying to control the Republican Party and what were the goals of each? What faction did Lincoln support?

The two factions trying to control the Republican parties were the Radicals and the Conservatives. Lincoln supported the Conservatives.

What major engagements were fought in 1861? What did they reveal about the possibility of an early end to the struggle and about the readiness of the two sides for a major conflict?

The union and the confederacy fought their first major battle of the war in northern Virginia. General Irvin McDowell commanded the union army outside of Washington and general PGT Beauregard commanded the confederate army station 30 miles away in Manses. This was the battle of bull run.

What advantages did the Union have in the Civil War? What were the advantages of the Confederacy?

The union was bigger, had more advanced industrialization, and has better transport. The confederacy were firm in their support (while the union was divided with its opinions) and they were fighting on their own land.

What was the Union plan for the conquest of the West? How did the Confederates propose to defend this area? How did the campaign advance, what battles took place, and which of the two armies more nearly achieved its objectives?

Union forces were trying to seize control of the southern Mississippi river, which would divide the confederacy and give north east transportation into the heart of the south. In April, a union squadron of ironclads and wooden ships fathered in the gulf of Mexico. Then smashed past weak confederate fort near the mouth of the Mississippi and from there up to new Orleans, Which was defenseless because the confederate high command had expected the attack to come from the north. The city surrendered on April 25- the first major union victory and an important turning point of the war

How did the Confederacy propose to raise troops for the war? How did these plans compare with those of the Union, and how successful were they? Why?

Voluntary enlistment and then the Conscription Act. Very similar to the nation draft law and unsuccessful.

How did the Union propose to raise troops? To what extent was it forced to use conscription? What was the reaction to this, and why was it so varied?

Voluntary enlistment and when that didn't work, the national draft law. It was forced unless someone took your place and you payed government. Draft riots, some more violent than others (toward free blacks and government) followed.