Chapter 14_Cognitive Psychology

Positive feedback influences confidence in memory, possibly because of an unconscious line of thinking, like

"I can set aside my doubts about my memory, because I got it right!"

Which of the following is likely to be the result of fluency effects?

Confidence estimates Familiarity estimates Qualia

Our thoughts seem to be embedded in a context that is usually not noticed yet serves to define and guide the thoughts. Which of the following are examples of this sort of context?

Discovery based on mental imagery is influenced by the perceptual reference frame for the image. Decisions are guided by how the decision is framed. The meaning of the terms involved in our thoughts is clarified by the surrounding context of thought.

What does the neuronal workspace suggest about brain activity when sleeping?

During sleep, the brain's activities are not coordinated.

Metacognition is one example of

Executive Control

What sort of question might a neuroscientist ask about qualia?

How does brain tissue give rise to a state like qualia?

Lisa rides the train to work and always gets off at Stop A. One Saturday she has to go into town, and she rides the same train she takes to work. She is supposed to get off at Stop F, but she starts talking to her mother on the phone and then gets off at Stop A. What does this tell us about unconscious processing?

If not consciously attending to what we are doing, we will rely on habit.

Which of these is most likely to be true about the process of introspection?

Introspection often produces mistaken beliefs that arise from plausible after-the-fact inferences.

Which of the following claims about consciousness and memory are true?

It is the nature and quality of our conscious experience that persuades us to take information seriously. When our conscious experience is rich and detailed, this persuades us that the presented information is more than a fantasy or chance association. When our conscious experience is impoverished, we tend not to take action based on the information gained from that experience.

Which of the following are examples of the principle, "We are aware of products but not of processes"?

Jeff knew that the stimulus seemed familiar, but he did not know why. Jesse believed that the stimulus was "cake," but he could not tell whether he had seen the stimulus or just inferred it. Jeremy suddenly found himself thinking about marriage, and he could not figure out what had brought this idea into his thoughts.

Which area of the brain is thought to be critical for resolving conflicts among disparate goals?

anterior cingulated cortex

The term "action slip" refers to

mistakenly relying on a habitual response when a novel response was needed.

Sometimes we reason carefully and deliberately through an argument, scrutinizing each step. In a case of this sort

our sequence of thoughts depends on an unconscious support structure that guides how we interpret the elements of each thought.

Several authors have proposed that we are generally aware of the ________ of our own thoughts even though we are usually unaware of the ________ of thought.

product; processes

When asked to introspect about their reasons for making a particular choice, participants

sometimes offer an explanation with great confidence even though the explanation names factors that they know to be irrelevant and leaves out factors that they know to be crucial.

Much of our current understanding of consciousness derives from

studies of what can be done in the absence of consciousness.

Although the text suggests that we know what consciousness is for, most researchers agree that defining consciousness is difficult. Which of these is likely to be a part of what consciousness is?

subjective feelings, such as what apples taste like or what the color green looks like the ability to report and use mental experiences the awareness of self, such as individual memories

Biologically, attention seems to

sustain activity within a neural system as well as link the activities between different neural systems.

In which of the following situations would reliance on routine benefit performance? When one is performing a(n)

task that is highly complex and involves the coordination of many elements.

The mind-body problem refers to the fact that

the mind is a different entity from the brain.

In order to detect that a red shape was moving, it is likely that

the neural system detecting motion and the neural system detecting the color red were both firing in synchrony.

Which of these are examples of causal attribution in unconscious thinking?

Louise finds a name familiar so she believes it belongs to a famous person. Abby remembers the face of a man so she believes the man was part of a robbery. In an experiment, Jane is willing to experience a higher intensity of electric shock, as she believes any adverse reactions are the side effects of a pill that she took prior to the experiment.

Billy thinks he understands the information from the textbook very well; however, he fails the quiz on that same material. Billy's error results from a failure of

Metacognition

Why is the unconscious called "irresistible"?

Our unconscious is inflexible, making it difficult to adjust or overrule routines.

Feedback can lead participants to be more confident of their memories, even if they are wrong. What explanations are appropriate to explain this fact?

People are more confident when they are told they are right. Doubt is erased when people are told they are right. The change in confidence is an unconscious attribution.

Anita has been driving a car with a stick shift for five years. What effect does her years of practice have on consciousness?

Practice reduces the need for executive control over shifting gears.

Patients with amnesia show evidence of experience but do not have the subjective experience of consciousness. In other words, they are missing

Qualia

Which of the following are true about introspective reports?

They are sometimes correct They can be the result of after-the-fact reconstructions They are occasionally wrong

Even in cases where we think we are fully conscious of our thoughts or "inner dialogue," there are unconscious factors influencing us, such as set. Which of the following is true of sets?

They can keep us focused They are unnoticed assumption They can be an obstacle to problem solving

One possible difference between a "sleeping brain" and an "awake brain" relates to the neuronal workspace. Which of the following statements most accurately represents this relationship?

When one is awake, the neuronal workspace allows areas of the brain to communicate with each other, which gives rise to consciousness.

Is it possible to study unconsciousness?

Yes; by asking what activities can be done without consciousness.

The fact that we are unaware of most of our mental processing is a good thing for all of the following reasons

awareness of all of our processing would send us into information overload. in many cases, information about our underlying mental processes would be distracting rather than helpful. most tasks would be greatly slowed if we had to sort through all of the underlying processing information.

The term "neural correlates of consciousness" refers most accurately to the

changes in the brain that occur when we become conscious of a stimulus.