Chapter 15-16 Test Review

Benefits of genetic modification for the environment and society

-"friendly" bioherbicides and bioinsecticides -Conservation of soil, water, and energy -bioprocessing for forestry products -better natural waste management -more efficient processing -increased food security for growing populations

How many genes do humans have, and how much is it in comparison to others?

-20,000 genes in a human which is not a lot. somewhere between a chicken and a grape in terms of numbers -We only know what about 75% of them are for or where they are

Access and Intellectual Property controversies and concerns of genetic modification

-Domination of world food production by a few companies -Increasing dependence on industrialized nations by developing countries -Biopiracy-foreign exploitation of natural resources

Scientists are now studying human DNA in labs all over the world. Which are current goals for the scientists at these labs?

-Identifying the regions of human DNA that are transcribed into RNA -Identifying the regions of human DNA that bind to protein -Analyzing the regions of human DNA that vary among individuals

Benefits of genetically modifying plants?

-Makes plants resist fungus, insects or pesticides or disease -lover cost, higher production, less work -easy to modify

What are some examples of biotechnology?

-Mass produced pesticides or drugs (vaccines) -Clean up toxic waste spills -Make insulin -Algae making ethanol

What does DNA fingerprinting identify?

-Particular banding pattern created by restriction fragments and identifies genetic markers -Done with PCR and electrophoresis

4 ways to change Bacteria DNA

-use bacteriophage to insert virus -transformation with genetic information picked up from environment -bacterial conjugation with tube connection between cells -CRISPR - clusters of regularly interspaced short palindrome repeats that are cut with Cas9 is an enzyme that cuts the strands of DNA so new genes can be inserted.

****know how to do a pedigree

.

Know how to do a punnet square with this stuff

..

How many autosomes do humans have?

22

If nondisjunction occurs during meiosis I, what type of daughter cells could result?

4 abnormal daughter cells

3 billion base pairs; ________________- in diploids

6 billion

What is cloning?

A process that produces genetically identical organisms.

dwarfism

Achondroplasia

What is Cas9?

An enzyme used in CRISPR to cut strands of DNA so new strands may be inserted.

What are the general shape and size of sex chromosomes.

Are x shaped, one x bigger than the other.

Lori is studying two human genes that she identifies as Gene T and Gene U. She learns that Gene T is expressed only if it is inherited from the male parent, while Gene U is expressed only if it is inherited from the female parent. Both genes are located on autosomal chromosomes. Which mechanism helps explain the pattern of expression of both genes?

Epigenetic markers attach to the genes and histones to cause genomic imprinting, and these markers may be inherited.

What are PKU tests?

Every baby has this done at birth, sees if a baby can not process phenylalanine lacks an enzyme, can cause mental disability

Hemophilia

Excessive bleeding, recessive, sex linked chromosome

What does GMA stand for?

Genetically modified organisms

Examples of animal genetic modification.

Genetically modified vaccines and hormones being injected into animals. Hard to modify

Julio knows that sickle cell disease is a serious genetic disorder. He learns that in the United States, approximately 1 in 12 people of African ancestry carries the sickle cell allele. He asks, "Why is the sickle cell allele present in such a high frequency?" Which statement would be MOST USEFUL to include in an answer to Julio's question?

Having one copy of the sickle cell allele provides resistance to malaria.

An arrangement of all the chromosomes of a diploid cell is called a(n) ________________ . For a human cell, this arrangement contains 22 pairs of ________________ and one pair of ._______________

Karyotype; autosomes; sex chromosomes

Gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes may form as a result of ____________________ during the process of .________________

Nondisjunction; meiosis

A _____________________ shows family relationships and the presence or absence of a trait in each member. It can be useful for identifying a trait caused by a(n) _____________________ gene, such as colorblindness, because they are more common in one gender than the other.

Pedigree; sex linked trait

what uses new science techniques to combine genes from different sources

Recombinant DNA technology

benefits of being heterozygous for a genetic disease (examples)

Sickle cell - malaria resistance Cystic fibrosis - typhoid resistance

Why is it important that the substance DNA is placed in for electrophoresis be porous?

So that the DNA molecules can move to the positive end of the gel

Deana is studying the karyotype of an unknown human donor. She observes that in each of the chromosome pairs, the two chromosomes have the same size and shape. What can Deana conclude from these observations?

The donor is female

A scientist identifies a sequence at random from the human genome. Which description of the sequence is the most likely?

The function of the sequence is unknown or unidentified.

Estelle is studying the transposable elements of the human genome, many of which are repeated many times. She wonders what the effect of a point mutation in one of these transposable elements would be. Current scientific research most strongly supports which of these answers to Estelle's question?

The mutation may or may not have any effect, due to the unknown function of transposable elements.

What chromosomes do possibly nondisjunctions occur on?

Trisomy 21, 18, and 13

What are pedigrees?

Used to trace traits within a family

What are transgenic organisms?

Where a source of a gene in the organism is another species.

In humans, the allele for Rh factor comes in two forms: Rh+ and Rh-. Inheritance of the alleles determines whether an individual has either Rh+ blood or Rh- blood. To identify the dominant form of the allele, which of these questions is the MOST USEFUL to investigate?

Which blood type forms when an individual receives one copy of each allele?

Sex chromosomes combinations

XY or XX

DNA fragments travel from ____________ to _____________

a negative charge to a positive charge

What is a plasmid

a small circular piece of DNA separate from the bacterial chromosome and only carries a few genes

Down syndrome

almond shaped eyes, enlarged tongue, trisomy 21, errors occur in meiosis I, 1 in 700 children, below average height, shorter lifespan

What causes genetic disease?

chromosomal damage

Genetic counselors are trained to ______________________ about inheritance patterns and read genetic tests

collect data and analyze it

what is a genetic library

collection of cloned DNA fragments from an organism

X carries the gene for ______________-- and calico cats can only be

colored spots; female

Polydactyly

extra fingers or toes

Genome - complete set of ___________________ in an organism

genetic material

Tay-Sachs disease

lipid build up in brain, seizures, fatal, recessive allele

cystic fibrosis

mucus buildup in organs (lung), recessive allele, deletion of three bases in the gene for a protein

Putting _______________________________ allows to make proteins that the organism couldnt make before

new genes, DNA sections, in bacteria

What is used to cut the DNA into fragments?

restriction enzymes

Electrophoresis is used to ________________________________ using electricity

separate DNA markers

In blood, the + stands for ___________ and the - stands for _____________

dominant; recessive

Klinefelter's disease

males, underdeveloped testes, sterility, XXY, abnormal sperm with Y and X or abnormal egg that has XX, possible mental disability, treated with hormone replacement therapy, nondisjunction

What are autosomes?

non-sex chromosomes

Turner's Syndrome

nondisjunction, short, long neck, monosomy X,sterile, doesn't sexually mature, does not receive X chromosome from mother

Gene cloning occurs when a ____________________________ is put back into a bacteria and copied over and over as the cell reproduces

recombination plasmid

What is amniocentesis?

sample of fluid from embryo sac and enables early treatment

The closer the DNA fragments are to the positive end, the ______________ are the fragments

smaller; (not asked in question) Smaller fragments can move through spaces between the molecules quickly, while the larger molecules take longer.

Labeling and Society controversies and concerns of genetic modification

-Not mandatory in some countries (e.g., United States) -Mixing GM crops with non-GM confounds labeling attempts -New advances may be skewed to interests of rich countries

Safety controversies and concerns of genetic modification

-Potential human health impact: allergens, transfer of antibiotic resistance, unknown effects. -Potential environmental impact: unintended transfer of transgenes through cross-pollination, unknown effects on other organisms (e.g., soil microbes), and loss of flora and fauna biodiversity

Ethical controversies and concerns of genetic modification

-Violation of natural organisms' intrinsic values -Tampering with nature by mixing genes among species -Objections to consuming animal genes in plants and vice versa -Stress for animals

2 ways to detect genetic diseases with a baby

-amniocentesis -PKU tests

2 types of bio technology

-antibiotic production -insulin production

Benefits of animal genetic modification

-better yields of meat, eggs, and milk -improved animal health and diagnostic methods -increased resistance, productivity, hardiness, and feed efficiency

steps of gel electrophoresis

1)A mixture of DNA fragments produced from restriction enzymes are placed into small wells in one end of a gelatinlike substance. Each fragment of DNA has a slight negative charge. 2)An electric current is applied to the gel, creating a positively-charged end and a negatively-charged end. The DNA fragments are negatively charged, so they are pulled towards the positively-charged end of the gel. A stain can be applied to the gel to make the DNA fragments visible. 3)The gel has a sievelike effect on the DNA fragments. Smaller fragments can move through spaces between the molecules quickly, while the larger molecules take longer. This separates the molecules by size, creating a pattern.

what is the use of organisms to do practical jobs for society and uses technology to enable the organism to do not normal jobs

Bio technology

What is it called when we modify microbes to work for us?

Biotechnology

What cells does cloning use?

Body and egg cells.

What does CRISPR stand for?

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

The first cloned animal was ______.

Dolly the sheep

What are genetically modified organisms?

GMO. AN organism that has acquired 1 or more genes from another organism artificially. Includes bacteria in plants and fish genes in tomatoes.

What is PCR

Polymerase chain reaction, yields billions of copies in hours

Natural enzymes called __________ can cut and copy DNA at specific sites. Then the DNA fragments can be separated by the process of __________________

Restriction Enzyme; Gel Electrophoresis

Point Mutations can cause the change of a singe amino acid in a protein. What could this change about the protein

The amino acid sequence,the protein's shape, the protein's function

What is a karyotype?

a display of all the chromosomes in pairs and arranged in decreasing order

Know how to read a pedigree and extract information from it.

square-male circle-female shaded-carries the trait, vertical line and bracket connects parents and children, horizontal line connecting two people represents marriage,

sickle cell disease

tangling of red blood cells, recessive

color blindness

the inability to distinguish certain colors from one another; recessive, sex-linked gene

What happens during cloning?

the nucleus of a single diploid cell replaces the nucleus of an unfertilized egg of another same specie animal. Instead of changing a single gene, makes a whole new genetic code.

Gene Categories

transcription factors, metabolic enzymes, components of the cell membrane, receptors, and regulatory factors

In down syndrome, an individual has three copies of chromosome number 21, which is an example of ____________________________

trisomy of an autosomal chromosome

cri-du-chat

very small head, serious disabilities, defective chromosome structure,

What is nondisjunction?

when chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis. Happens typically in older women

Albinism

lack or skin pigment, recessive

Huntington's disease

-brain deterioration in middle age, cased by a dominant allele, degeneration of the nervous system

Benefits of crop genetic enhancement?

-enhanced taste and quality -reduced maturation time -increased nutrients, yields, and stress tolerance -improved resistance to disease, pests, and herbicides -new products and growing techniques

types of chromosome damage

-nondisjunction -errors in duplication - deletion, inversion, translocation, duplication

Bacteria in genetic engineering is useful because

-one of simplest organisms -smaller number of genes no ethical concerns

Restriction enzymes

act like scissors to cut DNA in a specific way.