Chapter 15, 17-18

_______ is the process of allowing waste to biologically decompose in the presence of oxygen and water. Question 8 options: 1) Bioaccumulation 2) Composting 3) Recycling 4) Eutrophication 5) Hypoxia

1) Bioaccumulation

________ is a term that describes misleading claims about the healthiness of organic foods. Question 9 options: 1) Greenwashing 2) Organic washing 3) Organic inaccuracy 4) Transgenic 5) Greencarding

1) Greenwashing

The Green Revolution 2.0 is __________________. Question 9 options: 1) a movement that focuses on the production of genetically modified organisms to increase crop productivity or create new varieties of crops 2) associated with feed conversion rates 3) a movement focused on recycling 4) a plant-breeding program that dramatically increased crop yields and led the way for mechanized, large-scale agriculture 5) a program used by modern farmers to spread the use of organic agriculture

1) a movement that focuses on the production of genetically modified organisms to increase crop productivity or create new varieties of crops

Hazardous waste is __________. Question 1 options: 1) any material that humans deem to be unwanted 2) everyday garbage or trash produced by individuals or small businesses 3) waste that is capable of being broken down by living organisms 4) waste that is incapable of being broken down under normal conditions 5) waste that is toxic, flammable, corrosive, explosive, or radioactive Save

1) any material that humans deem to be unwanted

An aquifer that is separated by impermeable rock is called a(n) _____________ aquifer. Question 1 options: 1) confined 2) unconfirmed 3) confirmed 4) unconfined 5) nonporous

1) confined

The most cost-effective form of water purification is _______________. Question 11 options: 1) evaporation 2) distillation 3) osmosis 4) reverse osmosis 5) membrane filtration

1) evaporation

A city is considering constructing a new industrial park to increase revenue and exports. They also want to make the park sustainable, so they should employ techniques involved in __________. Question 1 options: 1) industrial ecology 2) ecological downsizes 3) riparian restoration 4) landfill production 5) All of the above

1) industrial ecology

Sanitary landfills are commonly used in the United States to manage solid waste. Since decomposition in sanitary landfills relies upon anaerobic bacteria (those that live in oxygen-poor environments), a large amount of ______ is produced. Question 13 options: 1) methane 2) carbon dioxide 3) oxygen 4) nitrogen gas 5) sulfur

1) methane

Everyday garbage or trash (solid waste) produced by individuals or small businesses is known as ____________. Question 3 options: 1) municipal solid waste 2) industrial solid waste 3) hazardous waste 4) biodegradable 5) sanitary

1) municipal solid waste

Which strategy would Greg and Raquel Massa NOT apply in managing their farm given their conversion to organic agriculture? Question 15 options: 1) planting native oak trees along field borders as a windbreak 2) using transgenic golden rice seeds that are nutritionally enhanced to produce vitamin A 3) introducing ducklings into rice paddies as a natural weed control 4) building nest boxes for wood ducks, barn owls, and bats so that these wild animals would keep pests in check 5) installing a recirculation system to reclaim and reuse irrigation water

1) planting native oak trees along field borders as a windbreak

Declining to take a plastic bag for a few items purchased at a store is an example of ________. Question 15 options: 1) refusing 2) reducing 3) reusing 4) recycling 5) de-manufacturing

1) refusing

Many factors can contribute to the inability of a country to be food self-sufficient. Which of the following choices is NOT one of those factors? Question 5 options: 1) the use of high-yield crop varieties 2) armed conflict 3) degraded land 4) natural disasters 5) poor food distribution

1) the use of high-yield crop varieties

Our per capita use of water is known as our ________________. Question 15 options: 1) water footprint 2) ecological footprint 3) water scarcity 4) aquifer 5) ecosystem service

1) water footprint

Of all the freshwater on the Earth, approximately ________________ is trapped as ice. Question 9 options: 1) 10% 2) 80% 3) 50% 4) 8% 5) 60%

2) 80%

Which of the following is a TRUE statement? Question 2 options: 1) In the United States, GMOs are limited to a few corn products. 2) GMOs will almost certainly be part of the solution to meeting future food demands as the global population swells. 3) GMOs are cheap and therefore a popular option for developing countries. 4) Since DNA is unique for each species, it is not possible to move genes from one species to another. 5) In the United States, less than 1% of processed foods contain GMOs. Save

2) GMOs will almost certainly be part of the solution to meeting future food demands as the global population swells.

Many advantages and disadvantages are associated with organic farming techniques, both for the environment, the consumer, and the farmer. Which of the following is FALSE? Question 13 options: 1) Organic farming is more labor intensive than traditional farming. 2) More subsidies are available for farmers who use organic techniques. 3) Soil is not degraded as much when organic agricultural techniques are used. 4) Usually, organic products are more expensive to the consumer. 5) All of the above are true statements about organic farming.

2) More subsidies are available for farmers who use organic techniques.

________ is farming without the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and other chemical additives. Question 12 options: 1) Synthetic farming 2) Organic agriculture 3) The Green Revolution 4) Industrialized agriculture 5) Symbiotic agriculture

2) Organic agriculture

Rearing meat or dairy animals in confined spaces, maximizing the number of animals that can be grown in a small area is referred to as a __________. Question 7 options: 1) sustainable agriculture system 2) concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO) 3) monoculture 4) traditional agriculture system 5) transgenic operation

2) concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO)

While dams are important, they lose large amounts of water every day due to _________________. Question 4 options: 1) infiltration 2) evaporation 3) runoff 4) transpiration 5) All of the above

2) evaporation

Tiny bits of plastic gather in specific areas of the world's oceans where strong currents circle around areas with very weak, or even no, currents. These regions are called __________. Question 14 options: 1) Bermuda triangles 2) gyres 3) pods 4) waterfills 5) neuston layers

2) gyres

Which of the following is NOT a component of a newer sanitary landfill? Question 1 options: 1) leachate collection system 2) incinerator 3) plastic liner 4) compacted clay and waste 5) daily earth cover

2) incinerator

Which of the following materials should NOT be added to a compost pile? Question 7 options: 1) pet waste 2) livestock manure 3) paper 4) dead leaves 5) All of the above could be added to a compost pile.

2) livestock manure

In the southwestern United States, the use of water is approaching or exceeding sustainable limits. This is a good example of _______________. Question 1 options: 1) economic water scarcity 2) physical water scarcity 3) inadequate sanitation 4) All of the above 5) None of the above

2) physical water scarcity

Choosing to buy goods with minimal packaging is an example of ____. Question 3 options: 1) refusing 2) reducing 3) reusing 4) recycling 5) de-manufacturing

2) reducing

Desalination, the process that removes ________________ from water is _______________. Question 3 options: 1) bacteria; cheap 2) salt and other minerals; expensive 3) pollution; a biomimicry process 4) sewage; mandated by the federal government 5) organic matter; facilitated by reverse osmosis

2) salt and other minerals; expensive

The most effective way for each of us to reduce toxic wastes is to avoid the use of chemicals that are potentially hazardous. This approach is referred to as ______. Question 12 options: 1) reusing 2) source reduction 3) recycling 4) long-term storage 5) composting

2) source reduction

The coordinated global effort to eliminate hunger by improving crop performance using modern agricultural technologies in developing countries is called _______. Question 3 options: 1) organic farming 2) the Green Revolution 3) eutrophication 4) the Food Act 5) None of the choices listed above fits the description.

2) the Green Revolution

A(n) _______ organism is one that contains genes from another species. Question 1 options: 1) hybrid 2) transgenic 3) diploid 4) asexual 5) native Save

2) transgenic

The action by which plant roots pull water from the soil and then release some of it into the atmosphere is known as _______________. Question 14 options: 1) evaporation 2) transpiration 3) evapotranspiration 4) infiltration 5) condensation

2) transpiration

Which of the following is the closest to the World Health Organization's estimates for those without access to clean water? Question 3 options: 1) 10% 2) 18% 3) 33% 4) 53% 5) None of the above

3) 33%

How much less water does newer energy star washing machines use compared to older models? Question 7 options: 1) 10% 2) 25% 3) 50% 4) 75% 5) 90%

3) 50%

Which of the following continents has the greatest water scarcity? Question 2 options: 1) North America 2) South America 3) Africa 4) Antarctica 5) Europe

3) Africa

_________ are organisms that have had their genetic information modified in a way that does not occur naturally. Question 15 options: 1) HMOs 2) PMOs 3) GMOs 4) AMOs 5) Hybrids

3) GMOs

__________ is the driving force behind the Green Revolution 2.0. Question 1 options: 1) Cross pollination 2) Cross breeding 3) Genetic engineering 4) Organic farming 5) Sustainable farming

3) Genetic engineering

Why can't we permanently get rid of the waste we generate? Question 7 options: 1) It is illegal to dump waste in the oceans. 2) Most states prohibit the burning of waste. 3) It would violate the law of conservation of matter. 4) Disposal costs are prohibitive. 5) None of the choices above fit the description.

3) It would violate the law of conservation of matter.

Hazardous and nonhazardous wastes in developing countries often end up in open dumps. Which of the following is FALSE regarding open dumps? Question 5 options: 1) Open dumps attract pests such as flies and rats. 2) Leachate from open dumps can contaminate groundwater. 3) Sanitary landfills and open dumps are essentially the same thing. 4) Open dumps are one of the cheapest ways to get rid of human trash. 5) All of the above are true.

3) Sanitary landfills and open dumps are essentially the same thing.

A manufacturer of potato chips claims that its packaging can be broken down by living organisms. This packaging is considered _____________. Question 6 options: 1) industrial waste 2) nondegradable 3) biodegradable 4) All of the choices listed above fit the description. 5) None of the choices listed above fit the description.

3) biodegradable

Matter cannot be created nor destroyed; it only changes form. This is the law of _________. Question 6 options: 1) conservation of energy 2) waste management 3) conservation of matter 4) no returns 5) sustainability

3) conservation of matter

Which of the following sustainable farming techniques disrupts the life cycle of pests making it difficult for pest populations to build-up and cause outbreaks? Question 3 options: 1) contour farming 2) cover crops 3) crop rotation 4) terrace farming 5) reduced tillage

3) crop rotation

To ensure an ongoing water source, communities construct _____________, which in turn create ______________. Question 6 options: 1) wetland sewage filtration systems; reservoirs 2) reservoirs; aquifers 3) dams; reservoirs 4) water tables; aquifers 5) reverse osmosis plants; dams

3) dams; reservoirs

Modern industrial agriculture methods __________________. Question 5 options: 1) rely on renewable energy sources to power modern farming equipment 2) maintain and enrich ecosystem services 3) focus all resources on a single crop 4) avoid the use of chemical fertilizers 5) are referred to as organic

3) focus all resources on a single crop

Which of the following foods would be most efficient for feeding a growing world population? Question 6 options: 1) milk 2) eggs 3) grain 4) beef 5) chicken

3) grain

Groundwater in aquifers is naturally replenished by _____________. Question 10 options: 1) runoff 2) transpiration 3) infiltration 4) seepage from sewers 5) evaporation

3) infiltration

By planting corn one year and beans the next on a given plot of land, or by planting alfalfa as a cover crop during the off-season, a farmer reduces the need for ___________ because beans and alfalfa fix nitrogen in the soil. Question 8 options: 1) herbicides 2) pesticides 3) inorganic fertilizers 4) expensive irrigation techniques 5) harvesting machinery

3) inorganic fertilizers

The farming technique that allows for efficient, mass production of food is called ________ agriculture. Question 2 options: 1) organic 2) integrated 3) monoculture 4) polyculture 5) None of the choices fit the description.

3) monoculture

In January 2008, Orange County implemented the Groundwater Replenishment System that reclaimed water that normally would have been wasted as _______________. Question 5 options: 1) evaporation 2) runoff 3) ocean 4) landfill 5) All of the above

3) ocean

The top of the rain-saturated region that may rise or fall seasonally is called the _____________. Question 12 options: 1) unconfined aquifer 2) confined aquifer 3) water table 4) infiltrator 5) porous rock

3) water table

In 2009 alone, each American produced about _____ of solid waste per day. Question 15 options: 1) half a pound 2) 2.5 pounds 3) 3.2 pounds 4) 4.3 pounds 5) 10 pounds

4) 4.3 pounds

When e-waste is improperly recycled, toxic metals can be released which can include _________. Question 11 options: 1) lead 2) mercury 3) chromium 4) All of the above 5) None of the above

4) All of the above

Which of the following is an advantage of organic farming for the farmer/environment? Question 1 options: 1) The soil is not degraded. 2) There is less potential for water pollution. 3) Beneficial insects are not killed. 4) All of the above are advantages.

4) All of the above are advantages.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of organic farming for the consumer? Question 8 options: 1) fruits and vegetable are less uniform and may contain more blemishes 2) shorter shelf life 3) usually, more expense 4) All of the above are disadvantages.

4) All of the above are disadvantages.

Characteristic features of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) include which of the following? Question 11 options: 1) Such operations only raise beef cattle. 2) They use a lot of land relative to the number of animals raised. 3) The manure is difficult to collect as there are so many animals in a small space. 4) Animals are generally not permitted to roam free. 5) They have no net negative environmental impact.

4) Animals are generally not permitted to roam free.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding "grass-fed" beef? Question 10 options: 1) Grass-fed animals eat less and spend more time moving around compared to feedlot animals. 2) It is produced from animals raised on pasturelands. 3) The meat has less saturated fat compared to meat from feedlot animals. 4) Grass-fed animals gain weight more rapidly than feedlot animals. 5) It represents a niche market in the United States.

4) Grass-fed animals gain weight more rapidly than feedlot animals.

All of the following are considered sustainable farming techniques EXCEPT _______. Question 6 options: 1) reduced tillage 2) crop rotation 3) strip cropping 4) Green Revolution techniques 5) terrace farming

4) Green Revolution techniques

__________ is harmful to humans; it is toxic, flammable, corrosive, explosive and/or radioactive. Question 12 options: 1) Biodegradable waste 2) Sanitary landfill waste 3) Municipal waste 4) Hazardous waste 5) Industrial waste

4) Hazardous waste

How did the Orange County Water District solve the problem of saltwater intrusion into unconfined coastal aquifers? Question 3 options: 1) It built a dam to block the seepage of saltwater into the aquifers. 2) It stopped using those aquifers as public water supplies. 3) It installed desalination plants to purify the water coming out the aquifers. 4) It began to pump highly treated sewage wastewater into infiltrated wells. 5) It built sea walls along coastal areas to keep out advancing waves.

4) It began to pump highly treated sewage wastewater into infiltrated wells.

In the United States, 54% of all garbage is categorized as ___________ waste. Question 15 options: 1) recycled paper 2) mining 3) municipal paper 4) agricultural and industrial 5) municipal metal

4) agricultural and industrial

Which of the following choices requires the greatest amount of feed and water to produce one pound of food? Question 14 options: 1) milk 2) chicken 3) eggs 4) beef 5) pork

4) beef

Which of the following is NOT a way to personally reduce your solid waste production? Question 11 options: 1) filling a canteen instead of using plastic water bottles 2) buying goods with minimal packaging 3) composting kitchen and yard wastes 4) buying organic foods from developing countries 5) reusing plastic shopping bags for household chores

4) buying organic foods from developing countries

Coliform bacteria indicate the contamination of a water body with ________________. Question 13 options: 1) viruses 2) sediments 3) dioxane 4) fecal material 5) None of the above

4) fecal material

The majority of municipal solid waste produced in the United States ends up being __________. Question 9 options: 1) recycled 2) composted 3) incinerated 4) landfilled 5) reused

4) landfilled

One of the cheapest and most common methods of handling solid wastes in developing countries is _________. Question 10 options: 1) sanitary landfills 2) incinerators 3) recycling 4) open dumps 5) composting

4) open dumps

The largest potential source of freshwater is found in ________________. Question 14 options: 1) groundwater 2) lakes 3) oceans 4) polar ice caps and glaciers 5) rivers

4) polar ice caps and glaciers

The four Rs to help an individual limit waste production are _______________. Question 4 options: 1) reclaim, rename, retake, recycle 2) recycle, recycle, recycle, recycle 3) ratify, rectify, remedy, reframe 4) refuse, reduce, reuse, recycle 5) revamp, retrofit, reduce, regulation

4) refuse, reduce, reuse, recycle

Gravity "powers" all of the following processes of the hydrological cycle except ________________. Question 4 options: 1) runoff 2) infiltration 3) precipitation 4) transpiration 5) All of the above

4) transpiration

Not having access to enough clean water supplies is known as _______________. Question 4 options: 1) drought 2) freshwater debt 3) groundwater depletion 4) water scarcity 5) None of the above

4) water scarcity

Incinerators reduce the volume of solid waste by about ______________. Question 4 options: 1) 10-20% 2) 30-40% 3) 50-60% 4) 70-80% 5) 80-90%

5) 80-90%

A rice farmer can use integrated farming techniques in which ducklings, azolla and fish are used to produce their crops without any extra chemical additives. This integrated technique _______________. Question 10 options: 1) represents a method of organic farming 2) is sustainable 3) produces more than just rice as a product to sell 4) eliminates the need for synthetic and toxic chemicals 5) All of the above

5) All of the above

Currently, several states are using recycled water for nonpotable uses including _______________. Question 11 options: 1) irrigating landscapes 2) irrigating crops 3) filling fountains 4) flushing toilets 5) All of the above

5) All of the above

Genetic engineering involves transfer of genes for desirable characteristics including ___________. Question 4 options: 1) drought resistance 2) pest resistance 3) increased nutrient production 4) herbicide tolerance 5) All of the above

5) All of the above

Problems associated with poor sanitation include _______________. Question 8 options: 1) disease transmission 2) exposure to toxins 3) dehydration 4) premature death 5) All of the above

5) All of the above

Switching to water-saving drip irrigation methods not only saves water but also _______________. Question 6 options: 1) limits water loss to evaporation 2) reduces runoff 3) protects surface water 4) prevents soil salinization 5) All of the above

5) All of the above

Water scarcity can lead to _______________. Question 15 options: 1) a short life span 2) malnutrition 3) conflict over water rights 4) cultural turmoil 5) All of the above

5) All of the above

Water that has a low level of dissolved ions in it can be found ________________. Question 5 options: 1) in glaciers 2) in streams 3) in lakes 4) in groundwater 5) All of the above

5) All of the above

Which of the following contribute to the formation of precipitation? Question 2 options: 1) cold air in the upper atmosphere 2) solar energy 3) the movement of groundwater 4) evaporation 5) All of the above

5) All of the above

_______ are/is (an) organism(s) or product(s) that contains genes from another species. Question 7 options: 1) Transgenic organisms 2) Bt corn plants 3) Super weeds 4) Golden rice 5) All of the above

5) All of the above

Consumers enjoy many benefits from organic farming. Which of the following is a benefit of organic farming to consumers? Question 13 options: 1) no pesticide residue on produce 2) better taste 3) animal products contain no hormones 4) fresher produce 5) All of the above are benefits.

5) All of the above are benefits.

Ecological concerns regarding plastics in oceans include which of the following? Question 9 options: 1) Sea mammals can get tangled in discarded plastic items such as fishing nets and six-pack rings. 2) Seabirds eat plastic mistaking it for food and may end up choking on the plastic. 3) Plastic absorbs fat-soluble pollutants such as PCBs and DDT; these are toxins known to bioaccumulate in the tissues of marine organisms and biomagnify up food chains. 4) Floating bits of plastic can serve as attachment points for fish eggs, barnacles, and many types of larval and juvenile organisms and thus could potentially transport harmful, invasive species to new locales. 5) All of the above are concerns regarding plastics in oceans.

5) All of the above are concerns regarding plastics in oceans.

Environmental issues caused by industrial farming techniques include which of the following? Question 11 options: 1) eutrophication 2) reliance on synthetic nitrogen fertilizer 3) heavy use of pesticides 4) formation of a 'Dead Zone' in the Gulf of Mexico 5) All of the choices above are environmental issues caused by industrial farming.

5) All of the choices above are environmental issues caused by industrial farming.

Incineration of waste reduces its volume by 80-90%, which is good. What are problems associated with this practice? Question 10 options: 1) creation of air pollution 2) creation of water pollution 3) production of toxic solid waste 4) Incinerators are expensive to build. 5) All of the choices listed above are problems associated with incineration.

5) All of the choices listed above are problems associated with incineration.

Consumers can decrease the amount of landfilled solid waste by ___________. Question 5 options: 1) refusing to purchase products that contribute to solid waste generation 2) purchasing goods with minimal packaging 3) finding ways to reuse materials instead of purchasing new ones 4) actively recycling materials 5) All of the choices listed above will decrease solid waste generation.

5) All of the choices listed above will decrease solid waste generation.

Wetland filtration systems differ from traditional high-tech filtration systems in that _____________. Question 7 options: 1) they create water that is not potable 2) they depend on nature to help purify sewage 3) they require a higher energy input than high-tech methods 4) None of the above 5) Both a and b

5) Both a and b

What is the MOST APPROPRIATE way to handle hazardous waste? Question 2 options: 1) Incinerate it, as burning eliminates all toxic waste. 2) Landfill it, as leachate contains the hazardous waste and prevents it from contaminating ground water. 3) Dump it in the ocean, as the volume of water dilutes the waste essentially making it nonhazardous. 4) Send it to developing countries in Africa, as they have developed methods of extracting the valuable components of such waste without causing harm to the workers 5) None of the above is an appropriate way to handle hazardous waste.

5) None of the above is an appropriate way to handle hazardous waste.

Sustainable agriculture is defined as ______________. Question 12 options: 1) a plant-breeding program focused on developing high yield varieties (HYVs) of grain crops 2) a plant-breeding program focused on the production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to increase crop productivity or create new varieties of crops 3) a farming method in which one crop variety is planted over a large area of land with significant inputs of fertilizer, pesticides, and water 4) a farming method that does not use any synthetic fertilizer, pesticides, or other chemical additives 5) a farming method that does not deplete resources, such as soil and water, faster than they are replaced

5) a farming method that does not deplete resources, such as soil and water, faster than they are replaced

Final treatment of wastewater in the United States normally involves treatment with _____________ to make it safe. Question 13 options: 1) alcohol 2) radon 3) nitrogen 4) antibiotics 5) chlorine

5) chlorine

Disassembling equipment, machinery, and appliances into components which can be salvaged or reused is an example of ___________. Question 14 options: 1) refusing 2) reducing 3) negative feedback 4) limited growth 5) de-manufacturing

5) de-manufacturing

Out of all of the water on Earth, how much is usable by humans for drinking? Question 2 options: 1) 50% 2) 10% 3) 5% 4) 1% 5) less than 1%

5) less than 1%

Which of the following choices was NOT introduced with the Green Revolution? Question 4 options: 1) chemical pesticides 2) sophisticated irrigation systems 3) synthetic nitrogen fertilizer 4) high-yield variety crops 5) organic farming techniques

5) organic farming techniques

To make wastewater _______________, or clean enough for consumption, it is put through a process called reverse osmosis. Question 1 options: 1) sanitary 2) desalinated 3) effluent 4) intrusive 5) potable

5) potable

Which practice requires the greatest amount of water input? Question 9 options: 1) flushing the toilet 2) taking a shower 3) making a cotton t-shirt 4) washing dishes 5) producing 1 pound of beef

5) producing 1 pound of beef

The distance a food travels from its site of production to the consumer is _____. Question 2 options: 1) decreased in countries where industrialized agriculture is practiced 2) typically less than 100 miles in the United States 3) not a sustainability issue since fossil fuels are plentiful in most countries 4) not a factor when calculating the ecological footprint of a food 5) referred to as food miles

5) referred to as food miles

All of the following would be sustainable agriculture methods to reduce soil erosion EXCEPT: Question 12 options: 1) reduced tillage 2) contour farming 3) terrace farming 4) cover cropping 5) strip cropping

5) strip cropping

_____________ treatment is a physical process that removes large particles with a screen. Question 12 options: a) Primary b) Secondary c) Tertiary d) Potable e) Clarifier

a) Primary

When treatment marshes are used by sewage treatment facilities to treat wastewater, the treatment marsh is acting as a form of ______________ treatment. Question 8 options: a) Primary b) Secondary c) Tertiary d) Potable e) Clarifier

b) Secondary

_____________ treatment is a biological process that uses microorganisms to break down organic matter. Question 10 options: a) Primary b) Secondary c) Tertiary d) Potable e) Clarifier

b) Secondary