chapter 15

What are we talking about when point mutations cause slight changes in the spike proteins hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N)?

Antigenic drift

Diseases that are contracted because of a medical procedure __________________.

Are known as iatrogenic diseases

Diseases that are contracted in a hospital settings _____________________.

Are known as nosocomial diseases

What are fungal toxins?

Are mycotoxins

What are endotoxins?

Are produced by Gram negative bacteria

What are exotoxins?

Are proteins

What is Aflatoxin produced by?

Aspergillus

Some of the following are membrane disrupting toxins. Mark all that apply.

Bacterial phospholipases Leukocidins Hemolysins

What is the fungus that produces adhesins (surface glycoproteins) that bind to phospholipids of epithelial and endothelial cells?

Candida

What is an example of a primary pathogen?

EHEC

These virulence factors are common for both fungal and bacterial microbes. Mark all that apply.

Employing mechanisms to avoid phagocytosis Employing antigenic variations Producing variety of toxins Using adhesins

The following are stages of pathogenesis. Mark all that apply

Exposure Invasion Adhesion

Antigenic drift is the result of reassortment of genes responsible for the production of influenza virus spike proteins between different virus particles while in the same host, whereas antigenic shift is the result of point mutations in the spike proteins.

False

Which protozoan uses a large adhesive disc composed of microtubules to attach to the intestinal mucosa of the host?

Giardia

When compared, how does helminths' virulence differ from protozoans'?

Helminths rely more on bigger size and better outer defense

What is the method to avoid phagocytosis by the host?

Inducing endocytosis

What does the dissemination of a pathogen throughout local tissues or within the body refer to?

Invasion

What is a symptom?

Is a condition that is observed and experienced by the patient

What is a disease?

Is any condition in which the normal structure of function of the body are damaged or impaired

What is an infection?

Is the successful colonization of a host by microbes

Which of the following applies to hyaluronidase?

It acts as a spreading factor.

The number of pathogen cells or particles required to cause active infection in 50% of inoculated animals is _______________________.

Median Infectious Dose (ID50)

The aquatic larval form of this helminth uses proteases to degrade skin and enter the body of the host is _____________.

Schistosoma

What is an example of a latent disease?

Shingles

What is an example of a noninfectious disease?

Sickle cell anemia

What is excessive activation of the immune system and severe response that can lead to life threatening fever, inflammation, and shock, are caused by?

Superantigens

What is an example of a noncommunicable infectious disease?

Tetanus

A-B toxins, which are intracellular targeting toxins, are produced by some of the following diseases. Mark all that apply.

Tetanus Cholera Diphtheria

What is the reason why malaria persists and it is not easily detected by the immune system of the host?

The antigenic variations

The following applies to the Koch's postulates. Mark all that apply.

The suspected pathogen must be found only in the diseased individuals, but not in healthy individuals the suspected pathogen can be isolated and grown in pure culture The suspected pathogen can infect a previously healthy individual that will exhibit the same symptoms as the diseased one

What are Koch's postulates used for?

To determine the cause of a new disease

Cilia, fimbriae, and pili are all examples of structures used by microbes for adhesion.

True

Koch's postulates are limited as two individuals that have the same pathogen, might not exhibit the same signs and symptoms.

True

Which protozoan can form capsules and thus avoid phagocytosis?

Trypanosoma

Phospholipases are enzymes that do which of the following?

degrade cell membranes to allow pathogens to escape phagosomes

Virulence factors include the following. Mark all that apply.

endotoxins exotoxins exoenzymes

What are hyaluronidase, collagenase, produced by microbes examples of?

exoenzymes

You have recently identified a new toxin. It is produced by a gram-negative bacterium. It is composed mostly of protein, has high toxicity, and is not heat stable. You also discover that it targets liver cells. Based on these characteristics, how would you classify this toxin?

exotoxin

Which of the following is an example of a noncommunicable infectious disease?

food poisoning due to a preformed bacterial toxin in food

During an oral surgery, the surgeon nicked the patient's gum with a sharp instrument. This allowed Streptococcus, a bacterium normally present in the mouth, to gain access to the blood. As a result, the patient developed bacterial endocarditis (an infection of the heart). Which type of disease is this?

iatrogenic

The ability of the microbe to cause disease is known as ________________________.

pathogenicity

Which period is the stage of disease during which the patient begins to present general signs and symptoms?

prodromal

What is the excessive number of bacterial toxins in the blood known as?

toxemia