chapter 15
An important characteristic of an antigen is that it be perceived to be ________.
foreign
A good antigen must meet certain requirements in ______.
foreignness context as ins the presence of certain cytokines chemical composition size
The cytotoxicity of CD8 T cells is based on the secretion of ______.
granzymes perforins
CD8 T cell cytotoxicity involves the secretion of ______.
granzymes perforins
A(n) ________ is a molecule that cannot stimulate a full immune response without being attached to a larger protein molecule called a carrier.
hapten
A(n)_____ is an incomplete or partial antigen that must be attached to a carrier to elicit an immune response.
hapten
Most B cells must interact with T ____cells that bear receptors for epitopes on the same antigen to become functional.
helper
AIDS patients are lacking one class of T cells, the _____ cells, and this contributes significantly to the pathology of this disease.
helper T cells
The more closely related two individuals are, the____ the probability that they will share more MHC class I molecules in common.
higher
A person displays______ if they have the ability to react to antigen and form a protective immune response even without previous exposure.
immunocompetence
The ability of the body to recognize and react with multiple foreign substances is _____.
immunocompetence
vaccines are for use by
infants, children and adults
The use of vaccines has greatly reduced the prevalence and impact of many deadly _______diseases.
infectious
When a phagocytic cell encounters pathogens, it ______.
ingests the pathogen
The different structural and functional classes of antibodies are called
isotypes
A _____or ______vaccine is one in which the entire pathogen is given but it has been treated in such a way that it can no longer multiply.
killed or inactivated
________ or ________ vaccines use a whole cell or intact virus preparation in which the microbes are dead or preserved and cannot multiply but are still capable of conferring immunity.
killed, inactivated
Which of the following molecules would most likely NOT display the properties of a hapten?
lipopolysaccharide
After the development process, mature lymphocytes populate the____ ______
lymphatic organs
Antigens stimulate_______ that have specific receptors for that antigen.
lymphocytes
Mature B and T lymphocytes migrate in and out of_______ organs.
lymphoid
Antigen-presenting cells that both process and present antigenic determinants on their surfaces include B-cells, ____and dendritic cells.
macrophages
One set of genes that codes for human cell receptors and plays a role in recognition of self by the immune system is the ______ _____ ______(MHC).
major histocompatibility complex
Mature B cells and T cells ______.
migrate in and out of lymphoid tissues
IgA circulates in the blood as a(n) ________.
monomer
in the blood, IgA circulates in the _____ form
monomer
Due to hypersensitivity reactions to antibodies from horse serum, antibodies for artificial passive immunity are derived from ______.
pooled human serum from donor blood
Requirements for an effective vaccine include ______.
produces a memory response has a low level of toxicity or adverse side effects
Antigen receptor diversity in lymphocytes is due to ______.
random genetic rearrangement events
Lymphocyte antigen receptor diversity is due to random genetic _______events.
rearrangement
Requirements for an effective vaccine do NOT include ______.
requiring a regular booster dose schedule
Microbes enter the body most frequently through the_____ tract or the_______ tract.
respiratory gastrointestinal, GI, or digestive
Microbes enter the human body most frequently through the ________ and ________ mucosa.
respiratory; gastrointestinal
Dimeric IgA is called ________ IgA.
secretory
Pooled human_______ from donor blood is now used for immunotherapy.
serum
a given host cell can express
several types of receptors
The characteristics that define passive immunity include ______.
short-term effectiveness lack of antibody production to pathogen immediate onset of protection lack of memory cells
All lymphocytes arise from a common lymphocyte______cell.
stem
The overall structure of an antibody is a(n) ______ shape
symmetrical Y
Cell-mediated immunity is based on the activation of____ cells.
t
Secretory IgA coats the surface of mucous membranes and is found in _____.
tears saliva mucus
During development, B and T lymphocytes arise from ______.
the same basic stem cell type
T cell maturation is directed by ______.
the thymus gland hormones
When considering pathogenic microbes, ______.
there are many that lack a vaccine
________ classes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes have been identified.
three
_____classes of MHC genes have been identified.
three
A measure of antibody level in a patient's serum is called ________.
titer
The concentration of antibodies in serum is expressed as the____
titer
According to the clonal selection theory, there are ______ of lymphocytes generated with unique antigen specific receptors.
trillions
True or false: B cells and T cells undergo development and maturation in different locations.
true
To make up an antibody molecule, which two of the following choices are required?
two identical heavy chains two identical light chains
The basic immunoglobulin molecule is composed of ______ identical heavy chains and ______ identical light chains.
two; two
A(n) exposes a person to a specific antigen preparation in order to trigger a protective specific immune response without the person suffering any effects associated with the pathogen.
vaccination
Exposing a person to the antigenic components of a microbe without its pathogenic effects for the purpose of inducing a future protective response is called ________.
vaccination
The term __________originated from the Latin word for cow because the cowpox virus was used against smallpox as a preparation for active immunization.
vaccination
The use of ______ has greatly reduced the prevalence and impact of many deadly infectious diseases.
vaccines
Large, complex antigens such as whole microbes are ______.
very effective vaccine immunogens
Large, complex antigens such as ________ or ________ are very effective immunogens.
whole cells viruses
An antibody has a symmetrical ________shape.
y
IgM has _____ antigen binding sites.
10
Class _____MHC proteins are found on the surfaces of cells that present______ to T cells during cooperative immune system reactions.
2: antigens
Complement proteins are encoded by genes in the MHC class ___gene complex.
3
A significant decrease in the number of helper T cells with CD4 receptors is found in patients with ______.
AIDS
Activated B cells (plasma cells) secrete immunoglobulins otherwise known as_____
Antibodies
_____are molecules that can be seen and identified by the immune system and that may or may not provoke an immune response. Listen to the complete question
Antigens
Specific immunity is the product of a dual system composed of ______and_____ lymphocytes.
B and T lymphocytes
Which cells carry antigen-specific receptors and are stimulated when antigens bind to those receptors?
B cells T cells
_____is the ability of certain T cells to kill a specific target cell such as an infected cell or a cancer cell.
Cytotoxicity
MHC class II molecules are found on which of the following host cells? T lymphocytes Dendritic cells Erythrocytes Macrophages B lymphocytes
Dendritic cells Macrophages B lymphocytes
Which of the following is NOT a function of Regulatory T cells?
Destruction of virus infected cells
In the blood IgA is a monomer but in mucus and secretions IgA is in a(n) _______form.
Dimeric
Haptens include such molecules as:
Drugs Innocuous chemicals Metals
When a phagocytic cell encounters pathogens, it _______them.
Engulfs
A(n)_____ is the molecular fragment of an antigen that defines its specificity and triggers an immune response.
Epitope
Antigens possess determinant groups called_______ that are recognized by antigen-specific receptors on lymphocytes.
Epitopes
Which of the following is NOT a classes of antibodies found in humans?
FAB
What is the abbreviation used to represent the antigen binding fragment of an antibody?
Fab
True or false: T cells, but not B cells constantly recirculate in blood and lymphatics.
False
True or false: There is a vaccine for almost all known pathogenic microbes.
False
True or false: Vaccines are only indicated for use in infants and children.
False
Which portion of an antibody binds to receptors on the membranes of many different cells?
Fc
_____is the fragment of an antibody that binds to receptors on the membranes of many different cells.
Fc
One important characteristic of an antigen is that it be perceived as , _______meaning that it is not a normal constituent of the body.
Foreign
Colostrum and breast milk contain the antibody class_______ which provides passive protection to nursing newborns.
IgA
The gastrointestinal tract of nursing infants has a protective coating of this immunoglobulin that is contained in colostrum and breast milk.
IgA
The immunoglobulin found in colostrum and breast milk that forms a protective coating in the gastrointestinal tract of a nursing infant is _____
IgA
______ in colostrum and breast milk provides passive protection to nursing newborns.
IgA
Which of the following is NOT a classes of antibodies found in humans?
IgB
he classes of antibodies found in humans are ______.
IgD IgM IgE IgA IgG
Which of the following is the only antibody capable of crossing the placenta?
IgG
______is the only antibody capable of crossing the placenta.
IgG
B cells recognize antigen using their specific B cell receptor, which is the ______it will secrete once clonal selection has taken place.
Immunoglobulin
What type of receptors do B cells utilize to recognize their specific antigen?
Immunoglobulin
The great majority of vaccines are administered by the following routes.
Intramuscular injection Intradermal injection Subcutaneous injection
Immunoglobulins exist as structural and functional classes called ______.
Isotypes
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that defines passive immunity?
Long-term effectiveness
The clonal selection theory states that during stem cell differentiation, there are trillions of unique created, each with it's own unique ______antigen-specific receptor.
Lymphocytes
What is the set of genes that encodes human cell receptors that play a role in recognition of self by the immune system called?
MHC- major histocompatibility complex
Like B cells, T cells also form, ______ cells which can quickly respond upon secondary exposure to the eliciting antigen. Correct Answer Blank 1: memory Need help? Review these concept resources.
Memory
________ can quickly respond upon secondary exposure to the eliciting antigen.
Memory
____ _____cells are a type of lymphocyte with many similarities to T cells but the big difference is that they are NOT antigen specific.
Natural Killer
Which of the following lymphocytes is not antigen specific?
Natural killer
Which of the following is not a common route of vaccine administration?
Orally
IgM is a and thus has 10 antigen binding sites.
Pentamer
Which of the following is NOT a requirement that a substance must meet in order to be perceived as an antigen?
Portal of entry
An antigen-_______ cell is a cell that ingests and degrades an antigen and subsequently places the antigenic determinant molecules on its surface for recognition by CD4 T lymphocytes.
Presenting
Which of the following are functions of Regulatory T cells?
Preventing autoimmunity Preventing the targeting of normal biota Controlling the inflammatory response
Closely related individuals will express MHC profiles that are ______ as compared to unrelated individuals.
Probably greater in similarity
Which of the following cell types does not express MHC class II molecules on its surface?
T lymphocytes
True or false: After the development process, mature lymphocytes populate the lymphatic organs.
True
CD molecules are components of the immune response that ______.
are membranes receptors on the surface of immune cells
B cell maturation occurs in the____ _____
bone marrow
Human B cells mature in the __.
bone marrow
The constant regions of antibodies usually have varying amounts of ________attached.
carbohydrates
A colony of cells derived from a single cell that share identical characteristics are called a(n) ________.
clone
All cells in _____a share identical characteristics.
clone
Upon encountering antigen, lymphocytes undergo differentiation and proliferation resulting in production of a group of genetically identical cells called ________.
clones
CD markers are important in immunity. "CD" stands for ______.
cluster of differentiation
MHC III genes encode proteins that are involved in the _____.
complement system
The ________ region of an antibody usually has one or more carbohydrate molecules attached to it.
constant
After maturation, B cells and T cells ______.
constantly recirculate through blood and lymphatics
The term vaccination is derived from the Latin word for ______.
cow, because the cowpox virus was used against smallpox
T and B cells undergo the development and maturation process in ______.
different tissues
In mucus and secretions IgA exists in the ________ form.
dimeric
Specific immunity is the product of a ______.
dual system of B and T lymphocytes
The precise molecular portion of an antigen that defines its specificity and triggers an immune response is called a(n) _____.
epitope
Lymphocytes recognize and respond to specific portions of antigen molecules called ________.
epitopes
True or false: A given host cell can express only one type of receptor.
false
The thin, yellow, early product of breast milk that is very high in secretory antibodies is called ________.
Colostrum
____is a very early thin yellow milk that is rich in secretory antibodies that form a protective coating in the gut of the nursing baby.
Colostrum
Cluster of differentiation receptors are known by the abbreviated " _______receptors."
CD
Proteins protruding from the cell membrane of a variety of cells involved in the immune response are termed ____ molecules.
CD
Which set of MHC molecules found on macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells is involved in presenting antigens to T cells during immune system reactions?
Class II MHC proteins
The multiplication of lymphocytes upon encountering antigen results in production of a , ________or group of genetically identical cells.
Clone
IgA is in dimeric form in mucus and secretions and is often referred to as_____IgA
Secretory
Secretory IgA is NOT found in which of the following fluids?
Sweat
Cytotoxicity is the ability for this type of lymphocyte to kill specific target cells.
T
Most B cells must interact with cells that bear receptors for epitopes on the same antigen to become functional. What type of cell would this be?
T helper
In which of the following ways are gamma-delta T cells different from other T cells?
They are rapidly responsive to phospholipids. They respond to PAMPs on microbes.
T cell maturation is directed by the ______gland and the ______that it produces.
Thymus,hormones
In which of the following ways are gamma-delta T cells the same as other T cells?
They have T cell receptors that recognize a range of antigens. They produce memory cells when activated.
To which of the following does each individual mature B and T cell have the capacity to respond?
a single unique antigen
cell-mediated immunity
activated T cells respond to antigen
Some vaccines require the addition of a special binding substance called a(n) __________that enhances immunogenicity.
adjuvant
Plasma cells secrete immunoglobulins called ________.
antibodies
Each antibody differs from other antibodies in its ________binding groove.
antigen
Each different antibody has been developed by random genetic rearrangements resulting in a unique ______ binding groove in the Fab.
antigen
Each individual mature B and T cell has the capacity to respond to a single, unique .
antigen
Adjuvants work by gradually releasing antigen in the tissues which facilitates contact with ______ and ______.
antigen presenting cells and lymphocytes
What is the term used to describe molecules that can be seen and identified by the immune system but that may or may not provoke an immune response?
antigens
_______are molecules that can be seen and identified by the immune system and that may or may not provoke an immune response.
antigens