Chapter 15 Absolutism and Constitutionalism
republicanism
A form of government in which there is no monarch and power rests in hands of the people as exercised through elected representatives
Fronde
A series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis IV triggered by growing royal control and oppressive taxation
millet system
A system used by the Ottomans whereby subjects were divided into religious communities with each nation enjoying autonomous self- government under its religious leaders
In the seventeenth century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions?
Armies were expensive to deploy, and rulers feared creating martyrs
How did the nature of armed forces change in the later half of the seventeenth century?
Army officers become obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interest
The Baroque style flourished in the context of the
Catholic Reformation
How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?
He concentrated on repairing and expanding the country's infrastructure, building new roads and canals
How did Fredrick William the Great Elector of Prussia persuade that Junker nobility aspect taxation without consent in order to fund the army?
He confirmed the Junkers privilege, including their authority over the serfs
How did Fredrick William I, king of Prussia, sustain agricultural production while dramatically expanding the size of his army?
He ordered all Prussian men to undergo military training, after which they could return home and serve as army reservist
What was the consequences of Prince Francis Rakoczy rebellion for Habsburg rule?
Hungary was never fully integrated into a centralized, absolute Habsburg state
How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?
Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end
How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?
Louis XIV of France's grandson, Phillip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united
What was one of the social consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system?
People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions
What mistaken belief did the Count-Duke of Olivares hold that brought disaster to Spain?
Spain must return to the imperial tradition of the sixteenth century in order to solve its economic and political difficulties
After his victory in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great's built a new, Western-style city on the Baltic called
St. Petersburg
One of the largest rebellions in the seventeenth- century Russia was that led by
Stenka Razin
How did the princes of Moscow see to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state?
The modeled their rule on the Mongol khans
The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was
a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II
Mercantilist theory postulated that
economic activity should be regulated by and for the state
Louis XIV selected councilors from the
newly ennobled or upper middle class
Typically, French classicism
presented subject matter associated with classical antiquity
The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that
the power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war
The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was
the subordination of all institutions of the monarchy