Chapter 15 Biology

Rank the following uses of water inside a North America home used at the top to the least water used at the bottom.

1. Toilet flushing 2. laundry/dishes 3. drinking and cooking

Domestic use for water include

Washing clothes washing dishes watering gardens

Groundwater mining has its share of problems, such as

depleting the water supply in the aquifer encouraging ground subsistence

The greatest direct loss of wetland habitat results from

filling or draining of wetlands

Shortages of potable freshwater can often be directly attributed to

human-induced pollution

industrial water use includes mining, ____________, and ___________

power generation; transport of waste materials

The three types of aquifer are

unconfined semiconfined confined

About __________ percent of the Earth's freshwater is found in the form of groundwater; less than ________ percent exists in the form of surface water such as lakes, rivers, and wetlands.

21;1

Unless current consumption patterns change, it is estimated that by 2025 at least ________ percent of the world's population could experience water stress.

66

True or false: Since all forms or in-stream water use are nonconsumptive, they do not have negative effects on waterways.

False In-stream water use may cause a modification of direction, timing, or volume of water flow, which can have negative consequences for a waterway.

In North America, and much of the developed world, which stages of sewage treatment are commonly used to treat wastewater?

Primary and Secondary treatment

_________________ sewage treatment consists of biological degradation of the dissolved organic compounds present in wastewater.

Secondary

Three proposed ways to reduce agricultural water usage are

Switch to less water-intensive crop types switch to trickle-or spray types of irrigation raise the cost of water used for irrigation

What caused the water crisis in Flint, Michigan?

The city switched to a new water source that caused corrosion of the passivation layer in old pipes, releasing lead into the water.

Which category of water use is the most consumptive

agricultural

A B C D E

aquiclude aquitard unconfined aquifer semiconfined aquifer confined aquifer

A(n) ________________ occurs where the recharge area is at a higher elevation than the place where an acquifer is tapped.

artesian well

While dams provide needed hydroelectric energy, they come with significant drawbacks including

changing water temperature and aquatic ecosystems downstream of the dam silt accumulation the high cost of construction

The U.S. _________ has helped improve surface-water quality by heavily regulating industrial waste discharges into navigable waterways.

clean water act

The construction of ___________ creates large bodies of standing water, which increases evaporation of water ,especially in arid regions.

dams

True or false: water resources are able to keep up with the demand from a growing human population, since there are over 300 million cubic miles of water on planet Earth.

false: Although there are large amounts of water on Earth, the amount of fresh, portable water is limited and is becoming more scarce as human populations increase

For decades wetlands were taught of as useless lands. Today much effort has been placed into protecting and conserving wetlands, because they

filter sediments and pollutants from water are one of the most biologically productive ecosystems in the world offer flood protection

More than 2,000 acres in the San Joaquin Valley, California has subsided as much as 20 feet due to

groundwater mining

The act of ___________ ________________ removes water from an aquifer faster than it can be replaced, which leads to a decline in the height of the water table

groundwater mining

when water evaporates from moist surfaces, falls again as rain or snow, passes through living organisms, and returns to the ocean, the process is known as the ________ cycle

hydrologic

The greatest challenge to providing clean water supplies for domestic use is

increasing use of water by growing urban populations

irrigation has it drawbacks, such as

its ability to rapidly draw down the water table the amount of energy required to utilize it

In domestic settings, two largest sources of water loss are

leaking water pipes public complacency toward conserving water

people currently withdraw about ________ of the base flow of the world's rivers

one-fifth

Primary treatment secondary treatment tertiary treatment

process that removes larger particles by settling or filtering raw sewage through large screens process that involves holding the wastewater until the organic material has been degrade by bacteria and microorganisms process that involves a variety of different techniques designed to remove dissolved pollutants left after primary and secondary treatments.

Groundwater mining is

pumping water from an aquifer at a rate faster than it can be replaced

In domestic application, such as for drinking or bathing, the __________ of the water source is as important as the quantity of available water.

quality

Groundwater is recharged in acquifers primarily through

rain that falls on the ground directly above the aquifer and infiltrates the layers below

primary treatment secondary treatment tertiary treatment

separates large solids from the waste stream involves bio degradation of the dissolved organic compounds removes plant nutrients, especially nitrates and phosphates

In 2011 severe flooding occurred in many towns and cities along the Missouri River. The damage caused by this event was made worse because

the presence of dams along the Missouri encouraged development along the river floodplain

distribution of freshwater supplies around the world is

uneven

Flood irrigation spray irrigation trickle irrigation subirrigation

using canals to let water flow over crops using pumps to disperse water on crops using pipes to directly deliver water to plant roots supplying water to plants through underground pipes

The primary reason different groups wage war over water is that

water availability is becoming increasing scarce, yet all humans need it to survive

Thermal pollution occurs when

water is removed from its source for cooling purposes, and then heated water is returned to the source

The top layer of an unconfined aquifer that is saturated with water is known as the

water table

Demand for domestic water often exceeds supply

when the source is surface water during the summer