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Chapter 15, Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders

Pataasin ang iyong marka sa homework at exams ngayon gamit ang Quizwiz!

A disorder in which excessive anxiety and worry occur more days than not for at least six months is called A) agoraphobia. B) major depressive disorder. C) social phobia. D) generalized anxiety disorder.

A dissociative disorder that involves sudden travel from home, the taking on of a new identity, and amnesia regarding the trip and one's actual personal information is called A) antisocial personality disorder. B) dissociative amnesia. C) depersonalization disorder D) dissociative fugue.

A mentally ill individual can be involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital against their will if A) they pose a clear and present threat to themselves or others. B) they are so psychologically impaired that they can't care for themselves. C) psychiatrists or physicians place an emergency "hold" on the patient or it is ordered by a judge. D) all of the above are criteria of involuntary commitment.

According to the biological perspective, anxiety disorders are A) learned reactions. B) danger signals that repressed conflicts are threatening to surface. C) the result of illogical, irrational thought processes. D) genetic in origin.

Adonal is needing to drink more and more alcohol to get the same "buzz" he used to achieve with just 2 or 3 beers. This may be evidence that he is developing A) a substance abuse problem. B) a personality disorder. C) depression. D) a substance dependence.

The primary purpose of the DSM-IV is to A) help psychologists assess only normal behaviour. B) keep the number of diagnostic categories of mental disorders to a minimum. C) describe the causes of common physiological disorders. D) help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders

Suicide

Major Depressive Disorder and bipolar disorder are at higher risk for suicide than most disorders -More than 30,000 people die by suicide in US each year (11th leading cause of death)

Nick is admitted to a mental institution because he hears voices talking to him that no one else can hear, and he sees demons attacking him, though no one else could see anything near him. Nick's symptoms are known as A) hallucinations. B) obsessions. C) compulsions. D) delusions.

People who have a(n) ______ are afraid of being evaluated in some negative way by others, so they tend to avoid situations that can be embarrassing. A) social phobia B) panic disorder C) specific phobia D) agoraphobia

Psychopathology

(mental illness) is often seen as a failure of adaptation to the environment

An anxiety disorder that involves a fear of interacting with others or being in a social situation is called A) social phobia. B) panic disorder. C) specific phobia D) agoraphobia.

An irrational fear of some object or specific situation is called A) specific phobia. B) an interactive phobia. C) acrophobia. D) pantaphobia

An irrational fear of some object or specific situation is called A) specific phobia. B) an interactive phobia. C) acrophobia. D) pantaphobia.

Arlene has an irrational fear of flying in airplanes. She is probably suffering from a A) phobia. B) generalized anxiety disorder. C) panic attack. D) panic disorder.

Delusions are to ____________ as flat affect is to _____________. A) positive symptoms; negative symptoms B) negative symptoms; positive symptoms C) excess dopamine; excess serotonin D) diminished serotonin; diminished dopamine

According to the cognitive model of depression, one's negative beliefs develop as the result of A) failure and rejection. B) deficient levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain. C) excessive levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain. D) the loss of positive reinforcement.

According to the data, illegal drug use peaks in A) early adulthood. B) middle adulthood. C) adolescence. D) older adulthood.

According to the data, the single best predictor of suicide is A) a previous attempt. B) loss of a loved one. C) recent discharge from the hospital. D) unemployment.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

-Deficits in social communication & social interaction -Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities -Present in early development -Causes clinically significant impairment -Not better explained by intellectual disability or global developmental delay

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

-Distrust of other people and/or systems -Odd/unusual beliefs about the world (e.g., the government poisons us through phone lines)

DSM-5

-Groups disorders by category -Checklist of observable symptoms for diagnoses -Warns to "think organic" (rule out physical causes of symptoms first)

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

-Marked by an obsession with self -Grandiose beliefs about one's own abilities, skills, knowledge, status -Desire to be treated as special; anger/aggression when not receiving admiration/praise -Lack of empathy

Manic Episode

-The opposite emotional extreme of depression -Typically characterized by euphoria, grandiose self-esteem, and over-activity

DSM Criticisms

-Vulnerable to POLITICAL and SOCIAL influences -Not all diagnoses meet criteria for validity(Mathematics Disorder) -Not all criteria and decisions rules are based on scientific data -High level of comorbidity -Reliance on CATEGORICAL rather than dimensional model of psychopathology *Either meet criteria for a disorder or you don't have a disorder -Reluctance to change (cognitive misers)

DSM-5 3 clusters

1. Cluster A- Odd/Eccentric 2. Cluster B- Dramatic/Emotional 3. Cluster C- Fearful/Anxious

Interpersonal Theory of Suicide

1. Perceived Burdensomeness 2. Thwarted Belongingness 3. Acquired Capability Develops over time through experience of or exposure to painful/provocative events Example: soldiers have become so used to being in danger of dying that it becomes less scary

A disorder in which intruding thoughts that occur again and again are followed by repetitive, ritualistic behaviour meant to lower the anxiety caused by the thoughts is called A) obsessive-compulsive disorder. B) social phobia. C) paranoid schizophrenia. D) clinical depression

A strong intense fear of being in public or performing behaviours in public is characteristic of A) social phobia. B) panic disorder. C) obsessive-compulsive disorder. D) agoraphobia.

According to the authors, which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Gender differences in depression are not universal. B) Men in North America are more likely than women to be diagnosed with depression. C) Men are more likely than women to be diagnosed with depression. D) Gender differences in depression are found throughout all cultures.

Demetri is walking down the street and suddenly experiences a bout of intense fear, sweating, dizziness, shortness of breath, and a pounding heart. He goes to the emergency room and is told that his symptoms were "all in his head". This is the seventh time that Demetri has experienced these unexpected symptoms within the past few months. Based on what you know about psychological disorders, Demetri MOST likely would be diagnosed with A) panic disorder. B) generalized anxiety disorder. C) agoraphobia. D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Dissociative identity disorder is caused by a history of severe abuse according to the ____________ model, and by expectancies and beliefs about the therapeutic process according to the ____________ model. A) posttraumatic; sociocognitive B) behavioural; humanistic C) psychoanalytic; behavioural D) humanistic; behavioural

During the day, Barb suffers from frequent, unwanted thoughts that she has left her front door unlocked and recurrent images that all her belongings have been taken. These thoughts and images are what psychologists refer to as a(n) A) obsession. B) compulsion. C) delusion. D) hallucination.

Each day, while Sid is sitting at his desk at work, he continually thinks about germs. Each time this occurs, he washes his hands. Sid probably suffers from A) obsessive-compulsive disorder. B) social phobia. C) paranoid schizophrenia. D) clinical depression.

Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible if something should go wrong is called A) agoraphobia. B) trypanophobia. C) acrophobia. D) pantaphobia.

Fear of public speaking and stage fright are both examples of A) social phobias. B) panic. C) specific phobias. D) nonspecific phobias.

Fear of snakes, thunderstorms, darkness, and water are classified as ______ phobias. A) specific B) social C) nonspecific D) nonsocial

Feeling insects crawling on your skin (when none are really there) or hearing voices (when no one is around or no one is talking to you) would be examples of what symptom of schizophrenia? A) Hallucinations B) Obsessions C) Compulsions D) Delusions

George is suffering from an obsessive-compulsive disorder. If he tries to stop his compulsive behaviours, he is likely to experience A) anxiety. B) depression. C) amnesia. D) hypochondrias.

High levels of _____________ tend to be associated with excessive worry, generalized anxiety disorder, and depression, suggesting a shared genetic pathway for these disorders. A) neuroticism B) anxiety sensitivity C) introversion D) self-monitoring

In a condition called _______, some residents in Central Canada report a morbid fear of becoming a cannibal. A) Windigo B) Latah C) Brain fog D) Mal de Ojo

In her autobiography, It Ain't About Cookin', Paula Deen discusses her battle with agoraphobia, which causes her to A) fear being in a place where escape was difficult or embarrassing. B) experience unexpected panic attacks. C) engage in repetitive behaviours to make anxiety provoking thoughts disappear. D) have sleep difficulties and other intense fear responses after experiencing a severely stressful event

Intruding thoughts that occur again and again are called A) obsessions. B) compulsions. C) checklists. D) rituals

Jenny's son received his mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine approximately six months ago. Shortly after his 2nd birthday, she noted that he is showing many of the classic signs of autism. Her belief that the vaccine caused his autism is A) an example of illusory correlation. B) supported by several scientific studies. C) an example of confirmation bias. D) an example of hindsight bias.

Kaden often spends parts of each day either drinking or obtaining beer and liquor so he can drink later after work. He also has stopped attending any of his classes on a regular basis, is sometimes late for work or goes to work hung over, and frequently drinks more than he has intended to before he started drinking. Kaden could be diagnosed as A) dependent on alcohol. B) abusing alcohol. C) socially anxious. D) depressed.

Kevan used to study diligently for exams in all of his high school classes and begin working on writing projects immediately after they were assigned. However, no matter what he did, he could never score higher than C or C+. What prediction would the behavioural model make about Kevan's behaviour today as a college student? A) Kevan may begin to give up working so hard because of the lack of a payoff for his efforts. B) Kevan will eventually drop out of college because of his poor performance. C) Kevan will continue to study diligently and work hard in his classes. D) Kevan's behaviour cannot be adequately predicted from his past experiences.

Major changes in sleep patterns, weight level, and feelings about one's self-worth characterize A) major depressive disorder. B) social anxiety. C) schizophrenia. D) agoraphobia.

Mr. Evans feels that no matter what he does, he will be unable to convince his boss that he deserves a promotion. He also feels that it doesn't matter who his boss is, he still would not receive a promotion. These feelings represent what Martin Seligmann called A) learned helplessness. B) depressive realism. C) illusory control. D) overgeneralization.

Randy has a grandiose sense of himself, fantasizes about being powerful and successful, lacks empathy for others, and has a need for constant attention and admiration from others. What type of personality disorder is Randy MOST likely to have? A) Narcissistic personality disorder B) Borderline personality disorder C) Antisocial personality disorder D) Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Research has shown that persons who suffer from obsessive-compulsive disorder have more active ________ lobes than persons without the disorder. A) frontal B) temporal C) occipital D) parietal

Research indicates that some people's schizophrenia may result from abnormalities in the brain's receptor sites for what neurotransmitter? A) Dopamine B) Acetylcholine C) Epinephrine D) GABA

Sandy has the tendency to make everything seem so much worse than it actually is. A cognitive therapist might say that Sandy has a tendency to engage in A) catastrophizing. B) minimizing. C) all-or-nothing thinking. D) overgeneralizing.

Sierra is constantly worried that everyone whom she comes in contact with is full of germs so she is constantly rushing off to wash her hands. Sierra suffers from what psychological disorder? A) Obsessive-compulsive disorder B) Social phobia C) Paranoid schizophrenia D) Clinical depression

The ______________model is to evil spirits as the _____________ model is to physical disorder. A) demonic; medical B) medical; demonic C) institutional; asylum D) asylum; institutional

The behavioural perspective views anxiety as A) a learned reaction. B) a danger signal that repressed conflicts are threatening to surface. C) the result of illogical, irrational thought processes. D) linked to an imbalance in several neurotransmitters in the nervous system.

The disorder or culture-bound syndrome in which men fear that their penis is shrinking is primarily found in which country? A) China B) Sri Lanka C) Malaysia D) Subarctic Canada

The police find a man who is dishevelled and in a daze wandering through the downtown area. When the police ask him for his name, he seems bewildered. A search of missing persons photographs reveals that this man was reported missing three months ago in a town more than 1000 kilometres away. The man is most likely suffering from A) dissociative fugue. B) dissociative amnesia. C) schizophrenia. D) dissociative identity disorder.

The preponderance of the available data suggests that dissociative identity disorder is A) one's expectancies and beliefs rather than a true disorder in nearly all instances. B) the result of early childhood sexual abuse experiences. C) unconscious and unresolved motivational conflicts from adolescence. D) an attempt to malinger symptoms to avoid imprisonment for one's crimes.

The prevalence of a disorder refers to A) the percentage of persons who exhibit the symptoms of a particular disorder. B) its accuracy or correctness as a diagnosis of a real mental illness. C) the agreement among professional about a diagnosis for a specific patient or client. D) the popularity of a diagnosis among different types of mental health professionals

The research data suggest that schizophrenia results from A) biological/genetic causes. B) difficulties in learning. C) troubles in filtering information from one's social world. D) poor mother-child relationships.

What anxiety disorder became a psychological disorder shortly after veterans, returning from Vietnam, began to experience intense anxiety and flashbacks from stimuli that reminded them of the war zones where they were deployed? A) Posttraumatic stress disorder B) Obsessive-compulsive disorder C) Panic disorder D) Generalized anxiety disorder

What category of psychological disorders is characterized by inflexible and maladaptive behavioural patterns? A) Personality disorders B) Schizophrenia C) Dissociative disorders D) Anxiety disorders

What is the name of the culture-bound syndrome that results from a perceived insult and is followed by a period of brooding and then a violent outburst during which the person may attack others and not remember doing so? A) Amok B) Ghost sickness C) Susto D) Kyofu

What mood disorder is characterized by alterations between periods of extremely high levels and extremely low levels of activity? A) Bipolar disorder B) Seasonal affective disorder C) Major depressive disorder D) A manic episode

Which of the following forms of depression, which develops within a month of childbirth, has become more widely discussed in recent years? A) Postpartum depression B) Major depressive disorder C) Seasonal affective disorder D) Bipolar disorder

Which of the following is a diagnosis rather than a label? A) Depersonalization disorder B) Drapetomania C) Road rage disorder D) Codependency

Which of the following is an example of the catastrophizing that sometimes accompanies anxiety disorders? A) "If I make a mistake during our routine, no one else in the band will ever speak with me again." B) "If she doesn't want to go to the dance with me, I'll just ask someone else." C) "I sure hope that this storm isn't strong enough for there to be a tornado." D) "I've never had to work so hard in my life just to make a C in a class."

Which of the following types of anxiety disorders is related to a history of shyness in childhood? A) Social phobia B) Panic disorder C) Obsessive-compulsive disorder D) Agoraphobia

ehavioural theorists argue that anxiety disorders are conditioned through the process of A) negative reinforcement. B) positive punishment. C) positive reinforcement. D) negative punishment.

hich of the following statements is TRUE regarding suicide? A) More women than men attempt suicide. B) There is no relationship between age and attempting suicide. C) Depression is a better predictor of suicide than are feelings of hopelessness. D) More men than women attempt suicide.

Dr. Brown has been invited to speak at a prestigious psychological conference on the topic of autism. He will talk on the current scientific knowledge regarding this disorder. What is a key point you would expect him to make based on the authors' discussion of the disorder in the chapter? A) The apparent surge in diagnoses of autism is linked to important changes in diagnostic practices. B) There is an autism epidemic, and psychologists have no real insights into the dramatic increase. C) The dramatic increase in diagnoses of autism is directly related to the mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine. D) The dramatic increase in autism diagnoses is a result of overdiagnosis rather than a real increase and epidemic.

A Explanation: As your authors point out, the extraordinary explosion of autism diagnoses suggests something other than a true epidemic. It is very likely that changes to diagnostic practices explain some of this increase in diagnoses.

Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, is uncommon in society, and/or harms their ability to function in daily life, may indicate the presence of _____. A) a mental disorder B) humors C) stress syndrome D) adaptive behavior

A Explanation: Mental disorders are difficult to quantify, but these are several criteria that help identify behaviors and symptoms that may indicate the presence of such illnesses.

Which of the following statements is true about the DSM-5? A) It describes symptoms and includes information regarding the prevalence of specific disorders. B) It contains 12 specific "classifications" of mental illnesses. C) It is used to diagnose medical conditions that may have an impact on mental health. D) It is used to diagnose all kinds of medical conditions.

A Explanation: The DSM-5 provides symptoms and discusses the frequency, or prevalence, with which specific illnesses occur.

False beliefs held by a person who has no evidence to support such beliefs are known as _____. A) delusions B) hallucinations C) obsessions D) compulsions

A Explanation: This is the definition of a delusion, which can take on many different themes.

Diagnosis

A name for a pattern of symptoms that are thought to indicate the presence of a disorder

Know the key terminology associated with schizophrenia. 87) Shreen is diagnosed with schizophrenia. She believes that she is a powerful person who can save the world. Shreen is experiencing a. delusions of persecution. b. delusions of grandeur. c. delusions of reference. d. delusions of influence.

A person with schizophrenia may think they are Jesus, the Pope, the President, or other extremely important people. This symptom is known as a delusion of grandeur. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 659 Skill: Applied

Understand the different types of anxiety disorders. 57) Davis has such an intense, irrational fear of clowns that he cannot take his daughters to see the circus when it is in town. Davis would be most correctly diagnosed as suffering from a. obsessive-compulsive disorder. b. panic disorder. c. a phobia. d. posttraumatic stress disorder.

A phobia is a severe, irrational fear of a very specific object or situation. In contrast, panic disorder is characterized by panic attacks that generally do not occur in response to a single, identifiable trigger. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 647 Skill: Applied

Understand the different types of anxiety disorders. 56) Manny has such an intense fear of flying insects that he hardly ever goes outside his house during the summer months. He is probably suffering from a a. panic disorder. b. posttraumatic stress disorder. c. personality disorder. d. phobia.

A phobia is a severe, irrational fear of a very specific object or situation. In contrast, panic disorder is characterized by panic attacks that generally do not occur in response to a single, identifiable trigger. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 647 Skill: Applied

Know the key terminology associated with defining and classifying psychological disorders. 3) The psychological study of mental illness is most accurately referred to as a. abnormal psychology. b. biopsychosocial psychology. c. maladaptive psychology. d. medical psychology

Abnormal psychology is the psychological study of mental illness. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 625 Skill: Factual

Understand the different types of anxiety disorders. 59) From an evolutionary perspective, humans would be most likely to develop a phobia to which of the following? a. atomic weapons b. guns c. snakes d. house cats

According to the evolutionary perspective, humans are genetically predisposed to fear things that have represented a potential threat for thousands of years. Because snakes are potentially dangerous and have been part of the human experience for our entire evolutionary history, it is most likely we would be predisposed to develop snake phobias. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 648 Skill: Conceptual

Apply your knowledge to understand the symptoms, stereotypes, and stigma surrounding psychological disorders. 16) In a famous study discussed in your textbook, eight normal individuals were committed to a psychiatric hospital after claiming that they were experiencing hallucinations. Which of the following happened next? a. The hospital staff continued to view them as abnormal, despite the fact that they had no symptoms. b. The hospital staff realized that they had been faking their original symptoms. c. Being in the psychiatric hospital caused them to develop real psychological symptoms after several days. d. They quickly quit the study because the conditions in the psychiatric hospital were so poor.

After their admission, these so-called patients behaved normally, complaining of no psychiatric symptoms whatsoever. Nonetheless, they remained hospitalized for an average of 19 days until being released as "in remission." Apparently, the initial diagnosis led the hospital staff to misinterpret even normal behaviour as symptoms of an illness. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 630 Skill: Factual

Know the key terminology associated with personality and dissociative disorders. 30) People with which personality disorder are most likely to be arrested for violent or destructive crimes? a. antisocial b. borderline c. histrionic d. schizoid

Antisocial personality disorder (APD) refers to a condition marked by a habitual pattern of willingly violating others' personal rights, with very little sign of empathy or remorse. People with APD tend to be physically and verbally abusive, destructive, and frequently find themselves in trouble with the law. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 37 Skill: Conceptual

Know the key terminology associated with personality and dissociative disorders. 31) A psychiatric patient repeatedly breaks the law, behaves impulsively, and generally demonstrates a disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others. It is most likely that this patient will be diagnosed with a. borderline personality disorder. b. antisocial personality disorder. c. bipolar disorder. d. schizophrenia.

Antisocial personality disorder refers to a condition marked by a habitual pattern of willingly violating others' personal rights, with very little sign of empathy or remorse. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 637 Skill: Conceptual

Know the key terminology associated with personality and dissociative disorders. 29) John has made a career of stealing older people's retirement money by taking advantage of their trust and selling them phony retirement investments. John explains that he has done nothing wrong—if these people were not so greedy, they would not be so eager to invest in his phony schemes. In his mind, his victims got exactly what they deserved. John's behaviour and attitude are typical of someone with ________ personality disorder. a. schizoid b. schizotypal c. histrionic d. antisocial

Antisocial personality disorder refers to a condition marked by a habitual pattern of willingly violating others' personal rights, with very little sign of empathy or remorse. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 637 Skill: Applied

Know the key terminology related to anxiety, depressive, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. 46) ______________ disorders are characterized by fear or nervousness that is excessive, irrational, and maladaptive. a. Anxiety b. Personality c. Mood d. Dissociative

Anxiety disorders are a category of disorders involving fear or nervousness that is excessive, irrational, and maladaptive. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 646 Skill: Factual

Analyze the status of dissociative identity disorder as a legitimate diagnosis. 45) Jarrod fears leaving his apartment during daylight hours even for a short walk to get his mail. His diagnosis would most likely belong in the category of __________ disorders. a. mood b. personality c. anxiety d. impulse-control

Anxiety disorders are a category of disorders involving fear or nervousness that is excessive, irrational, and maladaptive. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 647 Skill: Applied

Know the key terminology related to anxiety, depressive, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. 47) Dikeshia is giving a presentation in her abnormal psychology class on the prevalence of psychological disorders. If you were a student in that class, what general category of disorders would you expect her to mention as one of the most frequently diagnosed psychological disorders? a. anxiety disorders b. dissociative disorders c. personality disorders d. schizophrenia

Anxiety disorders are among the most frequently diagnosed, affecting about 1 in 8 Canadians. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 646 Skill: Applied

Analyze whether maladaptive aspects of psychological disorders might arise from perfectly normal, healthy behaviours. 49) One explanation for _____________ disorders is that the body's flight-or-fight response is overactive. a. mood b. anxiety c. personality d. schizophrenic

Anxiety is based on a normal physiological and psychological response to stressful events known as the fight-or-flight response. These responses can be highly adaptive, but may become deregulated in anxiety disorders. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 646 Skill: Factual

Know the key terminology related to anxiety, depressive, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. 48) Anxiety is associated with physiological responses such as a racing heart and increased respiration. Which of the following is true about these physiological changes? a. they are always a sign of mental illness b. they are always maladaptive c. they are an important part of the fight-or-flight response d. they are always adaptive

Anxiety is based on a normal physiological and psychological response to stressful events known as the fight-or-flight response. These responses can be highly adaptive, but may become deregulated in anxiety disorders. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 646 Skill: Conceptual

Apply your knowledge of anxiety, depressive, and obsessive-compulsive disorders, so as to be alert to people who may benefit from some help. 82) The rate of schizophrenia in the general population is around a. 1%. b. 5%. c. 10%. d. 20%.

Approximately 7.6 out of 1000 adults (not quite 1% of the population) will experience schizophrenia at some point in their lives. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 549 Skill: Factual

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Avoidance of activities that involve significant interpersonal contact with others -Preoccupied with being criticized or rejected in social situations -Unlike social anxiety disorder, they tend to be alone and on their own forever

A concern for researchers interested in the topic of suicide prevention is that the number of suicides is A) hopelessly out of date. B) underestimated. C) overestimated. D) much greater for adults than adolescents.

A counterintuitive research finding involving depression is that A) depressed people assume they have more control over the outcome of events than do nondepressed people. B) depressed people have a more accurate view of circumstances than do nondepressed people. C) nondepressed people are less attentive to reality than are depressed people. D) nondepressed people have a more accurate view of circumstances than do depressed people.

A dissociative disorder characterized by a partial or complete loss of memory for personal information that is usually associated with a stressful or emotionally traumatic experience is known as A) dissociative fugue. B) dissociative amnesia. C) schizophrenia. D) dissociative identity disorder.

A person who has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder is most likely to exhibit A) intense discomfort in most social situations and odd thinking and behaviour patterns. B) impulsivity and unpredictability in his or her interactions with others. C) a strong need to be the centre of attention in all social situations. D) a charming, self-centred, and manipulative interpersonal style.

A person who is preoccupied with every sensation of her body, worries excessively about getting ill, and continuously goes to doctors who never find anything physically wrong with her is likely to be diagnosed with A) somatoform disorder. B) hypochondriasis. C) personality disorder. D) conversion disorder.

A person who suffers from bipolar disorder alternates between ________. A) mania and schizophrenia. B) depression and manic episodes. C) anxiety and mania. D) depression and schizophrenia

According to Aaron Beck, depression is often caused by A) poor interpersonal skills. B) negative beliefs and expectations. C) a lack of positive reinforcement for one's behaviour. D) biological or genetic influences.

Although most individuals with mental disorders are not at an increased risk for violence, a subset of those with _______________ or _______________ may be more likely to act violently. A) obsessive-compulsive disorder; schizophrenia B) substance abuse disorders; beliefs of persecution C) mood disorders; anxiety disorders D) personality disorders; sleep disorders

Believing that other people or the government is out to get you is a way in which sufferers of schizophrenia experience their A) hallucinations. B) delusions. C) obsessions. D) compulsions.

Dikeshia is giving a presentation in her abnormal psychology class on the prevalence of psychological disorders. If you were a student in that class, what general category of disorders would you expect her to mention as one of the most prevalent psychological disorders? A) Dissociative disorders B) Anxiety disorders C) Personality disorders D) Schizophrenia

Disorders in which there is a break in conscious awareness, memory, the sense of identity, or some combination are called A) anxiety disorders. B) dissociative disorders. C) schizophrenia. D) personality disorders.

Excessive or unrealistic fearfulness and worry are characteristic of A) dissociative disorders. B) anxiety disorders. C) personality disorders. D) schizophrenia.

Experiencing recurrent problems with drugs that interfere with family, friends, jobs, and life experiences generally refers to ______________. A) substance use. B) substance abuse. C) substance dependence. D) addiction.

False beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness are known as A) hallucinations. B) delusions. C) obsessions. D) compulsions.

Family studies have demonstrated that people with obsessive-compulsive disorder are more likely to inherit a specific overactive gene that is related to the transport of which neurotransmitter? A) Dopamine B) Serotonin C) Acetylcholine D) Glutamate

For some people, their depression lasts only from December to February but returns at the same time each year. This is what psychologists call A) bipolar disorder. B) seasonal affective disorder. C) major depressive disorder. D) cyclothymia.

Hypocondriasis is to ____________ disorders as obsessive-compulsive disorder is to ___________ disorders. A) anxiety; personality B) somatoform; anxiety C) personality; mood D) factitious; somatoform

In a condition called _______, Malaysian residents speak of women who report an extreme startle reaction, followed by a loss of control, cursing, and mimicking of others' actions and speech. A) Windigo B) Latah C) Brain fog D) Mal de Ojo

In a condition called _______, some Malaysian residents report (chiefly in women) an extreme startle reaction, followed by a loss of control, cursing, and mimicking of others' actions and speech. A) Windigo B) Latah C) Ataque de nervios D) Mal de Ojo

In the last six months Shelly has visited her physician ten times to complain of numerous physical symptoms. The physician has been unable to find a physical cause for her symptoms. What category of psychological disorders is the physician likely to suspect Shelly exhibits? A) Dissociative disorder B) Somatoform disorder C) Personality disorder D) Schizophrenia

Individuals with anxiety disorders also may display high levels of ____________ and tend to interpret ambiguous situations in a negative light or as dangerous. A) depression B) anxiety sensitivity C) delusions D) schizophrenia

Kayla has experienced a decrease in the need for sleep for the past three nights, is extremely talkative and creative, and has been very irresponsible with money during this time. Kayla is in the midst of a(n) A) dissociated amnesiac episode. B) manic episode. C) major depressive episode. D) obsessive episode.

Marty is moody, manipulative, and unstable, and he lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others. He wants to have close relationships but is unable to do so because he is untrusting of others. Marty is suffering from ______ personality disorder. A) antisocial B) borderline C) avoidant D) dependent

Monte often displays either flat or inappropriate affect, giggles unpredictably, speaks in a manner that reflects "word salad" and experiences only short-lived and incoherent delusions. What subtype of schizophrenia does Monte have? A) Paranoid type B) Disorganized type C) Catatonic type D) Undifferentiated type

Ned seeks therapy after having recurrent episodes of feeling "detached from himself" for several months, but he has not lost his self-awareness or memory. He notes that he feels like a robot, disconnected from his movements and actions. He is most likely suffering from A) dissociative fugue. B) dissociative amnesia. C) depersonalization disorder. D) dissociative identity disorder

Nicole is attention seeking, overemotional, dramatic, shallow, seductive and suggestible. What type of personality disorder is Nicole MOST likely to have? A) Borderline personality disorder B) Histrionic personality disorder C) Narcissistic personality disorder D) Dependent personality disorder

Repetitive, ritualistic behaviours are called A) obsessions. B) compulsions. C) checklists. D) phobias.

Shantae constantly complains of physical symptoms such as nausea and trouble catching her breath. After finding no medical explanation for her symptoms, a physician suspects Shantae suffers from A) dissociative disorder. B) hypochondriasis. C) conversion disorder. D) somatization disorder.

Shareen is diagnosed with schizophrenia. She believes that she is a powerful person who can save the world. Shareen is experiencing A) hallucinations. B) delusions of grandeur. C) delusions of reference. D) compulsions.

Suppose that the treatment recommended for a patient at the mental health clinic is phototherapy. What is the likely diagnosis? A) Bipolar disorder B) Seasonal affective disorder C) Major depressive disorder D) Cyclothymia

The DSM-IV has been criticized on the basis of all of the following points EXCEPT that A) not all diagnoses meet the criteria for diagnostic validity (e.g., Mathematics Disorder). B) the DSM-IV exclusively relies on a dimensional model of understanding disorders. C) there is a high level of comorbidity among many of its diagnoses. D) the DSM-IV is vulnerable to political and social influences.

The belief that one is Abraham Lincoln is an example of what schizophrenic symptom? A) Disorganized thinking B) Delusion C) Obsession D) Hallucination

The development of modern psychiatric treatments, such as medications like Thorazine, was associated with A) the hospitalization and humane treatment of mental patients rather than imprisonment. B) a movement towards deinstitutionalization which released patients and closed mental hospitals. C) a push towards moral treatment of mental patients and the provision of better care in asylums. D) the closure of community mental health centres and halfway houses as disorders were treated with medication

The failure analysis approach to understanding mental disorders involves A) evaluation of failures in treatments for mental illness in relation to its causes. B) examining breakdowns in adaptation to understand healthy functioning. C) a focus on early identification of people that have an increased susceptibility to develop mental disorders. D) a recognition that mental disorders can be adaptive and treatment should only be applied when behaviours become disruptive.

The legal system is to _____________ as scientific psychology is to _____________. A) determinism; free will B) free will; determinism C) psychoanalysis; behaviourism D) behaviourism; psychoanalysis

The likelihood of experiencing a mental disorder at some point in your lifetime is roughly A) 55%. B) 45%. C) 35%. D) 25%.

The most frequent type of hallucinations involves A) experiencing taste in the absence of the appropriate food. B) hearing voices or sounds that are not real. C) seeing objects or persons that are not real. D) feeling objects on one's body that are not really present.

The most prevalent of all mental disorders is A) dissociative disorders. B) anxiety disorders. C) personality disorders. D) schizophrenia.

The risk of developing schizophrenia increases to approximately ___ percent if we have an identical twin with schizophrenia. A) 25 B) 50 C) 75 D) 100

The single most controversial psychological disorder is A) antisocial personality disorder. B) dissociative identity disorder. C) autism. D) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

What general category of psychological disorders is characterized by a disruption in one's unified sense of identity? A) Anxiety disorders B) Dissociative disorders C) Schizophrenia D) Personality disorders

What part of the brain is typically enlarged in persons with schizophrenia? A) Frontal lobes B) Ventricles C) Amygdala D) Thalamus

When Bob noticed a pain in his thigh, he was convinced it was a sign of bone cancer. Although X-rays revealed no sign of cancer, Bob sought the opinions of a dozen other physicians who agreed with the original opinion. What psychological disorder might Bob's behaviour indicate? A) Dissociative disorder B) Hypochondriasis C) Conversion disorder D) Schizophrenia

When a patient arrives in the emergency room, he is restless and irritable with unlimited energy and a rapid rate of speech. The attending psychiatrist believes the patient has taken cocaine or amphetamines and admits him for observation. The next day the symptoms are the same. What condition with symptoms that are similar to those associated with ryerson.testbank @gmail.com amphetamine use might the psychiatrist now consider as a condition that is relevant to the diagnosis? A) dissociated amnesiac episode. B) mania. C) major depressive episode. D) obsessive episode.

Which of the following is NOT a DSM-IV symptom of substance dependence? A) Tolerance B) Interaction with the law C) Withdrawal D) Important activities given up because of drugs

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for defining mental disorders? A) Subjective distress B) Societal disapproval C) Bizarre behaviour D) Impairment

Which of the following is NOT part of Beck's cognitive triad of depressed thinking? A) Negative views of oneself B) Negative views of others C) Negative views of one's experiences D) Negative views of the future

Which of the following is a disorder that takes the form of a bodily ailment that has no physical cause? A) Dissociative disorder B) Somatoform disorder C) Personality disorder D) Schizophrenia

Which of the following is an anxiety disorder? A) Conversion disorder B) Phobic disorder C) Bipolar disorder D) Schizophrenia

Which of the following statements is true about anxiety? A) It is never considered realistic or normal. B) Some anxiety is realistic when its source is understandable. C) It always manifests itself as a disorder. D) It is unusual for a mentally healthy person to experience anxiety.

Which of the types of psychological disorders is marked by disruptions in one's sense of consciousness and/or memory? A) Schizophrenia B) Dissociative disorders C) Anxiety disorders D) Personality disorders

Which type of anxiety disorder is the most common? A) Panic disorder B) Phobias C) Posttraumatic stress disorder D) Generalized anxiety disorder

Which type of phobia is associated with an abrupt decrease in heart rate and blood pressure? A) Agoraphobia B) Blood-injury phobia C) Social phobia D) Arachnophobia

____________ are repetitive behaviours or mental acts initiated to reduce anxiety caused by ____________. A) Obsessions; compulsions B) Compulsions; obsessions C) Panic attacks; generalized anxiety D) Generalized anxiety; panic attacks

________________ disorder involves frequent experiences where you feel detached from yourself, as though you are living in a movie or a dream, or observing your body from the perspective of an outsider. A) Dissociative amnesia B) Depersonalization C) Dissociative fugue D) Dissociative identity

_________is a mood disorder that is caused by the body's reaction to low levels of light present in the winter months. A) Bipolar disorder B) Seasonal affective disorder C) Major depressive disorder D) Cyclothymia

Darcy is sitting at her desk in her office one day when, without warning, her heart begins racing rapidly, she starts sweating profusely, and she is gripped with a terrifying fear that she is about to go crazy. She thinks she is having a heart attack. Nothing she is doing seems to have caused such an episode. Her symptoms most resemble _____. A) a phobic disorder B) a panic attack C) post-traumatic stress D) a compulsion

B Explanation: A panic attack is a sudden onset of extreme panic with physical symptoms.

Major changes in sleep patterns, weight level, and a loss of interest in pleasurable activities, characterize A) agoraphobia. B) major depressive disorder. C) schizophrenia. D) social anxiety.

B Explanation: These symptoms are most indicative of a diagnosis of depression.

Which psychological disorder has the strongest evidence for a genetic link? A) Antisocial personality disorder B) Bipolar disorder C) Obsessive-compulsive disorder D) Schizophrenia

B Explanation: Bipolar disorder is almost certainly contributed to by genetic factors, to an extent greater than the other disorders listed.

One criticism of the DSM noted by your author is that it adheres to a _____ model, which means that a person is seen as either having a mental disorder, or not having a mental disorder. There is little or no allowance for "degrees" of a disorder. A) dimensional B) categorical C) diathesis D) sociological

B Explanation: Some have argued that a dimensional approach, which would eliminate the "either/or" thinking of the current model, would be a better paradigm.

Believing that other people, or the government, is out to get you is one way in which sufferers of schizophrenia experience their A) compulsions. B) delusions. C) hallucinations. D) obsessions.

B Explanation: This is called a delusion of persecution, or a delusion of paranoia.

Which of the following statements is true regarding suicide? A) More men than women attempt suicide. B) More women than men attempt suicide. C) Depression is a better predictor of suicide than are feelings of hopelessness. D) There is no relationship between age and attempting suicide.

B Explanation: While women attempt suicide more often than men, men complete the act of killing themselves more often than women.

Analyze the status of dissociative identity disorder as a legitimate diagnosis. 44) Skeptics of dissociative identity disorder (DID) argue that a. DID should really be referred to as schizophrenia b. it should be easy to test objectively the validity of DID. c. DID is likely caused by traumatic experiences. d. some therapists actually provoke dissociative symptoms during therapy.

Because 80% of patients diagnosed with DID were unaware of having the disorder before starting therapy, many skeptics believe that some therapists actually provoke dissociative symptoms in the context of therapy. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 642 Skill: Conceptual

Know the key terminology related to anxiety, depressive, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. 72) A person who suffers from bipolar disorder alternates between a. depression and mania. b. depression and schizophrenia. c. mania and schizophrenia. d. anxiety and mania.

Bipolar disorder involves depression at one end and mania (an extremely energized, positive mood) at the other end. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 653 Skill: Factual

Know the key terminology related to anxiety, depressive, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. 73) __________ is a disorder in which a person experiences episodes of mania and depression. a. Generalized anxiety disorder b. Major depression c. Bipolar disorder d. Borderline personality disorder

Bipolar disorder involves depression at one end and mania (an extremely energized, positive mood) at the other end. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 653 Skill: Factual

Apply your knowledge of anxiety, depressive, and obsessive-compulsive disorders, so as to be alert to people who may benefit from some help. 70) What mood disorder is characterized by alterations between periods of extremely high levels and extremely low levels of activity? a. bipolar disorder b. major depression c. OCD d. dissociative fugue

Bipolar disorder is characterized by extreme highs and lows in mood, motivation, and energy. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 653 Skill: Factual

Know the key terminology related to anxiety, depressive, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. 74) Which of the following is a mood disorder? a. obsessive-compulsive disorder b. multiple personality disorder c. narcissistic personality disorder d. bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder is one of two mood disorders discussed in the textbook. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is considered an anxiety disorder, and the remaining options are types of personality disorders. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 653 Skill: Factual

Know the key terminology associated with personality and dissociative disorders. 23) A person who has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder is most likely to exhibit a. a charming, self-centered, and manipulative interpersonal style. b. impulsivity and unpredictability in his or her interactions with others. c. intense discomfort in most social situations and odd thinking and behaviour patterns. d. a strong need to be the center of attention in all social situations.

Borderline personality disorder is characterized by intense extremes between positive and negative emotions, an unstable sense of self, impulsivity, and difficult social relationships. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 637 Skill: Conceptual

Know the key terminology associated with personality and dissociative disorders. 25) The tendency to think in "all-or-none" terms is characteristic of a. antisocial personality disorder. b. borderline personality disorder. c. paranoid schizophrenia. d. a dissociative fugue.

Know the key terminology associated with personality and dissociative disorders. 24) Marty is moody, often switching from one extreme emotion to its opposite. He wants to have close relationships but is unable to do so because he is untrusting of others. Marty is most likely suffering from ______ personality disorder. a. antisocial b. avoidant c. dependent d. borderline

Borderline personality disorder is characterized by intense extremes between positive and negative emotions, an unstable sense of self, impulsivity, and difficult social relationships. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 637 Skill: Applied

A key idea in the discussion on the universality versus diversity in psychiatric diagnoses was that A) all disorders are found throughout all cultures of the world. B) most psychiatric disorders are unique to specific cultures and relatively unknown in others. C) many psychiatric disorders are similar across cultures. D) psychiatric disorders found in North America and Europe are often unknown in many African and Asian cultures.

A patient in a psychiatric hospital exhibits disordered thinking, bizarre behaviour, and hallucinations. This person is probably suffering from A) depression. B) dissociative identity disorder. C) schizophrenia. D) autism.

A person who is suffering from disordered thinking, bizarre behaviour, and hallucinations and who is unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality is likely suffering from A) depression. B) dissociative identity disorder. C) schizophrenia. D) autism.

According to the ______________ model of depression, when people become depressed they seek excessive reassurance, which in turn leads others to dislike and reject them, which can maintain or worsen their depression. A) behavioural B) cognitive C) interpersonal D) learned helplessness

According to the authors, schizophrenia is most often confused with which other psychological disorder? A) Dementia B) Bipolar disorder C) Dissociative identity disorder D) Autism

All of the following are criteria for determining whether a psychiatric diagnosis is valid EXCEPT A) it distinguishes that diagnosis from other, similar diagnoses. B) it predicts an individual's performance on laboratory tests. C) it relies on self-reported behaviours and not observations. D) it predicts an individual's response to treatment.

All of the following are myths about the insanity defence EXCEPT A) a large proportion of criminals escape criminal responsibility by using the insanity defence. B) most people who use the insanity defence are faking mental illness. C) the determination of insanity rests on a the person's mental state at the time of the crime. D) insanity is a psychological or psychiatric term.

An anxiety disorder characterized by frequent panic disorder that affect the person's ability to function in day-to-day living is called A) obsessive-compulsive disorder. B) generalized anxiety disorder. C) panic disorder. D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

Andrea is a new mother and constantly worries about her daughter, checking her all the time, hiding knives and objects for fear of stabbing the child, excessive cleaning, and is sometimes afraid to take care of her for fear of hurting her. Andrea would MOST likely be diagnosed with what psychological disorder? A) Posttraumatic stress disorder B) Bipolar disorder C) Postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder D) Postpartum depression

Any behaviour that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life is considered A) qualitatively rare. B) socially disapproved of. C) impairing and maladaptive. D) statistically rare.

Darcy is sitting at her desk in her office one day when, without warning, her heart begins racing rapidly, she has a sensation of being "out of her body," and she experiences dulled vision and hearing, rapid breathing, and sweating. She thinks she is having a heart attack. Nothing she is doing seems to have caused such an episode. Her symptoms MOST resemble A) obsessive-compulsive disorder. B) generalized anxiety disorder. C) panic attack. D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

Dave, a graduate student, has difficulty talking to groups. Unfortunately, he has chosen a career in which he must speak to large groups of people. The night before a presentation he tosses and turns, and the resulting lack of sleep makes the situation worse. When he makes a presentation, he often becomes confused and stumbles over his words. As a result, he feels worthless and miserable. Which two criteria of abnormal behaviour are most useful in analyzing this case? A) Inability to function normally and statistical rarity B) Statistical rarity and deviance from social norms C) Subjective discomfort and inability to function normally D) Deviance from social norms and subjective discomfort

Ellie is a graduate student in psychology at the local university. She is interested in one day specializing in the study of abnormal behaviour. What area of psychology should she focus on in school? A) Psychobiology B) Developmental psychology C) Psychopathology D) Health psychology

Evidence of a biological influence in bipolar disorder comes from brain imaging studies, which have found that activity is increased in the ________ and decreased in the ________. A) hippocampus and thalamus; temporal lobes B) amygdala and emotion-related structures; temporal lobes C) amygdala and emotion-related structures; prefrontal cortex D) amygdala and emotion-related structures; occipital cortex

Experiencing extremes in motor behaviour or repeating phrases over and over are two symptoms associated with A) paranoid schizophrenia. B) disorganized schizophrenia. C) catatonic schizophrenia. D) undifferentiated schizophrenia.

In a condition called _______, West African residents speak of symptoms which include difficulties concentrating, remembering, and thinking. A) Windigo B) Latah C) Brain fog D) Mal de Ojo

In a condition called _______, some residents in Latin America report symptoms of uncontrollable shouting, attacks of crying, trembling, heat in the chest rising to the head, and verbal or physical aggression. A) Windigo B) Latah C) Ataque de nervios D) Mal de Ojo

In class, a psychology professor states that learned helplessness causes persons to make attributions that are internally focused, global in nature, and stable. A student who demonstrates critical thinking would raise his or her hand and remind the professor that A) such a claim is unfalsifiable. B) the research needs to still be replicated. C) correlation does not equal causation. D) extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.

In her memoir, Down Came the Rain, Brooke Shields discusses the depression that developed after the birth of her daughter. Shields is one of the 15% of women who suffer from A) dysthymic disorder. B) bipolar disorder. C) postpartum depression. D) major depressive disorder.

It is not unreasonable to assume that in ancient times signs of mental illness were believed to be caused by A) imbalance of body fluids. B) social forces. C) demons. D) improper diet.

Jessie is giving a class presentation on suicide. Which of the following is a point you are likely to hear her make? A) People who talk about committing suicide are just looking for attention. B) One must be careful when talking with a depressed person about suicide because you might make them more likely to take their own life. C) As depression lifts, the risk of suicide may increase rather than decrease. D) There is seldom any warning given by those who commit suicide.

Kat is giving a report on dissociative identity disorder (DID) in her psychopathology seminar. A main conclusion that you would expect to hear from her talk is that A) most clinical psychologists agree that DID is a valid psychological disorder. B) most claims of sexual abuse as a precursor to DID have been proven with corroborating evidence. C) DID is most often created by questionable therapeutic practices rather than being a true disorder. D) the diagnosis of DID has dropped nearly a hundredfold since 1979.

Lily is concerned that her roommate Sachie is feeling overwhelmed by being a first-year student at a large university. Sachie often explains her academic difficulties and failures as being due to ________ factors. A) internal, specific, and unstable B) internal, global, and unstable C) internal, global, and stable D) external, specific, and unstable

Maria is a retired factory worker who lives with anxiety. Due to the fear of having anxiety attacks, she does not leave her house. This makes her feel trapped in her home, which creates distress. Which criterion would be most appropriate in deciding whether Maria's case represents an example of abnormality? A) Societal disapproval B) Social context C) Subjective distress D) Statistical rarity

Most people with ____________ develop agoraphobia. A) generalized anxiety disorder B) post-traumatic stress disorder C) panic disorder D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Mr. Carpenter is constantly afraid that he is going to oversleep and be late for work. As a result, he spends nearly an hour total each night making certain that his alarm clock is correctly set and saying, "It's set, it's set, it's set" each of the times he checks it. This repetitive action is what clinical psychologists refer to as a(n) A) hallucination. B) obsession. C) compulsion. D) delusion.

One sign of abnormality is when a person engages in behaviour that creates a great deal of emotional distress or A) societal disapproval. B) social context. C) subjective distress. D) statistical rarity.

One suggestion for overcoming depression is given by the behavioural model. What is it? A) Stop thinking negative, irrational thoughts all of the time. B) Look at how your actions are creating a negative impression on others and change your behaviour to create a more positive impression. C) Engage in pleasurable activities, even when you do not want to, to create reinforcers for your behaviour. D) Don't get too close to people because they might die or move away and leave you all alone.

Research into demographic differences in the rates of major depressive disorder, or clinical depression as it is often called, suggests that A) there are no age, gender, or racial differences in the prevalence of the disorder in North America. B) men are more likely than women to be diagnosed with the disorder in North America. C) men are less likely than women to be diagnosed with the disorder in North America. D) adults are less likely than children to be diagnosed with the disorder in North America

Schizophrenia is a disorder that results from disturbances in ________ that spill into other areas of the person's life. A) memory B) personality C) thought D) affect

Serial killers Ted Bundy and Aileen Wuornos each are prototypical examples of A) histrionic personality. B) schizotypal personality. C) psychopathic personality. D) borderline personality.

Studies have found that when clinicians are given a description of a client who is seductive, dishonest, and manipulative, they are likely to diagnose the client as ___________ if they think the client is female and ___________ if they think the client is male. A) borderline personality disorder; antisocial personality disorder B) dependent personality disorder; avoidant personality disorder C) histrionic personality disorder; psychopathic personality disorder D) narcissistic personality disorder; antisocial personality disorder

Suffering from a personality disorder seems to place some people at a greater risk for also developing A) some form of anxiety disorder. B) some form of schizophrenia. C) a problem with substance abuse. D) some form of mood disorder.

Suppose you are a psychologist who is evaluating the behaviour of a new client. The client tells you that he does not like to wear clothing and that he walks around nude most of the time. In addition, he tells you that he lives in a society in which clothing is required and nudity is seen as abnormal. Which of the following is NOT a criterion by which you evaluate your client's behaviour as abnormal? A) Societal disapproval B) Impairment C) Subjective distress D) Statistical rarity

The DSM-IV has 17 different classes of disorders, and includes all of the following EXCEPT A) somatoform disorders. B) factitious disorders. C) insanity disorders. D) adjustment disorders.

The idea of a "split mind" or split-personality is MOST closely related to what psychological disorder? A) Schizophrenia B) Obsessive-compulsive disorder C) Dissociative identity disorder D) Bipolar disorder

The idea that a person may be determined to be sane or insane is an issue that is most relevant to A) medicine and psychiatry. B) all mental health professionals. C) the legal system. D) psychiatrists, psychologists, and trial judges.

The most frequently diagnosed psychological disorder is A) schizophrenia. B) alcohol abuse. C) depression. D) social phobia.

The most severe psychological disorder is A) depression. B) dissociative identity disorder. C) schizophrenia. D) autism.

The results of studies investigating the role of biological factors suggest that depression is caused by A) decreased levels of various neurotransmitters. B) exposure to stressful life events. C) both A and B. D) neither A nor B.

The symptoms of ________ are often mistaken for those of a heart attack. A) obsessive-compulsive disorder B) generalized anxiety disorder C) panic attack D) posttraumatic stress disorder

Trevor has schizophrenia and often hears a voice that tells him "Meat eaters are the devil. They will force you to eat the beef and implant you with brain tumours". Trevor's experience reflects what symptom of schizophrenia? A) Delusions of grandeur B) Disorganized speech C) Command hallucinations D) Persecutory delusions

What is the branch of psychology that is concerned with the study of abnormal behaviour? A) Psychobiology B) Developmental psychology C) Psychopathology D) Health psychology

What specific psychological disorder is marked by cycles of extreme activity and inactivity? A) Catatonic schizophrenia B) Obsessive-compulsive disorder C) Bipolar disorder D) Major depressive disorder

Which of the following conclusions about personality and substance abuse is most ACCURATE? A) Studies have found evidence of an "addictive personality" type that predisposes people to abuse alcohol or other drugs. B) Drug abuse is linked to contingencies of reinforcement and tension reduction rather than a specific feature of an individual's personality. C) Certain personality traits such as impulsivity, sociability, and anxiety may be related to substance abuse but they may result from rather than cause misuse. D) Genetic factors are the strongest determinant of substance abuse disorders and personality only alters how the abuse is manifested in behaviour.

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for defining mental disorders? A) Subjective distress B) Societal disapproval C) Bizarre behaviour D) Impairment

Which of the following is NOT a major risk factor for suicide? A) Schizophrenia B) Depression C) Dissociative disorder D) Borderline personality disorder

Which of the following is NOT a strongly supported finding in research into the causes of the various anxiety disorders? A) People's irrational and unrealistic thoughts often reinforce their avoidance of situations they believe will cause anxiety. B) A person observes others experiencing anxiety and distress in certain situations and can imagine the same reactions for themselves. C)Difficult interactions with one's parents during childhood lead people to develop compulsive rituals to exert control over their life. D) If one identical twin suffers from an anxiety disorder, the other is more likely to experience an anxiety disorder.

Which of the following is NOT an "early warning sign" of a vulnerability to schizophrenia or related conditions such as schizotypal personality disorder? A) Thought and movement abnormalities. B) Eye movement disturbances. C) Increased sociability. D) Impaired attention.

Which of the following is one definition of abnormal behaviour? A) Behaviour that does not create distress B) Behaviour that is consistent with societal norms C) Behaviour that is rare D) Behaviour that is adaptive

Which of the following is the term used to describe a sudden onset of extreme panic with various symptoms including racing heart, rapid breathing, and sweating? A) Obsessive-compulsive disorder B) Generalized anxiety disorder C) Panic attack D) Posttraumatic stress disorder

Which psychological disorder has the strongest evidence for a genetic link? A) Schizophrenia B) Antisocial personality disorder C) Bipolar disorder D) Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Which type of anxiety disorder is most commonly associated with malingering for some type of external gain? A) Phobias B) Obsessive-compulsive disorder C) Posttraumatic stress disorder D) Panic disorder

__________ is a culture-bound disorder whereas ___________ is a disorder that has cultural universality. A) kunlangeta; bulimia nervosa B) mal de ojo; apotemnophilia C) anorexia nervosa; psychopathy D) schizophrenia; windigo

Social Anxiety Disorder

Characterized by a fear of judgement/negative evaluations by others Anxiety during: -Social interactions -Being observed -Performance situations Much more treatable than avoidant personality disorder through constant exposure

Apply the biopsychosocial model to understand the causes of personality disorders. 34) Which of the following is a sociocultural factor that might contribute to the development of psychopathy or antisocial personality disorder? a. having a genetic predisposition b. growing up in a violent neighbourhood c. unique activity in the limbic system d. having ADHD

Children begin to develop social skills and emotional attachments at home and in their local neighbourhood. Not surprisingly, then, troubled homes and neighbourhoods can contribute to the development of psychopathy or antisocial personality disorder. The other options are not sociocultural explanations. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 640 Skill: Conceptual

Understand the different types of anxiety disorders. 64) Mr. Carpenter is constantly afraid that he is going to oversleep and be late for work. As a result, he spends nearly an hour total each night making certain that his alarm clock is correctly set and saying "It's set, it's set, it's set" each of the times he checks it. This repetitive action is what clinical psychologists refer to as a a. compulsion. b. delusion. c. hallucination. d. obsession.

Compulsions are repetitive stereotyped behaviours such as repeated cleaning or checking. In this example, the action of checking the clock is a compulsion. In contrast, Mr. Carpenter's fear that the alarm is not set correctly would be an obsession. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 651 Skill: Applied

Understand the different types of anxiety disorders. 66) People with OCD often develop ____________ in response to ______________. a. agoraphobia; anxiety b. anxiety; agoraphobia c. an obsession; a specific compulsion d. a compulsion; a specific obsession

Compulsive behaviours often arise from specific obsessions. For example, people who are obsessively worried about germs may compulsively wash their hands. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 650 Skill: Factual

After being passed up for a promotion and then getting into a heated argument with his son, a man disappears. He shows up two weeks later in another town with no memory of who he is or how he got there. He appears to be suffering from A) antisocial personality disorder. B) conversion disorder. C) schizophrenia. D) dissociative disorder.

Brian is the bassist and vocalist for a band with his two brothers, cousin, and a college friend. Recently, he has begun to experience more and more intense anxiety as he sings in front of crowds. As a result, he has begun to ask his bandmates to sing the songs for him. Brian's anxiety lessens when the focus of the crowd is not on him, demonstrating that Brian's avoidance of singing is being A) positively reinforced. B) positively punished. C) negatively punished. D) negatively reinforced.

Davis has such an intense, irrational fear of clowns that he cannot take his daughters to see the circus when it is in town. Davis would be most correctly diagnosed as suffering from A) obsessive-compulsive disorder. B) posttraumatic stress disorder. C) panic disorder. D) a phobia.

Dr. Brown has been invited to speak at a prestigious psychological conference on the topic of autism. He will talk on the current scientific knowledge regarding this disorder. What is a ryerson.testbank @gmail.com key point you would expect him to make based on the authors' discussion of the disorder in the chapter? A) The dramatic increase in diagnoses of autism is directly related to the mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine. B) There is an autism epidemic and psychologists have no real insights into the dramatic increase. C) The dramatic increase in autism diagnoses is a result of overdiagnosis rather than a real increase and epidemic. D) The apparent surge in diagnoses of autism is linked to important changes in the diagnostic criteria.

Dr. Nwoambi is a psychologist who is currently evaluating a new client. Dr. Nwoambi would most likely refer to the _________ to assist her in diagnosing her client's psychological disorder. A) Textbook of Mental Illness B) Textbook of Psychological Disorders C) Physician's Reference Checklist D) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

Eve seeks treatment to learn how to relax. When her therapist hypnotizes her, her voice changes and someone claiming her name is "Joan" begins to speak. During therapy, 23 separate entities, each with its own name, personal style, and memories emerge. Eve appears to be suffering from A) antisocial personality disorder. B) dissociative amnesia. C) schizophrenia. D) dissociative identity disorder.

In which disorder does a person seem to experience at least two or more distinct personalities existing in one body? A) antisocial personality disorder. B) dissociative amnesia. C) schizophrenia. D) dissociative identity disorder.

Jeff collects books, paperclips, pennies, empty soda cans, and old trophies. He has so many objects in his collection that it interferes with his daily life and he cannot stop collecting things no matter how hard he tries. Jeff would MOST likely be diagnosed with what psychological disorder? A) Agoraphobia B) Generalized anxiety disorder C) Panic disorder D) Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Leo worries all of the time. He worries about his money, his children, and his dog. His muscles are always tense and sore, he has trouble sleeping, is often irritable, and has difficulty concentrating. Leo's symptoms sound most like A) agoraphobia. B) major depressive disorder. C) social phobia. D) generalized anxiety disorder.

Russell has had bouts of mild depression for years, yet tends to display a more accurate view of his circumstances and recognizes factors such as job stress, rejection, and change, which lead to his depressive episodes. Russell's thoughts represent a phenomenon called A) illusory control. B) overgeneralization. C) learned helplessness. D) depressive realism

Shannon believes that her boss has inserted microelectrodes in the water at work because he wants to be able to track the movement of all of his staff. She has "evidence" of this because her fish died when she brought them into work, and she feels compelled to work non-stop every time she has drank the water. Shannon's experience reflects what symptom of schizophrenia? A) Hallucinations B) Obsessions C) Compulsions D) Delusions

Shelby is concerned that she is spending too much of her day worrying about things that are out of her control. She often experiences disturbances in sleep and often feels tense, even in situations where there is nothing that is directly threatening her safety. If you were a clinical psychologist, you would be trying to determine if Shelby meets the criteria for A) agoraphobia. B) major depressive disorder. C) social phobia. D) generalized anxiety disorder.

Some residents in Latin America refer to ________ as the cause of disease, misfortune, and social disruption. A) Windigo B) Latah C) Ataque de nervios D) Mal de Ojo

The diagnostic criteria in the DSM-IV is based on a ________ approach. A) biological B) psychological C) social and cultural D) biopsychosocial

The diathesis-stress model suggests that schizophrenia develops from A) exposure to stress. B) genetic influences entirely. C) environmental influences entirely. D) a combination of a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia and exposure to significant stressors in their life.

The erroneous belief that many criminals are acquitted on the basis of the insanity verdict is most likely due to A) the confirmation bias. B) logical fallacies. C) representativeness heuristic. D) availability heuristic

The presence of at least two distinct personalities is characteristic of A) antisocial personality disorder. B) dissociative amnesia. C) schizophrenia. D) dissociative identity disorder

Unlike many other psychological disorders, manic episodes may be triggered by A) failures and rejection. B) stressful life events. C) negative life events. D) positive life events.

Victims of sexual assault may experience strong stress reactions, intense anxiety, and flashbacks to their attacks from environmental cues that remind them of being attacked and helpless. If these become frequent, intense, and debilitating, the person may be diagnosed as suffering from A) generalized anxiety disorder. B) panic disorder. C) social phobia. D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

What psychiatrist has claimed that mental illness is "a myth" and that the labels used to identify the various forms of mental illness are nothing more than a means of social control? A) Sigmund Freud B) B. F. Skinner C) Carl Rogers D) Thomas Szasz

When a psychologist or psychiatrist is using the DSM-IV-TR as a guide to evaluating a client, he or she would assess the client on each of five A) steps. B) phases. C) stages. D) axes.

Which criterion would designate a person who never talks to anyone as abnormal? A) Societal disapproval B) Impairment C) Subjective distress D) Statistical rarity

Which familial factor increases the risk of relapse in patients with schizophrenia? A) Schizophrenogenic mothers B) Authoritarian parenting C) Childhood sexual abuse D) High levels of expressed emotion

Which model of abnormality holds that physical, mental, and cultural factors are intertwined and that they must all be considered when dealing with psychology disorders? A) Biological B) Psychological C) Social and cultural D) Biopsychosocial

Which of the following examples demonstrates what the cognitive model means when it discusses overgeneralization? A) Nicholette who magnifies a minor social faux pas, her telephone going off during class, to make it seem like the end of the world B) Manuel who believes that it is better to be overly modest than appear to be a braggart C) Ruth who selectively chooses to focus on information that suggests she is less competent than she really is D) Rick who believes that if he and Suzanne break up, he will never find someone with whom to fall in love with, marry, and start a family

Which of the following losses might serve as a starting point for one's experience of major depressive disorder? A) Losing $1.25 in a vending machine and not getting it refunded B) A fellow student from your high school class moves away C) The loss of a grandparent who had been sick for many years D) Getting fired from one's job and having difficulty getting a new job

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the DSM-IV? A) It is used to diagnose all kinds of medical conditions. B) It is used to diagnose medical conditions that may have an impact on mental health. C) It lists information regarding symptoms but does not include a checklist of criteria that must be met for diagnosis. D) It describes symptoms and includes a checklist of specific criteria for diagnosis.

Which of the following two disorders are often comorbid? A) Mood disorders and dissociative disorders B) Dissociative disorders and personality disorders C) Anxiety disorders and schizophrenia D) Personality disorders and substance abuse

__________ refers to the overlap between diagnoses, where individuals with one diagnosis also may meet the criteria for one or more other diagnoses. A) Labelling B) Pathologizing C) Exclusivity D) Comorbidity

____________ are concerned with the possibility that psychiatric diagnoses exert powerful negative effects on people's perceptions and behaviour, and can lead them to act differently and be treated differently by others. A) Psychoanalysts B) Humanists C) Behavioursists D) Labelling theorists

_____________ is associated with moods that alternate between numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and numerous periods of depressive symptoms. A) Bipolar disorder B) Dysthymic disorder C) Seasonal affective disorder D) Cyclothymia

______is used to help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders. A) The Textbook of Mental Illness B) The Textbook of Psychological Disorders C) The Physician's Reference Checklist D) The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

he diagnostic criteria in the DSM-IV is based on a ________ approach. A) biological B) psychological C) social and cultural D) biopsychosocial

During the day, Barb suffers from frequent, unwanted thoughts that she has left her front door unlocked, and recurrent images that all her belongings have been taken. These thoughts and images are what psychologists refer to as a(n) A) compulsion. B) delusion. C) hallucination. D) obsession.

D Explanation: An obsession is a persistent idea, thought, or impulse that is unwanted and provokes distressing anxiety.

Which of the following statements might someone with a biological perspective make about schizophrenia? A) It is a result of an excess of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the corpus callosum. B) Its symptoms are shaped by the processes of reinforcement and extinction. C) It is the result of fatty plaques that build up in the amygdala, and this condition begins at birth. D) It is caused by genetics, chemical influences, and brain structural defects.

D Explanation: Someone with a biological perspective focuses on physiological causes.

The diathesis-stress model suggests that schizophrenia develops from A) genetic influences entirely. B) environmental influences entirely. C) exposure to stress. D) a combination of a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia and exposure to significant stressors in their life.

D Explanation: The diathesis-stress model suggests that there is a genetic proclivity to develop schizophrenia, but that life events must occur to elicit this illness.

Panic Disorder

Defining Feature: Panic Attacks! -Sudden, intense fear -Frightening physiological symptoms

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Defining Features: -Exposed to a traumatic event and reacted with intense fear, helplessness, or horror Re-experience trauma through: -Distressing recollections/dreams -Feeling of reliving trauma -Intense distress/physiological arousal when exposed to reminders

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Defining Features: -Obsessions: Recurrent and persistent distress-causing thoughts -Compulsions: Repetitive behaviors driven by the obsession Example of negative reinforcement

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Defining Features: -Excessive worries in many areas -Continually tense and uneasy- even in the absence of any specific anxiety-provoking stimulus

Anxiety Disorders

Defining feature: Exaggeration of THREAT Results in: Distressing, persistent anxiety May lead to: Maladaptive, anxiety-reducing behaviors

Know the key terminology associated with schizophrenia. 89) The belief that one is Abraham Lincoln is an example of what schizophrenic symptom? a. delusion b. hallucination c. obsession d. disorganized thinking

Delusions are false beliefs about reality. In contrast, hallucinations are false perceptions of reality such as hearing internal voices. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 659 Skill: Conceptual

Know the key terminology associated with schizophrenia. 88) Believing that the government or other people are out to get you is one way in which sufferers of schizophrenia experience their a. compulsions. b. delusions. c. hallucinations. d. obsessions.

Delusions are false beliefs about reality. In contrast, hallucinations are false perceptions of reality such as hearing internal voices. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 659 Skill: Conceptual

Know the key terminology associated with schizophrenia. 84) False beliefs held by a person who has no evidence to support such beliefs are known as a. delusions. b. hallucinations. c. obsessions. d. compulsions.

Delusions are false beliefs about reality. In contrast, hallucinations are false perceptions of reality such as hearing internal voices. Both are common symptoms of schizophrenia. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 659 Skill: Factual

Know the key terminology associated with schizophrenia. 85) Gigi, who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, believes that she was sent by God to one day rule the world. Her belief is an example of a(n) a. phobia. b. delusion. c. alogia. d. hallucination.

Delusions are false beliefs about reality. In contrast, hallucinations are false perceptions of reality such as hearing internal voices. Both are common symptoms of schizophrenia. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 659 Skill: Applied

Know the key terminology associated with personality and dissociative disorders. 37) Ned seeks therapy after having recurrent episodes of feeling "detached from himself" for several months, but he has not lost his self-awareness or memory. He notes that he feels like a robot, disconnected from his movements and actions. He also says that sometimes he feels like he "is no longer real." He is most likely suffering from a. dissociative fugue. b. dissociative amnesia. c. dissociative identity disorder. d. depersonalization disorder.

Depersonalization disorder involves a belief that one has changed in some fundamental way, possibly ceasing to be "real." Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 641 Skill: Applied

Major Depressive Disorder

Depressive episodes: Major changes in sleep patterns, weight level, and a loss of interest in pleasurable activities (anhedonia)

Diathesis-Stress Model

Disorder onset results from a combination of one's Biological disposition + Stressful events -> disorder onset

Know the key terminology associated with personality and dissociative disorders. 39) A dissociative disorder characterized by a partial or complete loss of memory for personal information that is usually associated with a stressful or emotionally traumatic experience is known as a. dissociative identity disorder. b. depersonalization disorder. c. dissociative amnesia. d. dissociative fugue.

Dissociative amnesia involves a severe loss of memory, usually for a specific stressful event, when no biological cause for amnesia is present. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 641 Skill: Conceptual

Apply the biopsychosocial model to understand the causes of personality disorders. 36) What general category of psychological disorders is characterized by a disruption in one's complete and unified sense of conscious awareness, memory, and identity? a. anxiety disorders b. dissociative disorders c. personality disorders d. schizophrenia

Dissociative disorder is a category of mental disorders characterized by a split between conscious awareness from feeling, cognition, memory, and identity. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 641 Skill: Conceptual

Know the key terminology associated with defining and classifying psychological disorders. 10) The etiology of a psychological disorder refers to its a. formal classification. b. symptoms. c. origins or causes.

Etiology refers to the origins or causes of symptoms. d. treatment. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 627 Skill: Factual

Know the key terminology associated with personality and dissociative disorders. 41) A disorder marked by the apparent appearance within one person of two or more personalities, each with its own name and distinctive traits, is called _____________ disorder. a. dissociative identity b. personality c. bipolar d. schizophrenia

Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a controversial disorder in which a person claims that his or her identity has split into one or more distinct alter personalities. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 641 Skill: Applied

Know the key terminology associated with personality and dissociative disorders. 40) The presence of at least two distinct personalities is characteristic of a. antisocial personality disorder. b. dissociative amnesia. c. dissociative identity disorder. d. schizophrenia.

Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a controversial disorder in which a person claims that his or her identity has split into one or more distinct alter personalities. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 641 Skill: Applied

Know the key terminology associated with personality and dissociative disorders. 42) Which of the following disorders is the most controversial diagnosis? a. dissociative identity disorder b. histrionic personality disorder c. narcissistic personality disorder d. schizophrenia

Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a controversial disorder in which a person claims that his or her identity has split into one or more distinct alter personalities. Many psychologists question the validity of this diagnosis. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 641 Skill: Applied

Know the key terminology related to anxiety, depressive, and obsessive-compulsive disorders 69) Research into demographic differences in the rates of major depression, or clinical depression as it is often called, suggests that a. men and woman have similar rates of diagnosis in the United States. b. men are more likely than women to be diagnosed with the disorder in the United States. c. men are less likely than women to be diagnosed with the disorder in the United States. d. there are no age, gender, or racial differences in the prevalence of the disorder in the United States.

Due to a combination of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural differences, rates of depression are twice as high among women as among men. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 653 Skill: Factual

Apply the biopsychosocial model to understand the causes of personality disorders. 35) Some psychologists believe that histrionic personality disorder occurs when an individual engages in attention seeking to avoid the negative feelings they associate with being unnoticed. This is an example of a ___________ explanation for personality disorders. a. biological b. psychological c. sociocultural d. comorbid

Emotional and cognitive causes are examples of psychological factors that may contribute to personality disorders. In this example, histrionic behaviour is the result of a negative self-image. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 640 Skill: Conceptual

Know the key terminology associated with schizophrenia. 101) A neighbour of yours is upset that a community treatment center for mental illness is opening nearby. She is worried that the center will bring dangerous people with schizophrenia into the area. What should you tell her? a. People with schizophrenia are far more likely to be the victim of crimes than to commit them. b. People with schizophrenia never commit crimes. c. You are correct; a fair number of people with schizophrenia are dangerous. d. Undifferentiated schizophrenia is the only dangerous form of the disorder.

Few individuals with schizophrenia commit violent crimes. In fact, people with mental illness are actually more likely to be victims of crime—approximately 10 times more likely than non-mentally ill people. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 661 Skill: Factual

Apply your knowledge of anxiety, depressive, and obsessive-compulsive disorders, so as to be alert to people who may benefit from some help. 81) For young individuals, the risk for suicide is greatest when they are a. the victim of bullying. b. the perpetrator of bullying. c. not involved in bullying. d. both a victim and a perpetrator of bullying.

For younger individuals, being the victim of bullying and ostracism is a risk factor, but it is a greater concern when youth are both the victims and the perpetrators of bullying. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 655 Skill: Factual

Analyze whether maladaptive aspects of psychological disorders might arise from perfectly normal, healthy behaviours. 50) Shelby is concerned that she is spending too much of her day worrying about things that are out of her control. She often feels tense, even in situations where there is nothing that is directly threatening her safety. If you were a clinical psychologist, you would be trying to determine if Shelby meets the criteria for a. agoraphobia. b. generalized anxiety disorder. c. major depression. d. social phobia.

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) involves frequently elevated levels of anxiety that are not directed at or limited to any particular situation. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 647 Skill: Applied

Understand the different types of anxiety disorders. 51) Leo worries all of the time. He worries about his money, his children, and his dog. He cannot identify the specific source of his worry, but rather feels an overall sense of constant concern. Leo's symptoms sound most like a. panic disorder b. obsessive-compulsive disorder c. generalized anxiety disorder d. a dissociative disorder

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) involves frequently elevated levels of anxiety that are not directed at or limited to any particular situation. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 647 Skill: Applied

Know the key terminology associated with schizophrenia. 90) Feeling insects crawling on your skin (when none are really there) or hearing voices (when no one is around or no one is talking to you) would be examples of what symptom of schizophrenia? a. compulsions b. delusions c. hallucinations d. obsessions

Hallucinations are false perceptions of reality such as hearing internal voices or feeling something that does not really exist. In contrast, delusions are false beliefs about reality. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 659 Skill: Conceptual

Know the key terminology associated with schizophrenia. 86) False sensory perceptions that often take the form of hearing voices are called a. delusions. b. hallucinations. c. obsessions. d. compulsions.

Hallucinations are false perceptions of reality such as hearing internal voices. In contrast, delusions are false beliefs about reality. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 659 Skill: Conceptual

Know the key terminology associated with personality and dissociative disorders. 28) Which personality disorder is characterized by excessive attention seeking and dramatic behaviour, including being overly flirtatious? a. histrionic b. borderline c. narcissistic d. dependent

Histrionic personality disorder (HPD) is characterized by excessive attention seeking and dramatic behaviour. People who have HPD are typically very successful at drawing people in with flirtatiousness, provocative sexuality, and flattery, but they are simply playing the roles they believe are necessary to be the center of attention. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 637 Skill: Factual

Understand the genetic and environmental contributions to schizophrenia. 103) According to family, twin, and adoption studies, a person is at greatest risk for developing schizophrenia if he or she has a(n) a. identical twin diagnosed with the disorder. b. nonidentical twin diagnosed with the disorder. c. adoptive parent diagnosed with the disorder. d. biological parent diagnosed with the disorder.

If one identical twin has schizophrenia, the other twin has a 25% to 50% chance of developing it. This rate is significantly higher than those for other types of familial relationships. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 662 Skill: Factual

Analyze claims that schizophrenia is related to genius or violent behaviour. 102) Janelle is a 23-year old woman who is living happily in Canada. She has a relative who recently developed the symptoms of schizophrenia. Janelle has the highest chance of developing the illness if that relative is a. Jameson, her 23-year old fraternal twin. b. Jamie, her 52-year old biological mother. c. Janette, her 23-year old identical twin. d. Jerivicious, her 75-year old grandmother.

If one identical twin has schizophrenia, the other twin has a 25% to 50% chance of developing it. This rate is significantly higher than those for other types of familial relationships. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 662 Skill: Applied

Dysfunction

Impairs one's ability to get along in life e.g., Intense fear of needles/drawing blood

Understand the genetic and environmental contributions to schizophrenia. 114) The schizophrenia prodrome refers to a. a traumatic events that can trigger a schizophrenic episode. b. a collection of mild symptoms that precede the later development of schizophrenia. c. a controversial treatment for the disorder. d. the disruption in cognitive ability associated with the disorder.

In adolescence, psychologists can detect the schizophrenia prodrome, a collection of characteristics that resemble mild forms of schizophrenia symptoms. For example, a teenager might become increasingly socially withdrawn and have some difficulty with depression and anxiety. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 666 Skill: Factual

Understand the different types of anxiety disorders. 58) What is the main difference between generalized anxiety disorder and phobias? a. Phobias are linked to specific triggers while generalized anxiety disorder is not linked to a specific trigger. b. Generalized anxiety disorder is linked to a specific trigger while phobias are not linked to a specific trigger. c. Generalized anxiety disorder is an anxiety disorder, while phobias are considered mood disorders. d. Generalized anxiety disorder is an anxiety disorder, while phobias are considered dissociative disorders.

In contrast to generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), where an individual's anxiety can be applied to just about any situation, a phobia is a severe, irrational fear of a very specific object or situation. Both are anxiety disorders. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 647 Skill: Factual

Apply the biopsychosocial model to understand the causes of personality disorders. 33) People with antisocial personality disorder do not respond physiologically in the same manner that other people do. For example, when compared to control participants, they a. are hyper-responsive to loud sounds and bright lights. b. have more parasympathetic activation. c. are over-reactive to stress. d. show very weak startle responses—such as blinking—when exposed to unpleasant stimuli.

In one study, researchers recorded the electrical signals of the eyeblink muscles while presenting disturbing images to a group of people with APD and without APD. The group of people with APD had much weaker responses. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 638 Skill: Factual

Know the key terminology related to anxiety, depressive, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. 79) According to your textbook, which of the following is true regarding sociocultural factors and the development of mood disorders, particularly depression? a. Depression is caused almost exclusively by sociocultural factors. b. Sociocultural factors do not appear to influence the development of depression. c. Sociocultural factors interact with biological and cognitive factors to influence depression. d. Researchers have not yet investigated the role of sociocultural factors in the development of depression.

In particular, socioeconomic and environmental factors leave some individuals more vulnerable to mood disorders. However, biological and cognitive factors explain why some individuals do not develop mood disorders when exposed to stressful environmental factors. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 655 Skill: Conceptual

Understand the genetic and environmental contributions to schizophrenia. 115) According to your textbook, attempts to prevent schizophrenia from developing in high-risk populations have a. been very successful. b. been somewhat successful, but only when the treatment begins before the start of adolescence. c. been shown to reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia, but do not prevent the disorder from developing. d. not been effective to date.

In recent years, a number of attempts to prevent schizophrenia from developing in high-risk populations have been made, but they have not proved effective. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 666 Skill: Factual

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Inattentive symptoms: Difficulty sustaining attention on tasks, Avoidance of activities that require mental effort, Forgetfulness, Disorganization Hyperactive/Impulsive symptoms: Fidgetiness, Difficulty remaining seated, Difficulty playing quietly, waiting turn, Interrupts/intrudes **Symptoms prior to age 12

Phobias

Intense fear of a particular animal, object, or situation Must result in dysfunction/impairment to be a diagnosable phobia -Gets in the way of daily functioning

Know the key terminology associated with defining and classifying psychological disorders. 4) Kendra is a 10-year-old musical prodigy. If she hears a piece of music once, she can play it perfectly on the piano from memory. Kendra's abilities would be accurately described using which of the following terms? a. abnormal b. unusual c. maladaptive d. stigmatized

Kendra's ability is unusual because it is rare for a 10-year-old to be so musically talented. However, because her ability does not cause distress, impair her ability to function, or harm anyone, it would be incorrect to consider it abnormal or maladaptive. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 626 Skill: Applied

Understand the differences between the concepts of psychological disorders and insanity. 14) Stigmatization is often an unintended result of a. outpatient treatment for psychological disorders. b. using the dimensional view instead of the categorical view to diagnosis mental illness. c. applying the medical model. d. labeling individuals as suffering from a psychological disorder.

Labeling a person as suffering from a psychological disorder may help treat the problem; however, these diagnostic labels can also have their drawbacks, the worst of which is stigmatization. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 631 Skill: Conceptual

Antisocial Personality Disorder Key Symptoms:

Law breaking behavior Impulsive behavior Physical fights Stealing/lying Breaking and entering

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Long-term pattern of manipulating, exploiting, or violating the rights of others -Must meet diagnostic criteria for Conduct Disorder as a child

Understand how anxiety or mood disorders can be self-perpetuating. 68) Prolonged periods of sadness, feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, social withdrawal, and cognitive and physical sluggishness best describes which disorder? a. major depression b. OCD c. bipolar disorder d. DID

Major depression is a disorder marked by prolonged periods of sadness, feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, social withdrawal, and cognitive and physical sluggishness. While these symptoms can also occur for periods in bipolar disorder, bipolar disorder also includes periods of mania. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 653 Skill: Factual

Personality Disorders

Maladaptive patterns of behavior that have the ability to severely impact the way a person communicates and behaves in social situations

Know the key terminology related to anxiety, depressive, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. 71) Kayla has experienced a decrease in the need for sleep for the past three nights, is extremely talkative and sexually charged, and has been very irresponsible with money during this time. Kayla is in the midst of a(n) a. dissociated amnesiac episode. b. major depressive episode. c. manic episode. d. obsessive episode.

Mania may take several forms: Some individuals talk so fast that their thoughts cannot keep up; others run up credit card bills of thousands of dollars with the idea that somehow they can afford it. People experiencing mania may be sexually charged or ready to start a fight. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 653 Skill: Applied

Apply your knowledge to understand the symptoms, stereotypes, and stigma surrounding psychological disorders. 17) Which of the following best describes the argument for the use of labels applied to psychological disorders? a. There are no recognized negative side effects associated with the use of labels for psychological disorders. b. Labels provide an alternative to the DSM system for diagnosing mental illness. c. Using labels reduces the stigma associated with mental illness. d. Labels are often necessary for identifying and treating specific psychological disorders.

Many professionals agree that labels—such as those found in the DSM—are a necessary means of identifying and describing the problems they encounter. However, the use of labels can also lead to stigmatization of those diagnosed with a psychological disorder. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 629 Skill: Conceptual

Borderline Personality Disorder

Marked by unstable moods, behavior, and relationships -Problems regulating emotions and thoughts -Impulsive and reckless behavior -Unstable relationships with other people *Comorbidity with depression, anxiety, substance abuse, eating disorders, self-harm, suicidal behaviors, and completed suicides

Apply your knowledge to understand the symptoms, stereotypes, and stigma surrounding psychological disorders. 20) People with _________ disorders have an excessively rigid, maladaptive pattern of behaviour and ways of relating to others. a. personality b. mood c. affective d. schizophrenic

Mental health professionals identify personality disorders as particularly unusual patterns of behaviour for one's culture that are maladaptive, distressing to oneself or others, and resistant to change. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 636 Skill: Conceptual

Know the key terminology associated with personality and dissociative disorders. 27) Cindy craves the attention of everyone around her. The few friends that she has admit that Cindy is "full of herself," and acts like she is better than everyone else. When Cindy had sex with her best friend's boyfriend, she felt no remorse. Which personality disorder would Cindy be most likely to be diagnosed with? a. borderline b. avoidant c. narcissistic d. dependent

Narcissistic personality disorder is characterized by an inflated sense of self-importance and an intense need for attention and admiration, as well as intense self-doubt and fear of abandonment. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 637 Skill: Applied

Know the key terminology associated with schizophrenia. 99) Which pair consists of negative symptoms of schizophrenia? a. flat emotions and low motivation b. flat emotions and delusions c. low motivation and hallucinations d. delusions and hallucinations

Negative symptoms involve the absence of adaptive behaviour. Absent or flat emotional reactions and lack of speech and motivation are examples of negative symptoms. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 660 Skill: Factual

Aaron Beck's cognitive model

Negative thoughts lead to negative moods -Cognitive triad: Depressed thinking stems from negative thoughts about Self, World, and Future. Maladaptive interpretations -Negative (depressogenic) schemas Ex: if someone doesn't respond to me, they must not like me/I'm not worthy Cognitive distortions (info processing errors) -Depressogenic attributions

Understand the different types of anxiety disorders. 62) During the day, Barb suffers from frequent, unwanted thoughts that she has left her front door unlocked and recurrent images that all her belongings have been taken. These thoughts and images are what psychologists refer to as a a. compulsion. b. delusion. c. hallucination. d. obsession.

Obsessions are unwanted, inappropriate, and persistent thoughts. In contrast, compulsions are repetitive stereotyped behaviours. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 650 Skill: Applied

KNOW the key terminology related to anxiety, depressive, and obsessive-compulsive disorders 63) Sierra is constantly worried that everyone whom she comes in contact with is full of germs, so she is constantly rushing off to wash her hands. Sierra may suffer from which psychological disorder? a. clinical depression b. obsessive-compulsive disorder c. social phobia d. paranoid schizophrenia

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disorder characterized by unwanted, inappropriate, and persistent thoughts (obsessions); repetitive stereotyped behaviours (compulsions); or a combination of the two. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 650 Skill: Applied

Know the key terminology related to anxiety, depressive, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. 65) Each day, while Sid is sitting at his desk at work, he continually thinks about germs. Each time this occurs, he washes his hands. Sid probably suffers from a. obsessive-compulsive disorder b. panic disorder c. bipolar disorder d. generalized anxiety disorder

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disorder characterized by unwanted, inappropriate, and persistent thoughts (obsessions); repetitive stereotyped behaviours (compulsions); or a combination of the two. Fear of germs accompanied by repetitive hand washing is a common example of OCD. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 650 Skill: Applied

Know the key terminology associated with personality and dissociative disorders. 26) Self-injury, such as the intentional cutting of one's self, is most closely associated with which personality disorder? a. antisocial b. avoidant c. dependent d. borderline

One of the most distinguishing features of borderline personality disorder is the tendency toward self-injury, which may involve cutting or burning oneself. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 637 Skill: Factual

Know the key terminology associated with defining and classifying psychological disorders. 5) One sign of abnormality is when a person engages in behaviour that creates a great deal of a. distress. b. attention. c. distraction. d. disapproval.

One of the three criteria for identifying maladaptive or "abnormal" behaviour is whether or not the behaviour causes distress to self or others. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 626 Skill: Conceptual

Know the key terminology associated with personality and dissociative disorders. 38) After being passed up for a promotion and then getting into a heated argument with his son, a man disappears. He shows up two weeks later in another town with no memory of who he is or how he got there. He appears to be suffering from a. schizophrenia. b. a personality disorder. c. a dissociative disorder. d. a mood disorder.

One type of dissociative disorder is called dissociative fugue. This disorder is characterized by a period of profound autobiographical memory loss. People in fugue states take unplanned trips, and may go so far as to develop a new identity in a new location with no recollection of their past. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 641 Skill: Applied

Know the key terminology associated with schizophrenia. 105) The ventricles, spaces in the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid, are typically larger than normal in the brains of individuals suffering from a. schizophrenia. b. dissociative personality disorder. c. major depression. d. PTSD.

One very noticeable neurological characteristic of people with schizophrenia is apparent in the size of the brain ventricles, the fluid-filled spaces occurring within the core of the brain. People with schizophrenia have ventricular spaces that are 20% to 30% larger than the corresponding spaces in people without schizophrenia Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 663 Skill: Factual

Understand the genetic and environmental contributions to schizophrenia. 104) One biological explanation for the symptoms of schizophrenia is the appearance of enlarged _________, which are fluid-filled structures that cushion and protect the brain. a. atria b. meninges c. vesicles d. ventricles

One very noticeable neurological characteristic of people with schizophrenia is apparent in the size of the brain ventricles, the fluid-filled spaces occurring within the core of the brain. People with schizophrenia have ventricular spaces that are 20% to 30% larger than the corresponding spaces in people without schizophrenia Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 663 Skill: Factual

Understand the different types of anxiety disorders. 55) Agoraphobia is an intense fear of a. clowns. b. having a panic attack in a public place. c. developing a mental illness. d. being responsible for the death of another.

People with panic disorder often develop an intense fear that the panic will strike again, which can lead to agoraphobia, an intense fear of having a panic attack or lower-level panic symptoms in public. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 647 Skill: Factual

Understand the different types of anxiety disorders. 54) People who suffer from panic attacks often also experience a. obsessions. b. paranoia. c. agoraphobia. d. compulsions.

People with panic disorder often develop an intense fear that the panic will strike again, which can lead to agoraphobia, an intense fear of having a panic attack or lower-level panic symptoms in public. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 647 Skill: Factual

Understand the genetic and environmental contributions to schizophrenia. 111) People diagnosed with schizophrenia are more likely to have been born during the winter months. One explanation for this phenomenon is that a. people born during these months are more likely to be exposed to the flu virus while still in the womb. b. cold temperatures slow down neuronal development. c. summer heat negatively affects the genetic maternal in sperm at the time of conception (9 months earlier). d. eggs released during the summer—9 months earlier—are more likely to contain genetic errors.

People with schizophrenia are statistically more likely to have been born during winter months. One plausible explanation for this link is that the brain develops a great deal during the second trimester, which would coincide with the onset of flu season for wintertime births. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 665 Skill: Factual

Apply your knowledge to identify different forms of schizophrenia. 97) A hospital patient was diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia because she was having both delusions and hallucinations. What type of symptoms are these? a. atypical b. positive c. negative d. a mix of positive and negative

Positive symptoms refer to behaviours that should not occur, such as delusions and hallucinations. In contrast, negative symptoms involve the absence of adaptive behaviour. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 660 Skill: Conceptual

Know the key terminology associated with schizophrenia. 98) What is the best way to describe the positive symptoms of schizophrenia? a. behaviours that are maladaptive b. behaviours that are correlated with genius c. behaviours that should not normally occur d. the absence of adaptive behaviours

Positive symptoms refer to behaviours that should not occur, such as delusions and hallucinations. In this context, positive does not denote "good," but instead refers to the addition of behaviours that are not normal. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 660 Skill: Factual

Mood Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by lasting disturbance in mood

Analyze whether the benefits of labeling psychological disorders outweigh the disadvantages. 18) Research indicates that one way to reduce the stigma associated with mental illness is to a. remove individuals with mental illness from the general population. b. increase knowledge of biopsychosocial explanations of mental illness. c. reduce unnecessary concern by limiting the public's exposure to topics related to mental illness. d. require people diagnosed with mental illness to notify their employers.

Research shows that personal contact and knowledge of biopsychosocial explanations of mental illness are associated with lower stigma. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 630 Skill: Factual

Understand how different neurotransmitters affect individuals with schizophrenia. 108) Some of the symptoms of schizophrenia appear to be caused by excess _______________ activity, and too little _____________ activity. a. dopamine; glutamate b. glutamate; dopamine c. GABA; epinephrine d. epinephrine; GABA

Research suggests that individuals with schizophrenia have overactive receptors for the neurotransmitter dopamine. Another neurotransmitter, called glutamate, appears to be underactive in brain regions, including the hippocampus and the frontal cortex, of individuals with schizophrenia. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 663 Skill: Factual

Know the key terminology associated with schizophrenia. 107) Research indicates that some people's schizophrenia may result from abnormalities in the brain's receptor sites for what neurotransmitter? a. acetylcholine b. dopamine c. GABA d. epinephrine

Research suggests that individuals with schizophrenia have overactive receptors for the neurotransmitter dopamine. The excess dopamine may be involved in producing the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations and delusions, but not the negative symptoms such as flattened emotion and lack of speech. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 663 Skill: Factual

Know the key terminology associated with personality and dissociative disorders. 32) When people diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (APD) are exposed to stressful stimuli, such as loud noises or the sudden appearance of an angry face, they react _________________ people without APD. a. more than b. less than c. about the same as d. faster than

Researchers have discovered that people with antisocial personality disorder are under-reactive to stress. For example, a flash of light, a loud sound, or the sudden appearance of an angry face will startle most people. In contrast, people with APD show very weak startle responses—such as blinking—when exposed to unpleasant stimuli. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 638 Skill: Factual

Know the key terminology associated with schizophrenia. 100) According to the authors of your textbook, schizophrenia is most often confused with which other psychological disorder? a. autism b. dissociative identity disorder c. bipolar disorder d. dementia

Schizophrenia is a widely recognized term, but it may also be the most misunderstood label in psychology. Many people use schizophrenia to mean "split personality," but are actually referring to dissociative identity disorder. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 661 Skill: Factual

Know the key terminology associated with schizophrenia. 83) A patient in a psychiatric hospital exhibits disordered thinking, bizarre behaviour, and hallucinations. This person is probably suffering from a. schizophrenia. b. bipolar disorder. c. a dissociative disorder. d. passive-aggressive personality.

Schizophrenia refers to a collection of disorders characterized by chronic and significant breaks from reality, a lack of integration of thoughts and emotions, and serious problems with attention and memory. One obvious sign of breaking from reality is the experience of hallucinations, which are false perceptions of reality such as hearing internal voices. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 659 Skill: Applied

Apply your knowledge to understand the symptoms, stereotypes, and stigma surrounding psychological disorders. 19) When comparing individuals from a variety of cultures who have been diagnosed with PTSD, researchers have found that a. individuals from Western and Eastern cultures experience the same physiological, cognitive, and emotional symptoms. b. individuals from Western cultures experience different physiological, cognitive, and emotional symptoms, compared to those from Eastern cultures. c. individuals from Western cultures experience the same physiological symptoms as those from Eastern cultures, but experience different cognitive and emotional symptoms. d. individuals from Western cultures experience the same cognitive and emotional symptoms as those from Eastern cultures, but experience different physiological symptoms.

Several teams of researchers have studied PTSD in war-torn villages of Afghanistan, as well as in the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami that struck Sri Lanka. They found very clear evidence of the physiological symptoms of PTSD, but they were surprised at the difference in the cognitive and emotional symptoms experienced by members of Western and Eastern cultures. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 663 Skill: Factual

Schizophrenia

Severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality. -Symptoms: disturbances in attention, thinking, language, emotion, and relationships

Analyze the status of dissociative identity disorder as a legitimate diagnosis. 43) Which of the following is most likely to be cited by psychologists as a reason to be skeptical about dissociative identity disorder (DID)? a. PET scan studies of people diagnosed with DID b. a steep increase in DID rates from the 1970s to 1990s c. evidence for memory dissociation in those diagnosed with DID d. the association between DID and stressful events

Skeptics of DID point to the steep rise in the number of cases of DID as evidence for social and cultural effects, such as the popularization of a film called Sybil". The memory and PET scan studies discussed in the textbook actually provide limited support for DID. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 642 Skill: Conceptual

Understand the different types of anxiety disorders. 60) People who have a(n) __________ are afraid of being evaluated in some negative way by others, so they tend to avoid situations that can be embarrassing. a. obsessive-compulsive disorder b. social phobia c. specific phobia d. interactive phobia

Social anxiety disorder is characterized by social phobias—irrational fears of being observed, evaluated, or embarrassed in public. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 649 Skill: Conceptual

Understand the different types of anxiety disorders. 61) A strong, intense fear of being in public or performing behaviours in public might be characteristic of a. antisocial personality disorder. b. obsessive-compulsive disorder. c. panic disorder. d. social anxiety disorder.

Social anxiety disorder is characterized by social phobias—irrational fears of being observed, evaluated, or embarrassed in public. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 649 Skill: Conceptual

Know the key terminology associated with personality and dissociative disorders. 22) Which cluster of personality disorders contains paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders? a. the anxious and fearful cluster b. the odd and eccentric cluster c. the dramatic and emotional cluster d. the erratic and somatoform cluster

Statement of fact. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 636 Skill: Factual

Know the key terminology associated with personality and dissociative disorders. 21) Antisocial, paranoid, and schizoid are all types of ________ disorders. a. mood b. dissociative c. personality d. anxiety

Statement of fact. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 636 Skill: Factual

Apply your knowledge to understand the symptoms, stereotypes, and stigma surrounding psychological disorders. 15) Melissa was recently diagnosed as suffering from bipolar disorder. When her coworkers find out, they stop inviting her to get drinks after work, and her boss promotes several less qualified employees ahead of her. The most likely cause of Melissa's treatment is a. the M'Naghten effect. b. the stigma associated with mental illness. c. her coworkers confusing "unusual" behaviour for "abnormal" behaviour. d. her coworkers confusing bipolar and unipolar disorder.

Stigmas include negative stereotypes about what it means to have a psychological disorder, and stigmatization may lead to discrimination, unjustified fears, and alienation. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 631 Skill: Applied

Know the key terminology related to anxiety, depressive, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. 80) Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding suicide? a. Suicide is far more likely among men than it is among women. b. Suicide is far more likely among children that it is among adults. c. Adolescents are at a greater risk of suicide than the elderly. d. Americans of Hispanic decent are at the highest risk for suicide.

Suicide is four times more likely among males than among females, and two to three times more likely among Native Americans and European Americans than among individuals of other ethnicities. The elderly are actually at a higher risk for suicide than adolescents. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 655 Skill: Factual

Know the key terminology associated with schizophrenia. 91) Experiencing extremes in motor behaviour is one symptom associated with a. catatonic schizophrenia. b. disorganized schizophrenia. c. paranoid schizophrenia. d. undifferentiated schizophrenia.

Symptoms of catatonic schizophrenia include episodes in which a person remains mute and immobile—sometimes in bizarre positions—for extended periods. Individuals may also exhibit repetitive, purposeless movements. While some of these symptoms can occur with other types of schizophrenia, motor symptoms are most closely associated with catatonic schizophrenia. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 660 Skill: Conceptual

Apply your knowledge to identify different forms of schizophrenia. 93) While doing volunteer work at a mental hospital, Mary is put on a ward for adults with severe mental disorders. One patient remains in the same position for hours at a time and never talks. The doctors tell Mary this patient suffers from a. depersonalization disorder. b. catatonic schizophrenia. c. disorganized schizophrenia. d. paranoid schizophrenia

Symptoms of catatonic schizophrenia include episodes in which a person remains mute and immobile—sometimes in bizarre positions—for extended periods. Individuals may also exhibit repetitive, purposeless movements. While some of these symptoms can occur with other types of schizophrenia, motor symptoms are most closely associated with catatonic schizophrenia. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 60 Skill: Conceptual

Apply your knowledge to identify different forms of schizophrenia. 92) The primary feature of ______ schizophrenia is severe disturbance of motor behaviour. a. disorganized b. catatonic c. residual d. paranoid

Symptoms of catatonic schizophrenia include episodes in which a person remains mute and immobile—sometimes in bizarre positions—for extended periods. Individuals may also exhibit repetitive, purposeless movements. While some of these symptoms can occur with other types of schizophrenia, motor symptoms are most closely associated with catatonic schizophrenia. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 660 Skill: Conceptual

Apply your knowledge to identify different forms of schizophrenia. 94) Laurie, a 30-year-old homemaker, has delusions and hallucinations, often acts silly, giggles loudly and inappropriately, makes odd gestures, and does not bathe or change her clothes regularly. Her symptoms indicate she is suffering from ______ schizophrenia. a. disorganized b. catatonic c. residual d. paranoid

Symptoms of disorganized schizophrenia include thoughts, speech, behaviour, and emotion that are poorly integrated and incoherent. People with disorganized schizophrenia may also show inappropriate, unpredictable mannerisms. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 660 Skill: Applied

Apply your knowledge to identify different forms of schizophrenia. 95) ______ schizophrenia is characterized by delusions that they are being watched, followed, or persecuted in some way. a. Disorganized b. Paranoid c. Residual d. Catatonic

Symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia include delusional beliefs that one is being followed, watched, or persecuted, and may also include delusions of grandeur. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 660 Skill: Factual

Know the key terminology associated with defining and classifying psychological disorders. 6) Any pattern of behaviour that causes people significant distress, increases the risk of injury or death, and/or harms their ability to function in daily life is called a. maladaptive. c. stress syndrome. d. adaptive behaviour.

The American Psychiatric Association provides three main criteria to identify maladaptive behaviour: 1) The behaviour causes distress to self or others; 2) The behaviour impairs the ability to function in day-to-day activities; 3) The behaviour increases the risk of injury, death, legal problems or punishment for breaking rules, or other detrimental consequences.b. humours. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 626 Skill: Conceptual

Know the key terminology associated with defining and classifying psychological disorders. 11) The diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5 are based on a __________ approach. a. biological b. biopsychosocial c. psychological d. social and cultural

The DSM-V addresses problems associated with the physical, mental, and social functioning of an individual. Its widespread use attests to how useful the biopsychosocial model is in understanding mental health. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 627 Skill: Factual

Know the key terminology associated with defining and classifying psychological disorders. 2) Jonah's therapist tells him that his depression is likely the result of several factors, including having a genetic predisposition to depression, a pessimistic personality, and a chaotic family life. This view of depression is an example of the _______________ model. a. many-factor b. biopsychosocial c. maladaptive d. medical

The biopsychosocial model assumes that mental illnesses like depression have many different causes. In particular, the model suggests that mental health is the result of interactions between biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 625 Skill: Applied

Understand the different types of anxiety disorders. 53) While each panic attack is different, the symptoms of a panic attack often peak in less than a. 3 minutes. b. 10 minutes. c. 30 minutes. d. 45 minutes.

The escalation of a panic attack rarely goes on for more than 10 minutes, after which the individual will eventually return to a more relaxed state. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 647 Skill: Factual

Understand how different neurotransmitters affect individuals with schizophrenia. 109) Excess dopamine activity in the brains' of individuals with schizophrenia is believed to produce ______________, but not ________________. a. positive symptoms; negative symptoms b. negative symptoms; positive symptoms c. delusions; hallucinations d. hallucinations; delusions

The excess dopamine may be involved in producing the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations and delusions, but not the negative symptoms such as flattened emotion and lack of speech. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 663 Skill: Factual

Understand the differences between the concepts of psychological disorders and insanity. 13) Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the intersection of the mental health and legal industries? a. The insanity defense is raised in less than 1% of all criminal trials, and is only successful about 20% of the time. b. "Insanity" is a psychological/psychiatric term. c. The serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer was famously found not guilty by reason of insanity. d. The precedent for the insanity defense is a trial that occurred in the 1970s.

The insanity defense is a rare occurrence—it is advanced in fewer than 1% of U.S. federal cases—and it has a success rate of only 20% of the time when it is used. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 632 Skill: Factual

Understand the different types of anxiety disorders. 52) Darcy is sitting at her desk in her office one day when, without warning, her heart begins racing rapidly, she starts sweating profusely, and she is gripped with a terrifying fear that she is about to go crazy. Nothing she is doing seems to have caused such an episode. Her symptoms most resemble a. a phobic disorder. b. a panic attack. c. post-traumatic stress. d. a compulsion

The key feature of panic disorder is panic attacks—brief moments of extreme anxiety that include a rush of physical activity paired with frightening thoughts. A panic attack escalates when the fear of death causes increased physical arousal, and the increased physical symptoms feed the frightening thoughts. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 647 Skill: Applied

1) If a therapist thinks about psychological disorders in the same general way a physician thinks about diseases, the therapist is primarily applying the ______________ model to understand mental illness. a. diagnostic b. biopsychosocial c. maladaptive d. medical

The medical model involves using our understanding of medical conditions to think about psychological conditions. For example, a psychological disorder, just like a medical condition, can be thought of in terms of its symptoms, causes, preventative measures, and treatments. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 625 Skill: Conceptual

Understand the genetic and environmental contributions to schizophrenia. 112) Which of the following best describes the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia? a. the brain deteriorates to produce schizophrenia b. schizophrenia is the result of biological and environmental factors that interact during brain development c. schizophrenia is a reaction to psychologically traumatic events d. symptoms of schizophrenia will not occur until after the brain is fully developed

The neurodevelopmental hypothesis states that irregular biological and environmental factors interact during infant and child development to produce schizophrenic symptoms. In other words, the brain grows into a schizophrenic state rather than degenerating into one. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 665 Skill: Factual

Know the key terminology related to anxiety, depressive, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. 77) One biological explanation for depression is that an overactive ______________ responds strongly to emotions and sends signals that lead to a decrease in ______________ activity. a. caudate; brainstem b. brainstem; caudate c. limbic system; frontal cortex d. frontal cortex; limbic system

The overactive limbic system responds strongly to emotions and sends signals that lead to a decrease in frontal lobe activity, and the decrease in frontal lobe functioning reduces the ability to concentrate and control what one thinks about. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 654 Skill: Factual

Know the key terminology associated with defining and classifying psychological disorders. 12) The ________ rule is a test of legal insanity that came from an 1843 British trial. a. Irresistible Impulse b. Durham c. M'Naghten d. ALI

The precedent for the insanity defense was set in Great Britain in 1843, when a jury found Daniel M'Naghten was not legally responsible for his actions. The test for determining whether a defendant is "not guilty by reason of insanity" is now known as the "M'Naghten rule." Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 632 Skill: Conceptual

Know the key terminology related to anxiety, depressive, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. 75) The depressive explanatory style is characterized by which three elements? a. externalizing, unstabilizing, globalizing b. internalizing, stabilizing, globalizing c. externalizing, stabilizing, localizing d. internalizing, unstabilizing, localizing

The three elements of the depressive explanatory style are internalizing, stabilizing, and globalizing. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 654 Skill: Factual

Know the key terminology related to anxiety, depressive, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. 76) Sandra is suffering from major depression. She is convinced that she will always be unhappy and her life will never change. Which of the three elements of the depressive explanatory style does this illustrate? a. globalizing b. internalizing c. stabilizing d. unstabilizing

The three elements of the depressive explanatory style are internalizing, stabilizing, and globalizing. Stabilizing refers to the tendency to explain life as unchanging. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 654 Skill: Applied

Understand the different types of anxiety disorders. 67) Which of the following is an example of the "vicious cycle" of anxiety disorders? a. a child inherits a gene for anxiety from her parents b. a person with severe anxiety makes himself feel better by starting fights c. a man who was sexually abused as a child develops anxiety as an adult. d. a women with social phobia notices every little mistake she makes in front of others, which makes her more anxious

The vicious cycle of anxiety disorders refers to the fact that they tend to be self-perpetuating. This means that being anxious can actually lead to more anxiety. In this example, the woman's social anxiety makes her hypersensitive to her own mistakes. This in turn causes more anxiety, continuing and perhaps worsening her symptoms. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 650 Skill: Applied

Know the key terminology associated with schizophrenia. 106) Researchers have discovered that the brain volume of individuals with schizophrenia is less than normal. This decrease in brain volume is accompanied a corresponding a. decrease in the size of the ventricles. b. increase in the size of the ventricles. c. decrease in the size of the skull. d. increase in the size of the skull.

The volume of the entire brain is reduced by approximately 2% in those individuals with schizophrenia—a small but significant difference. This decrease in brain tissue corresponds with an increase in the size of the brain ventricles, the fluid-filled spaces occurring within the core of the brain. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 663 Skill: Factual

Know the key terminology associated with defining and classifying psychological disorders. 7) DSM stands for a. Diagrammatic and Statistical Manual. b. Deviance and Sadism Manual. c. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. d. Developmental Sickness Model.

To diagnose psychological disorders, psychologists and psychiatrists rely on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), the manual that establishes criteria for the diagnosis of mental disorders. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 627 Skill: Factual

Know the key terminology associated with defining and classifying psychological disorders. 9) Dr. Nwoambi is an American psychologist who is currently evaluating a new client. Dr. Nwoambi would most likely refer to the _________ to assist her in diagnosing her client's psychological disorder. a. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders b. Physician's Desk Reference c. Textbook of Psychological Disorders d. Manual of Psychological and Behavioural Disorders

To diagnose psychological disorders, psychologists and psychiatrists rely on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), the manual that establishes criteria for the diagnosis of mental disorders. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 627 Skill: Factual

Know the key terminology associated with defining and classifying psychological disorders. 8) The primary purpose of the DSM-Vis to a. help psychologists assess only normal behaviour. b. keep the number of diagnostic categories of mental disorders to a minimum. c. help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders. d. describe the causes of common physiological disorders.

To diagnose psychological disorders, psychologists and psychiatrists rely on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), the manual that establishes criteria for the diagnosis of mental disorders. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 627 Skill: Factual

Understand how different neurotransmitters affect individuals with schizophrenia. 110) Twin studies suggest that schizophrenia a. is caused entirely by genetic factors. b. is caused entirely by environmental factors. c. is likely caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. d. is more likely to occur in twins than nontwins.

Twin studies indicate that having certain genes may put individuals at risk to develop schizophrenia. However, they also indicate that schizophrenia is not strictly a genetic disorder, and they suggest that environmental factors might increase the risk that an individual will develop schizophrenia. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 664 Skill: Conceptual

Apply your knowledge to identify different forms of schizophrenia. 96) Dr. Knight is trying to diagnosis a patient suffering from what appears to be a form of schizophrenia. The patient appears to have symptoms from several different types of schizophrenia. Dr. Knight is most likely to conclude that the patient should be classified as suffering from _________________ schizophrenia. a. disorganized b. undifferentiated c. residual d. catatonic

Undifferentiated schizophrenia is a category that includes individuals who show a combination of symptoms from more than one type of schizophrenia. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 660 Skill: Applied

Know the key terminology related to anxiety, depressive, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. 78) Which neurotransmitters are most important in the development of mood disorders? a. GABA, endorphins, and serotonin b. acetylcholine, serotonin, and GABA c. dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine d. norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and serotonin

Various neurotransmitters of the brain—especially serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine—appear to be involved in the development of depression. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 654 Skill: Factual

Understand the genetic and environmental contributions to schizophrenia. 113) When psychologists viewed home movies of infants and children who subsequently developed schizophrenia, what did they find? a. nothing unusual b. all of the symptoms associated with schizophrenia c. evidence for a "splitting" of personality d. unusual motor patterns such as jerky, repeated, and unnecessary arm movements

When psychologists viewed home movies of infants and children who subsequently developed schizophrenia, they noted that these children showed some unusual motor patterns, primarily on the left side of the body, such as jerky, repeated, and unnecessary arm movements. Siblings who did not have schizophrenia did not show these same motor patterns. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 665 Skill: Factual

Bipolar Disorder

characterized as alternating between depression and mania

Abnormal

different from the norm

Abnormal behavior may be psychologically disordered if it causes significant ____________.

distress

comorbidity

multiple disorders Ex: depression and anxiety

Behavioral model

sees depression resulting from a low rate of positive reinforcement in the environment *Engage in pleasurable activities, even when you do not want to, to create positive reinforcers*

Hallucination

sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli

Delusions

strongly held, fixed beliefs with no basis in reality

Learned Helplessness

tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can't control or feel we can't control

Failure analysis approach

tries to understand mental illness by examining breakdowns in functioning

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