Chapter 15: Europe to the Early 1500s
Henry II
An English king who added land to England by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine of France
Why were Jew massacred during the Crusades?
Because they were a different faith and thought of as a threat
Common Law
- A unified body of law formed by the rulings of England's royal judges - Basis for law in many countries including US
Who were the scapegoats of the plague?
Jews; it was thought that they poisoned rivers. They are killed and burned alive as punishment
Scholasticism
method of study based upon logic
When was the Hundred Years War?
1337- 1453
When was the Renaissance?
1375-1527
How many were Muslim victories?
2; at Jerusalem and Damietta
How many Crusades were launched into the Holy Land?
3
How many were Christian victories?
4; at Constantinople, Antioch, Jerusalem and Damietta
Ptolemaic System
A system that assumed that the Earth was the center of the universe and that above the Earth lay a series of crystalline spheres, containing the moon, starts, planets and Sun
Joan of Arc
A young girl who claimed to have seen a vision that told her to defeat the English. She led the French to many victories.
Who was mostly affected by the plague?
Common people; peasants because they couldn't run away from it and go to country areas
What were the 4 Christian Crusader states?
County of Edessa, Principality of Antioch, County of Tripoli and Kingdom of Jerusalem (most sought after because its the Hold Land)
Isaac Newton
Discovered gravity, found theoretical basis of physics and scientific method
William the Conqueror
Duke of Normandy who invaded England to conquer the throne after Edward the Confessor left no heir
Nicolaus Copernicus
(1473-1543) Argued that the Earth moved around the Sun
Tycho Brahe
(1546-1601) Tried to disprove that Copernicus' theories by saying that everything including the moon and other planets revolved around Earth
Francis Bacon
(1561-1626) Argued that scientific thought must conform to empirical evidence; influenced innovation and change
Galileo Galilei
(1564-1642) First used the telescope and argued that mathematical laws governed the universe
Johannes Kepler
(1571-1601) Used Brahe's theories to prove that the orbits of the planets were elliptical
Characteristics of High Middle Ages (1000-1500)
- Age of Faith - Struggle of power between Church, Kings, and nobility - Rise of small competing states - England and France develop strong unified governments - Plagues, wars, Renaissance, religious conflicts etc.
What was the Renaissance characterized by?
- Artistic expression - Recital of Classical Antiquity - Secularism - Development of individuality
What were results of the Plague?
- Decline of feudalism and social unrest - Major population decrees - Laborers produced less, so their wages increased
Why was Italy where the Renaissance started?
- Former center of Roman Empire - Many of the states were very prosperous earlier
King John
- King who took over England after his brother, Richard died - Made bad decisions and basically failed as a leader
What are some basic rights guaranteed by the Magna Carta?
- No taxation without representation - A jury trial - Protection of the law
Renaissance
- Rebirth of culture - urban economy - Secular thoughts and culture
What are 2 legal practices the Henry II introduced?
- Sending royal judges to collect taxes, settle lawsuits, and punish crimes everywhere - Use of jury in English courts
Edward I
- The king who ruled after King John - Introduced idea of parliament
What spread plague?
- Trade - Fleas/Rats - Lack of Sanitation and Knowledge - Overpopulation
Society in the High Middle Ages
- Urbanization grew - Use of formal economy with money and trade grew - Jewish presence in society grew - Schools and education grew
What was the Hundred Years War?
- War when King Edward III tried to claim the French throne - War between French and English that was basically pointless
What were some of Machiavelli's "ideal" characteristics for a good king?
- to be feared and respected - cunningness - to be the lion and fox - seem to be merciful, trustworthy and humane
Battle of Hastings
-Battle between Duke William of Normandy vs. Harold of Wessex -Norman conquest
When were the Crusades?
1095-1270
Magna Carta
A document drawn up by English nobles that granted basic political rights to the people
Parliament
A legislative group consisting of 2 burgesses (citizens of wealth and property) and 2 knights from each borough
Scientific Revolution
Change in the scientific view of the universe that occurred in the West during the 16th and 17th centuries
Who did the Anglo-Saxons choose as king?
Edward the Confessor
How did the plague break down social order?
Everyone fled and people abandoned each other, even families.
What did William bring to England?
Feudalism (but King had authority)
Humanism
Focus on world issues, human achievements, love of learning, secular though and study of human nature, history and philosophy
Rene Des Cartes
Invented analytical geometry, Cartesian (coordinate) plane, argued that world was governed by mathematical laws that could be deduced
Richard the Lion-Hearted
King who succeeded Henry II (his father) and was the hero of the Third Crusade
Where did the plague enter Europe?
Mecina
Who launched the 1st crusade?
Pope Urban II launched the 1st Crusade in 1095
By 1042, where was the power?
Power shifted between the Viking/Danes and the Angles
Secularism
Questioning the Church and feudal power
Which Crusade lasted the longest?
The 7th (1248- 1254)
What did the scientific revolution influence?
The ideas influenced the mentality about knowledge and nature
Aquitaine
The land that Henry II brought from France to England
What did nobles do in revolt to King John?
They made him sign the Magna Carta
Who were the flagellants?
They were a group of people who though they could repent for there sins by performing violent physical acts to themselves (such as whipping themselves) and get rid of the plague
What was the role of the Church in Medieval life?
To offer salvation
Causes for the Crusades
Unite Europe, Muslims attacking Christian religion, reclaiming the Holy Land, etc.
After Edward died, who took over the throne?
William the Conqueror
Harold Godwinson
William's rival who died in the Battle of Hastings when an arrow pierced his eye
When was Christianity introduced?
as early as the 500s
Medici family
from Florence, were bankers who became most infamous patrons