chapter 15 history

The constitutional theory behind secession was that the Union was a

"compact" among sovereign states, each of which could withdraw from it by the vote of a convention similar to the one that had ratified the Constitution in the first place.

In September 1862, Lincoln extended this authority (martial law) to all parts of the United States where

"disloyal" elements were active.

On December 20, 1860, a convention in Charleston declared unanimously that

"the union now subsisting between South Carolina and other states, under the name of the 'United States of America,' is hereby dissolved."

two days after confederate won the fort Sumter , who joined confederacy

- Virginia convention that had rejected secession in February - five weeks, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina followed suit.

What did Abraham Lincoln's inaugural address indicate about his response to the secession of southern states?

- called for a cautious use of force. He would defend federal forts not yet in Confederate hands, but would not attempt to recapture the ones already taken. - He thus tried to shift the burden for beginning hostilities to the Confederacy, which would have to attack before it would be attacked.

What were the provisions of the Crittenden Compromise?

- which advocated extending the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific to protect slavery in the southwestern territories and prevent civil war. - The federal government would compensate the owners of escaped slaves, and a constitutional amendment would forever prohibit the federal government from abolishing or regulating slavery in the states.

Which of the following earned Abraham Lincoln the title of the Great Emancipator?

13th amendment

Abraham Lincoln was elected president in which year?

1860

What did the Civil War motivate Britain to do?

Occupy Egypt

when and how was the Sumter fort damaged

On the morning of April 12, shore batteries opened fire; the bombardment continued for 40 hours without loss of life

why did the south fail with agriculture

Planters were reluctant to shift from staples that could no longer be readily exported to urgently needed foodstuffs.

when did the congressional republicans support evaporate for crittenden compromise

President-elect Lincoln adamantly opposed extending the Compromise line.

Lee withdrew his battered troops, but because the

Union army did not pursue him vigorously, he escaped again

Lincoln administration also realized that emancipation would win sympathy for the

Union cause in Britain and France, and might counter the threat that they would come to the aid of the Confederacy.

slaves themselves were voting for freedom with their feet by deserting plantations in areas where the

Union forces were close enough to offer a haven.

Despite its uninspiring origin and limited application—emancipation did not extend to slave states loyal to the

Union or to occupied areas and thus did not immediately free a single slave—the proclamation did commit the Union to abolishing slavery as a war aim.

Cooperationists, who believed the slave states should act as a

Unit, opposed those who advocated immediate secession by each state individually

Which state had the highest number of free African Americans in 1860?

Virginia

How did the Civil War affect the relationship between the federal government and state governments?

What the war definitely decided was that the federal government was supreme over the states and had broad constitutional authority to act for "the general welfare." The southern principle of state sovereignty and strict construction died at Appomattox. The United States was becoming a true nation-state with an effective central government. States still had primary responsibility for most government functions, and the Constitution limited what the national government could do; questions would continue to arise about where federal authority ended and states' rights began he war had determined where ultimate authority rested. A broadened definition of federal powers had its greatest impact in economic policy

As the Union blockade became more effective, the Confederacy had to rely on

a government-sponsored crash program to produce war materials.

The "great writ" of habeas corpus is what gives prisoners the right to

challenge their imprisonment in court.

These serious suspensions of civil liberties came to an end with the close of the

Civil War

July 1862, Congress authorized the confiscation of slaves whose masters supported the

Confederacy

Which of the following produced or procured sufficient armaments to keep southern armies well supplied throughout the Civil War?

Confederate ordnance bureau

who was taking the crittenden compromise seriously

Congressional Republicans

The Enrollment Act of 1863 provided the basis for __________.

Conscription

Which group believed that the slave states should act as a unit on the secession issue?

Cooperationists

What were the militant advocates of "peace at any price" called

Copperheads

which state and delegates established the confederate states of America on February

Delegates from the Deep South met in Montgomery, Alabama,

In contrast to Abraham Lincoln, George McClellan, the Democratic candidate in the 1864 election, __________.

Did not insist on emancipation

Which of the following people called for the end of slavery's expansion westward?

Extension of citizenship to African Americans

how was the confederate flagged raised over the for Sumter

Finally, on April 13, the Union forces under Major Robert Anderson surrendered,

Of the African Americans who served in the Union Army, were most of them former slaves or free men from the North?

Former slaves

In February 1862, a joint military-naval operation, under General Ulysses S. Grant, captured

Fort Henry on the Tennessee River and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland along with 14,000 prisoners.

Cooperationists did well in which states

Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas

which side's economy was less adaptable to the needs of a total war was

The southern economy

Which of the following reflects the constitutional theory behind the secession from the Union?

The union was a compact of sovereign states, each of which had the right to leave it

Why did Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas resist calls for immediate secession from the Union?

Their economy was tied with the north

What caused the Upper South states to secede after Fort Sumter?

These slave states of the Upper South had been unwilling to secede just because Lincoln was elected, but when he called on them to provide troops to "coerce" other southern states, they had to choose sides. Believing that secession was a constitutional right, they cut their ties with a government that opted to use force to maintain the Union and asked them to join the effort.

Finally, on September 22, 1862, Lincoln issued his

preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.

To produce the materials of war, both governments relied mainly on

private industry

A few politicians were arrested for

pro-Confederate activity

Lincoln was also aware that the racial prejudice of most whites in the North and the South was an obstacle to any

program leading to emancipation.

who else voted against the crittenden compromise

remaining senators and congressmen of the seceding states, who had vowed to support no compromis

The only way to resolve the crisis over the future of slavery and reunite the "house divided" was to

remove any chance that slaveholders could enlarge their domain.

what did the confederacy voted for

reopen the Atlantic slave trade, abolish the three-fifths clause (in favor of counting all slaves in determining congressional representation), and prohibit admitting free states

during Lincoln's inaugural address , U.S. forces held only four military installations within the

seceded states

Stephen A. Douglas, Lincoln's former political rival, pledged his full support for the crusade against

secession and literally worked himself to death rallying midwestern Democrats behind the government.

did the secessionist or the cooperationist win the majority vote

secessionists

what did the northern government supply to the army

shoddy uniforms that disintegrated in heavy rain, defective rifles, and horses unfit for service.

during the war by 1863, civilians in urban areas were rioting to protest

shortages of food

As in the North, the Civil War changed the

situation of women in society.

loss of fathers and brothers, the advance of Union troops, and the difficulty of controlling a

slave labor force destroyed many southern women's allegiance to the Confederate cause.

the Confederate Ordnance Bureau, under the able direction of General Josiah Gorgas, produced or procured sufficient armaments to keep

southern armies well supplied throughout the conflict

"all the moral grandeur of a bill of lading"—made it clear that blacks were being freed for reasons of

state and not out of humanitarian conviction.

The proclamation gave the Confederate states 100 days to give up the

struggle without losing their slaves.

during the war, Farmers' wives found it hard to

survive at all, especially at harvest time when they often had to do all the work themselves.

Abraham Lincoln interpreted a president's wartime powers extremely broadly, most famously by

suspending the writ of habeas corpus in the first year of the Civil War, which allowed the indefinite detention of "disloyal persons" without trial.

Which of the following people called for the end of slavery's expansion westward?

Abraham Lincoln

In what way did Lincoln expand executive power in the earliest days of the war?

After the fighting started at Fort Sumter, he expanded the regular army and advanced public money to private individuals without congressional authorization. Marshal law

what was the African American status of joining the union forces and made a vital contribution to the North's victory.

Almost 200,000 African Americans, most of them newly freed slaves

Abraham Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation after the battle at __________.

Antietam

What was the first major confrontation between the Union and the Confederacy in the Civil War?

Bull run

Why was the battle at Gettysburg frustrating for President Lincoln, even though it represented a Union victory?

But Lincoln's joy turned to frustration when he learned his generals had missed the chance to end the war. They did not chase general lee

why was the norths economy strong at the core

By 1863, its factories and farms were producing more than enough to provision the troops without lowering the living standards of the civilian population.

how was the south's internal transportation system during the war

Its limited rail network was designed to link plantation regions to port cities rather than to connect food-producing areas with centers of population, the way the North's was

What war-ending inducement was given to southerners in the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation?

January 1, 1863, president Abraham Lincoln proclaimed that the slaves of the confederacy were free. Since the south had not yet been defeated, the proclamation did not immediately free anyone, but it made emancipation an explicit war aim of the north

Which of the following slave states remained loyal to the Union?

Kentucky

The Confederate army withdrew from

Kentucky and middle Tennessee.

how did lee confronted a Union army that had taken up defensive positions on Cemetery Ridge and Culp's Hill.

Lee's army crossed the Potomac in June and kept going until it reached Gettysburg, Pennsylvania

President Davis approved

Lee's plan to invade the Northeast.

How did Lincoln's Cabinet initially respond to the attack on Fort Sumter, South Carolina?

Lincoln's cabinet opposed reinforcing or provisioning Sumter, on the grounds that it was indefensible. Secretary of State Seward was so certain this would be the decision that he so advised Confederate representatives. But on April 4, Lincoln ordered that the beleaguered troops in Charleston Harbor be resupplied. Two days later, he notified the governor of South Carolina that a relief expedition was being sent.

Why was Lincoln initially reluctant to call for emancipation of slaves in the early years of the war?

Lincoln's caution stemmed from fear of alienating Unionists in the border slave states and from his own preference for a gradual, compensated form of emancipation.

Why was General McClellan replaced as General-in-Chief after the battle of Antietam?

McClellan was slow in pursuit, and Lincoln blamed him for letting the enemy escape. He replaced McClellan with General Ambrose E. Burnside, who was responsible for a disastrous assault on Confederate forces at the Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, in December 1862.This Union defeat ended a year of bitter failure for the North in the East.

who did George McClellan replace

McDowell as commander of troops in the Washington area and then became general in chief when Scott was eased into retirement.

Shiloh halted the Union's effort to seize the

Mississippi Valley, on April 26

Northerners rejoiced that on Independence Day, the Union had secured control of the

Mississippi and had finally won a major battle in the East.

after Lincoln issued the emancipation proclamation, who committed to emancipation

Most Republican politicians and many were on the verge of repudiating the administration for its inaction.

The Union occupation of __________ paved the way for a blockade of the southern coast.

New Orleans

Union fleet from the Gulf captured

New Orleans

Which side - the North or the South - had the upper hand with regard to material resources?

North

did the railroads resolve the agriculture problem for the south

Railroad construction during the war did not resolve the problem; most of the new lines facilitated the movement of troops, not the distribution of food.

What attitude -- moderate or radical -- dominated the February, 1861, Confederate convention?

Relatively moderate leaders, most of whom had not supported secession until after Lincoln's election, dominated the proceedings and defeated or modified the pet schemes of extreme southern nationalists.

Who controlled Congress during the Civil War?

Republicans

Who took command of the Confederate Army?

Robert e lee

Who were southern cooperationists and what did they believe?

SOUTHERNS IN 1860 WHO ADVOCATED SECESSSION BY THE south as a whole rather than unilateral secession by each state

During the Civil War, northern women played an important role in which of the following?

Sanitary commission

who failed to meet agriculture

South

which was the first state to concede

South Carolina, which had long been in the forefront of southern rights and proslavery agitation

became clear how hard subduing the "rebels" was going to be, sentiment developed for striking at the

South's economic and social system by freeing its slaves.

how were women in the confederacy different from the union

Southern women had always been involved in administering farms and plantations, but the war forced them to shoulder even greater burdens

Which of the following principles was affirmed by the Union victory in the Civil War?

Supremacy of the federal government over the states

What did the suspension of the "writ of habeas corpus" allow President Lincoln to do?

Suspending the writ enabled the government to arrest Confederate sympathizers and hold them without trial

Which of the following reflects Abraham Lincoln's exercise of executive power during the Civil War?

Suspension of the writ of baheas corpus

What did the Confederate Constitution say about slavery in the territories? 15.1.1

The central government was denied the authority to interfere with slavery in the states and was required to protect slavery in the territories.

How did the Civil War change the lives of southern women?

The devastation of the southern economy forced many women to play a more conspicuous public and economic role. They formed associations to assist returning soldiers, became teachers, and established benevolent and reform societies or temperance organizations.

Lincoln reversed the orders of field commanders who sought to free slaves in areas their forces occupied, thus angering

abolitionists and the strongly antislavery Republicans known as Radicals.

what happen to early recruiters during the war

been enrolled for short terms, were reluctant to reenlist.

many who had served as nurses or volunteer workers during the war were especially responsive to calls for

broadening "the woman's sphere

When a majority of the party came around to the view that freeing the slaves was necessary to the war effort, what did Lincoln do

complied with their wishes while minimizing the disenchantment of the conservative minority.

slaves freed during the war who did not serve in the military were often conscripted as

contract wage laborers on cotton plantations that "loyal" white planters owned or leased within occupied areas of the Deep South.

In the North especially, the system of contracting with private firms and individuals to supply the army resulted in

corruption and inefficiency.

The Supreme Court during both the Lincoln and Bush administrations held that presidents did not have the authority to __________.

create military tribunals

n 1864, the Supreme Court ruled in Ex parte Milligan that the Habeas Corpus Suspension Act did not authorize the

creation of military tribunals or the imposition of martial law in places where the courts were working—but President Lincoln ignored the Supreme Court's decision.

On July 2, Confederate attacks failed to

dislodge Union troops from the high ground they occupied.

slaveholding states that remained loyal to the Union refused to

endorse Lincoln's gradual plan, and the failure of Union arms in 1862 increased the clamor for striking directly at the South's peculiar institution.

Lincoln was pessimistic about

equality for blacks in the United States.

December, Lincoln proposed that Congress approve constitutional amendments providing for

gradual, compensated emancipation and subsidized colonization.

early 1862, the Union printed $150 million in Treasury notes, known as

greenbacks because of their color.

what did Vice President Stephens speak for all the founders of the Confederacy

he described the cornerstone of the new government as "the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man—that slavery—subordination to the superior race—is his natural condition."

The Sanitary Commission promoted

health in the northern army's camps through attention to cleanliness, nutrition, and medical care

during the war, both sides imposed special war taxes, neither side was willing to resort to the

heavy taxation that was needed to maintain fiscal integrity.

The expedition sailed on April 8 and 9, but before it arrived, Confederate authorities decided that sending supplies was a

hostile act and attacked the Sumter fort.

during the war, Another challenge both sides faced was

how to finance the struggle.

the southern central government denied

impose protective tariff and subsidize internal improvements

To supply the troops, the Confederate commissary resorted to the

impressment of agricultural produce at below the market price, a policy that farmers and local politicians resisted so vigorously that it eventually had to be abandoned

how did Lincoln succeed in unifying the nation by force.

incoln held the party together by persuasion, patronage, and flexible policy making;

even If confederate soldiers were well armed, what was an issue for them

increasingly undernourished

What was the south more significant with supplying the war

internal transportation system

In July, Lincoln read a version of an emancipation proclamation to his cabinet, but Secretary of State Seward persuaded him not to

issue it until the North had won a victory and could not be accused of acting out of desperation.

Lincoln and those who took his advice had what they considered good reasons for not

making territorial concessions.

The South of 1861 imported most of its

manufactured goods

what did Lincoln also imposed

martial law throughout the Union and placed limits on the freedom of speech and the press.

Republicans had always acknowledged that the federal government had no constitutional authority to

meddle with slavery in the states.

what happen when Lincoln's resounding "no" to the central provision of the Crittenden plan and similar proposals stiffened the backbone of congressional Republicans, and they voted against compromise

members of the committees of both houses set up to avert war.

On April 27, 1861, Lincoln declared martial law, which enabled the

military to arrest civilians suspected of aiding the enemy; and suspended the writ of habeas corpus in the area between Philadelphia and Washington, because of mob attacks on Union troops in Baltimore.

Shortly after taking office, what did Lincoln was informed about Sumter

not hold out much longer and that he would have to decide whether to reinforce it or let it fall.

what did the emancipation proclamation deprived the south

of an important part of its agricultural workforce.

even though politicians were arrested for pro-Confederate activity, "Peace Democrats"—who called for restoring the Union by negotiation rather than force—ran for

office and sat in Congress and state legislatures

how many slaves ained freedom during the war under the terms of the Emancipation Proclamation

one-quarter of the slave population

What were "Greenbacks?"

paper currency issued by the union during the civil war

During the war, northern women pushed the boundaries of their traditional roles by

participating on the home front as fund-raisers and in the rear lines as army nurses and members of the Sanitary Commission

For the most part, the Lincoln administration tolerated a broad spectrum of

political dissent

what happen to the state's volunteers when the war was short and faded

pool of volunteers began to dry up

Since there was no response from the South and little enthusiasm in Congress for Lincoln's gradual plan, the president went ahead on January 1, 1863, and declared

that all slaves in those areas under Confederate control "shall be ... thenceforward, and forever free."

what resolve the problem for early recruiters who been reenlisted or enrolled short term

the Confederacy passed a conscription law in April 1862, and in July, Congress gave Lincoln the power to assign manpower quotas to each state and resort to conscription if they were not met

Attention focused on Fort Sumter because

the Confederacy, egged on by South Carolina, was demanding the surrender of a garrison that was within easy reach of shore batteries and running low on supplies.

many of the same issues raised by President Lincoln during the Civil War have been revisited during

the Iraqi conflict in the last two decades

In what part of the country did the Union win important victories early in the war?

the West

during the war, Wealthy plantation mistresses had to run huge plantations without

the benefit of extensive training or the assistance of male relatives.

how will the remaining senators and congressmen of the seceding states, who had vowed to support no compromise change their minds

the majority of Republicans endorsed it.

The decision to allow free states to join the Confederacy reflected a hope that

the old Union could be reconstituted under southern direction.

Lincoln coupled a proposal for gradual emancipation with a plea for government subsidies to support

the voluntary "colonization" of freed blacks outside of the United States, and he sought places that would accept them.

Lincoln justified the final proclamation as an act of "military necessity" sanctioned by

the war powers of the president, and he authorized the enlistment of freed slaves in the Union army.

the government briefly closed down a few newspapers when

they allegedly published false information or military secrets, anti-administration journals were allowed to criticize the president and his party at will.

At the beginning of the conflict, both sides had more volunteers than

they could arm and outfit

At the beginning of the war, when the North still hoped for a quick and easy victory, only dedicated abolitionists favored

turning the struggle for the Union into a crusade against slavery.

after war, widows and sweethearts they left behind temporarily increased the proportion of

unmarried women in the population.

The war did not destroy the traditional barriers to sexual equality in American society, but women's efforts during the Civil War broadened beliefs about

what women could accomplish outside of the home.

what was the cittenden compromise purpose for the northern sectional party

would end its attacks on "southern rights."