chapter 15 spiral

Treaty of Karlowitz

(1699) Ended the Siege of Vienna and gave Austria the lands of Hungry

Peace of Utrecht

1713, ended Louis XIV's attempts to gain military power and land. Marked the end of French expansionist policy. Ended the War of Spanish Succession.

47.) Why were the Dutch so economically prosperous for a short time?

47. The Dutch East India company made it so economically prosperous. The Dutch East India Company made it economically prosperous by gaining spices,silk,and tea from Asia. Those were considered some of the most valuable goods of the time period.

14.) What is absolutism? What is sovereignty? What is divine right? What are the differences between these terms? How are they connected?

Absolutism is when the ultimate authority or power is controlled by a ruler. Sovereignty is the authority to make laws, tax, justice, administer, and determine foreign policy. Divine Right is when the monarch is ordained by God himself, to rule. There are not many differences between these terms. They are all connected to the theory of divine right monarchy which argues that god established kings through whom they reigned over all the people of the world.

17.) How might Cardinal Richelieu ́s fiscal policies be considered generally ill-fated? Who do you suppose it affected the most in the French population?

Apart from corruption and financial injustice that existed at the time, when Richelieu tried to impose the taille (TY) which was a tax on land or property, it was excessive. In spite of steep tax heights, the war expenditures were far higher than the revenues from the taille. These taxes affected the nobles the most because it was a tax on wealth.

33.) What two powers had the most influence in the Italian peninsula from the mid 1500s to the start of the 18th century? Who took over one of those powers after the Treaty of Utrecht (1713)?

Austria and Spain had the most influence in the Italian peninsula from the mid 1500s to the start of the 18th century. Austria replaced Spain after the Treaty of Utrecht (1713).

Divine Right

Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.

15.) Who is Cardinal Richelieu? What role did he play in the reign of Louis XIII? What means did Cardinal Richelieu use to acquire political influence?

Cardinal Richelieu was Louis XIV ́s chief minister (1624-1642). Richelieu used spies to acquire political influence.

11.) Describe how the power dynamics near the Baltic Sea (in Scandinavia) changed during the Thirty Years War. What roles did Denmark and Sweden, and their leaders, play in this conflict?

Denmark was in an alliance with the United Provinces and England against the Habsburg Catholics at the start of the Thirty Years ́ War but it lost power to the Habsburg Catholics. Sweden was a great Protestant military power. They too lost to the Habsburg Catholics. Denmark and Sweden ́s rulers were Protestants who went to war with the Catholics to support the German nobility that was Protestant, they both lost to the Catholics.

9.) How did the phrase balance of power contribute to the start of the 30 Years War? Between Catholics and Protestants, who had the upper hand by the end of the Bohemian phase of the war?

Even though the majority of German princes and nobles were Protestant, they were ruled by the Habsburg Ferdinand who was Catholic and imposed this imbalance and the desire of the Protestant nobles to resist Catholicism was the beginning of the 30 Years ́ War. The Catholics had the upper hand by the end of the Bohemian phase of the Thirty Years ́ War.

16.) What are intendants and what function did they play in the French government?

Intendants were royal officials who executed the orders of the royal authority. (central government).

34.) Who was the first "tsar" or "czar" of Russia? Who were the Boyars? What were the "Times of Trouble"? Which dynasty emerged as the next long-standing line of tsars in Russia?

Ivan IV the Terrible(1533-1584) was the first "tsar" or "czar" of Russia. The Boyers were the Russian nobility. The Times of Trouble were the time following the end of Ivan IV's dynasty in 1598 when there was a resergence of aristocratitc power and a period of anarchy. The Romanov dynasty emerged as the next long-standing line of tsars in Russia.

20.) To what extent was the Sun King's authority truly absolute and centralized? In what ways was it not? (Hint, another potential DBQ or SAQ...)

Louis XIV ́s monarchical power included complete authority over foreign policy, military policy, and secular power of the monarchy against any religious authority. He also had the power to collect taxes to fulfill these goals. It was not absolute and centralized when it came to the central power of the government and he did not have direct control over the lives of his subjects.

25.) Why are some historians skeptical of Colbert's economic policies?

Many historians blame Colbert ́s strict regulations and high tariffs for the foreign retaliation that followed. In France, the regulations were so strict that there was evasion. Also the English and the Dutch were already well established in global trade by the time France entered the market. So Colbert's reforms didn't amount to much.

36.) Describe how Peter the Great reorganized and centralized Russia's government. What was the Table of Ranks?

Peter the Great reorganized and centralized Russia's government by creating the senate to supervise administration of state when he was away on military trips. He had boards of adminstrators with specific functions, like foreign affairs and justice. He divided Russia into 8 provinces, and later into 50 provinces. The Table of Ranks was a system through which non nobles could serve the state and join nobility.

18.) What is a regency or a regent? What role did this play in the reign of Louis XIV? Who was Cardinal Mazarin?

Regency or regent are agents that act on behalf of the king. Louis XIV was 4 years old when he ascended the throne. A regent was therefore used to carry out administration, his mother Anne of Austria delegated the regency to Cardinal Mazarin. Mazarin originally came to France as a papal legate (representative of the pope). He was trained to be a successor of Richelieu and carried out Richelieu's policies.

3.) What are the major arguments that historians have provided as to why the number of witchcraft trials and executions swelled so much in the 16th and 17th centuries? What specific segment of the population was most vulnerable to being accused of witchcraft?

Religious uncertainty especially between Protestant and Catholic groups as well as the fading of old communal values that were replaced by the new ethic where people were looking out for themselves, the fear of the poor in the minds of the wealthy all contributed to widespread accusations of witchcraft. Old women were most vulnerable to being accused of witchcraft.

Romanovs (1613-1917)

Russian royal family, started with Michael (1613) and lasted until 1917.

4.) Put the pieces together, why might so many men in Europe have held women in such low esteem during this time? (hint, think about the prevailing social order)

Societies were religious and patriarchal. Women were considered merely as a means to sex and childbearing during the time. For these reasons, they were naturally scapegoated after they reached a certain age.

38.) What was the "Holy Synod" and what did the procurator do?

The "Holy Synod" was a ruling body of the Georgian Orthodox Church. The procurator represented the interests of the tsar and assured Peter of effective domination of the church.

26.) In what ways did the Palace of Versailles function as a tool for the King? Why did nobles go along with affairs held at Versailles?

The Palace of Versailles served as a tool of distraction for the King where he could keep the royal nobility distracted from real power and politics through involvement in daily court activity. The nobles went along with it because it was considered a prerequisite for gaining offices,titles,and pensions.

30.) What effect did the Treaty of Westphalia have on the Holy Roman Empire? What German territory, under which dynasty, began to rise to prominence during the 17th century?

The Treaty of Westphalia splintered the Holy Roman Empire into three hundred little states. The territory of Brandenburg, under the Hohenzollern dynasty began to rise to prominence during the 17th century.

21.) Who was the biggest threat to Louis XIV's rule? How did he resolve this?

The biggest threat to Louis XIV's rule were the princes and nobles who were members of the royal family. He resolved this by removing them from the royal council and inviting them to his court so they were out of politics.

2.) Describe a few economic and social phenomena that occurred from the 1620's to 1650.

The economies of several European states contracted. The import of silver from the Americas declined and the economic recession took over several states, especially Italy and Spain. There was a decline in population in Central and Southern Europe were due to war, famine, and plague. Another significant event that happened was a mini ice age that caused famines.

Fronde

a french rebellion that was caused by Mazarin's attempt to increase royal revenue and expand state bureaucracy, caused Louis XIV to distrust the state and turn to absolutism

Louis XIV's wars

desire for increase in royal power and military glory led to these;4 wars between 1667 and 1713 (vs. Triple Alliance,vs. United Provinces, vs. HRE/League of Augsburg,War of Span. Succession); left France impoverished and surrounded by enemies

Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

the last of the great wars in Europe fought nominally for religion

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

40.) Who was the Great Northern War between? What happened at the Battle of Poltava? Who won this war and what did they receive as a result? What new capital city did Peter create in the image of Versailles?

40. The Great Northern War was between Russia and Sweden. Peter of Russia beat Charles of Sweden at the Battle of Poltava. Russia won the war and received Estonia,Livonia, and Karelic. Pere made St.Petersburg in the image of Versailles.

41.) What unexpected outcome did the Westernizing of Russia have on much of the population?

41. It added more burdens to the masses of the Russian people.

42.) What role did the Ottoman Empire have in 17th century Europe? What major strengths did it possess? Why did Spielvogel refer to the Ottoman Empire as the sleeping giant? What caused the giant to awaken?

42. They tried to complete Conquest of Balleans. They had Wallacha and the Danube valley. They were occupied by domestic bloodlefting. They were kicked out after losing to a new European coalition.

43.) Spielvogel presents a counterargument to the idea of absolutism and suggests that it is misleading to believe that kings actually controlled the lives of their subjects. What pieces of evidence does he present to suggest this?

43. In some places, their strength put severe limits on how absolute monarchs could rule.

44.) Why was Poland weaker and more decentralized by comparison to other European states? What role did the end of the Jagiello dynasty play? What role did the Sejm play? If no central authority controlled Poland, who was in power?

44. It´s struggles revolved around the bitter fight between the crown and landed nobility. The new practice arose of choosing outsiders as kings. They were a two-chamber assembly in which landowners completely dominated.

45.) The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic spanned what years? How did the Treaty of Westphalia affect the Dutch?

45. The Golden Ages spanned from 1581-1702. It ended 80 years war between Spain and the Dutch with the Dutch getting independence

46.) A quasi-democratic system of government was practiced in the United Provinces. What is a stadholder? What was the States General? Why didn´t it ever formulate into an actual monarchy?

46. A stadkiller was official responsible for leading the army and managing power. The States General was an assembly of representatives. By the 17th century, republican forces were in control,It didn´t actually become a monarchy because the Dutch Republic had taken control.

48.) Elizabeth I was the last of the English Tudor dynasty, who succeeded her to the throne? In what major ways (list at least a few) was he very different from Elizabeth I.

48. James I was Elizabeth I´s successor. He espoused the divine right of kings, disturbed the balance of power between the monarchy and parliament. He further angered parliament by alienating the Puritans who held a lot of power.

49.) Who are the puritans? How did they butt heads with James I?

49. The Puritans were protestants in the Anglican Church inspired by Calvinist theology. They wanted James to eliminate the episcopal system of church organization used in the Church of England

31.) Who was Frederick William the Great Elector? What are some of his major accomplishments? Who are junkers? How well did they get along with Frederick William?

Frederick William the Great Elector (1640-1688) was the leader of Brandenburg-Prussia who came to power in the middle of the Thirty Years' War and laid the foundation for Prussia. Some of his major accomplishments included building a strong army of 40,000 men. He established a general war commissairiat which was an efficent bureaucratic organization to collect taxes. He gained support of the landed aristocracy by giving them unlimited power over their peasants, tax exemptions, high ranks in the army and the commissairiat. He also followed the mercantilist policy, constructed roads and canals, granted subsidies and monopolies for domestic societies. The junkers were members of the Prussian landed aristocracy who served as army officers too. They got along with Frederick William the Great Elector very well, because he made many concessions to them.

24.) What role did Jean-Baptiste Colbert play in Louis XIV's reign? What kinds of fiscal policies did he enact?

Jean-Baptiste Colbert was Louis XIV ́s controller general of finances. He followed a mercantilist policy to benefit France by increasing exports and decreasing imports. He created new industries of luxury goods like tapestry, Venican glass making, and Flemish cloth making. He regulated the quality of goods, granted tax exemptions, loans,subsides to these industries, and oversaw the training of workers. He built roads, canals, and created a merchant marine to improve transportation of these goods, and raised tariffs on foreign manufactured goods to discourage imports.

28.) How did the reign of Louis XIV end? Who took over?

Louis XIV's reign ended with his death in 1715, he was succeeded by his great-grandson Louis XV, who was 5 years old at that time.

23.) What was Louis XIV's religious policy? What was the Edict of Fontainebleau?

Louis XIV's religious policy was ̈One king, one law, one faith ̈ which means he did not want the Protestants to practice their faith in his kingdom which was largely Catholic. The Edict of Fontainebleau revoked the religious rights of the Huguenots established by the Edict of Nantes(1598). It provided for the destruction of Huguenot churches, and schools.

22.) What are parlements? How did the King deal with distant provinces?

Parlements are provincial legal courts with their own sets of laws. Louis XIV managed the parlements by exercising political and economic control over them.

1.) In the blue section on page 432-433, Spielvogel says The idea of a united Christian Europe gave way to the practical realities of a system of secular states in which matters of the state took precedence over the salvation of subject ́s souls.¨ Analyze this statement. What does it mean? More importantly, what pieces of evidence does Spielvogel use in this chapter to substantiate this argument?

People started believing in the separation of religion and government/ state. Spielvogel uses France and the reign of Louis XIV as an example of absolutism and the limited monarchy of England as evidence to illustrate how different kinds of states designed states that had a common theme, separation, and government in seventeenth-century state-building.

39.) In what ways was Russia westernized as a result of Peter the Great's social policies? Who benefited the most? How was Russia still quite backwards from other European areas?

Peter asked for beards to be shaven,coats shortened,and removal of the traditional veils that covered their faces. The English benefited the most. They had long coats and beards.

37.) What measures did Peter the Great take to expand the military and navy of Russia? How did he go about paying for these endeavors?

Peter the Great reorganized the military and navy to include Europeans and Russians serving as officers. He drafted peasants for twenty five year stints of service to build a large army. He formed the first Russian navy. He used Western mercantilist policy by increasing exports, developing new industries, and exploiting natural resources in Russia. These measures were not very effective, he ended up heavilly taxing the peasants.

35.) Describe Peter the Great. Does his title match his character? What was his vision for Russia?

Peter the Great was a strong man with a crude character. Peter the Great was really not so great because he was coarse in his tastes and rude in his behaviors. His vision for Russia that he wanted to "westernize" or "europinize" russian technology, particulary the army and the navy.

29.) Spielvogel argues that Spain was in decline during the 17th century. What evidence does he offer to substantiate this claim?

Phillip II went bankrupt in 1596 from excessive war expenditure, Phillip III went bankrupt in 1607 due to excessive spending on his court. The military, government, the commercial class were all weak amongst the luxury loving nobles and an oversupply of clergy. The corruption of the Duke of Lerma who was Phillip II's first minister further weakened Spain. Phillip IV had a chief minister, Gasper de Guzman of Oliveres who tried to institute domestic reform to curve the powers of the nobles and the Catholic Church, but none of it worked because the Spanish nobles made up nearly 20% of the population and were too powerful. At the same time, the Spanish crown ́s conquest for glory and further involvement in wars resulted in it ́s defeat. There were internal revolts in the 1640 ́s that ended what remained of Spain ́s greatness.

7.) What are the four phases of the Thirty Years War, and when did they take place? Why is the war divided into these phases?

The Bohemian phase(1618-1625), the Danish phase(1625-1629), the Swedish phase(1630-1635), the Franco-Swedish phase(1635-1648) were the four phases of the Thirty Years War. It is divided into these phases because the war started first in Bohemia. The king of Denmark (Christian IV) entered the war to support the Protestants against the Habsburg Catholics. After his defeat, the Swedish phase began with the entry of the king of Sweden(Gustavus Adolphus) into the war. The Swedish forces won the war, but Gustavus Adolphus was killed. The Franco-Swedish phase was when the French joined forces with the Protestant Swedes in a war against the Catholic Habsburgs.

8.) What was the Defenestration of Prague? Where and why did it happen? (hint, the book talks about this event on pg 439 but does not refer to it by its proper title. You may want to use google and cross-check the info with your book)

The Defenestration of Prague happened in Bohemia in May 1619 when the Protestant nobles of Bohemia threw two Habsburg governors and a secretary out of a window in the royal castle in Prague. It happened because the Bohemian nobles wanted to seize control of Bohemia by disposing of the Catholic Habsburg Ferdinand and replace him with the Protestant Frederick V of the Palatinate.

19.) How did French nobles feel about Mazarin? Why? What is the ̈Fronde ̈?

The French nobles resented Mazarin because he was a foreigner and they did not like the centralized administrative power that was being built up at the cost of the power of the provincial nobility. The Fronde was a revolt of the nobles, the first one started in (1648-1649) and was ended by compromise. The second one started in 1650 and was crushed by the royal authority in 1652.

12.) Why was it odd and ironic that France came to the aid of Sweden in the final phase of the war? What major shift did this represent in Europe?

The French were Catholic, so it was odd and ironic that they would help the Protestant Swedes in the final phase of the war. This represents the shift from religious power to secular power.

27.) War occurred almost non-stop during the reign of Louis XIV. What were the four major wars that took place during his reign? (to find the names you may have to utilize outside sources) What was the purpose of each, or alternatively, what did he gain (or lose) from each?

The War of Devolution (vs Triple Alliance) 1667-1668 Louis invaded the Spanish Netherlands and was forced to withdraw by the triple alliance of England,Netherlands, and Sweden. He only got a few town along the French/Spanish Netherlands border. The Dutch War (1672-1678) Louis XIV succeeded in breaking the Triple Alliance by signing a treaty with England; Louis XIV then invaded the Netherlands; William of Orange pushed back Louis XIV with the support of the Holy Roman Emperor and Spain. Louis XIV gained the French country and several other towns along the French/Spanish Netherlands border. The War of the League of Augsburg (1688-1697) It is also known as 9 Years ́ War. Although Louis XIV made substantial conquests during his invasion to the Northeast of France. Louis XIV lost most of his gains due to the Treaty of Ryswick (1697). He got Alsace and Stausbourg. The War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714) The Habsburg king of Spain, Charles II left the Spanish Crown to Louis XIV's grandson Phillip of Anjou but the Holy Roman Emperor challenged the succession, claiming the Spanish rule for his son, Charles. The English joined the Holy Roman Emperor to fight Louis XIV in 1704. At the Peace of Utrecht(1713) and Rastatt (1714), Louis XIV's grandson Phillip of Anjou was recognized as King Phillip V of Spain on the condition that neither he (King Phillip V) nor his successors could occupy the French throne. The biggest winner of this war was England. They negotiated and got permanent control of the port of Gibraltar which gave them access to the Mediterranean. It became a base for the royal navy and England became a formidable naval force.

6.) The 30 Years War is often called the last of the religious wars By 1609, what conditions in the Holy Roman Empire and across Europe made it so that if the war did erupt, it would be widespread and difficult to end?

The desire of the Habsburg emperors for power in the Holy Roman Empire, on the one hand, and the German protestant union, on the other hand, would have engaged in Spain, France, and most parts of Europe in a conflict that would be widespread and difficult to end.

5.) What factors led to the decline of witchcraft?

The religious upheaval of the 16th and early 17th century was so exhausting that, people became more tolerant. Fewer magistrates wanted to preside over witch trials. Toward the 18th century, people became more educated and questioned old views toward religion.

13.) The Peace of Westphalia is considered a major turning point (the end of our first major period in this class). What is its significance, and to what extent was Europe both the same and different afterward? (HINT, this is DEFINITELY a valid DBQ question, so you may want to put some serious thought into this one...Also, in DBQs you must respond to ALL parts of the question - note it says the same and different)

The significance of the Peace of Westphalia is that more than one form of Christianity started existing in Europe. Before the Peace of Westphalia, there was religious turmoil between the Catholics and the different denominations of Protestantism. As far as religion was concerned, these different forms of Christianity still existed in Europe, but what was different afterward that the religious struggle ended.

32.) How did the Austrian Habsburgs (as opposed to the Spanish Habsburgs) proceed after the end of the Holy Roman Empire? What threat did they continue to face in the east? How was this resolved? What effect did the end of the War of Spanish Succession have on the Austrian Empire?

They created a new empire in eastern and southeastern Europe which consisted of lower and upper Austria, Carinthia, Carniola, Styria, Tyrol, Bohemia, and northwestern Hungary. They were continiously challenged by the Ottoman empire. This was resolved by the Austrians defeating the Ottomans and taking control of Hungary,Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia. At the end of the War of Spanish Succession, Austria gained the Spanish Netherlands and the Spanish possesions in Italy, mainly Milan,Mantua, Sardinia, and Naples.

4 parts of DBQ

a.) Politically- (A) Politics moved in a secular direction and the Holy Roman Empire was no longer a force within Germany. Absolutism and a new form of government where power was shared between the ruler and the people were born. b.) Economically- (B) Due to absolutism, there was increased taxation of peasants and the Price Revolution. c.) Socially- (C) There were peace and order due to the end of religious conflicts. There was a new elite society different from the traditional nobility. d.) Militarily- (D) New forms of warfare came about due to new weapons.

Edict of Fontainebleau

revoked the Edict of Nantes, provided for the destruction of Huguenot churches and closing of Protestant schools, mass exodus of Huguenots weakened the French economy and strengthened its rivals - major mistake of Louis XIV