Chapter 15: The Cardiovascular System

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List the vessels through which blood flows from the aorta to the myocardium and back to the right atrium

1) coronary arteries 2) myocardium 3)cardiac veins 4) coronary sinus 5) right atrium

Branches of aortic arch

Brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries

Arterioles

Branch into capillaries

Venules

Capillaries converge into these

Factors that influence arterial blood pressure

Cardiac output, blood volume, peripheral resistance, and blood viscosity

Precapillary sphincters open when

Cells are low on oxygen and nutrients

Precapillary sphincters close when

Cellular needs are met

Vasomotor fibers

Control diameter of vessels

Pericardium

Covering that encloses the heart. The pericardium consist of two layers the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium.

Parasympathetic

Decrease heart action Vagus nerves Acetylcholine

Venous blood flow

Depends on skeletal muscle contractions, breathing movements, and venoconstriction

P Wave

Depolarization of atrial fibers

QRS Wave

Depolarization of ventricle fibers and repolarization of atrial fibers

Blood-brain barrier

Endothelial cells of brain capillaries are tightly fused Substances move through by facilitated diffusion

Layers of the heart wall

Epicardium (outer), myocardium (middle), endocardium (inner).

Aortic valve

Guards the base of the aorta

Pulmonary valve

Guards the base of the pulmonary trunk

Mitral valve

Guards the left AV orifice

Tricuspid Valve

Guards the right AV orifice

Sympathetic

Increase heart action Accelerator nerves Norepinephrine

Cardiac control system

Located in the medulla oblongata

Diastolic pressure

Lowest pressure that remains in the arteries before the next ventricular contraction

Baroreceptor reflexes

Maintain balance between parasympathetic and sympathetic Located in cardiac control center

Systolic pressure

Maximum blood pressure achieved during ventricular contraction

Heart

Muscular pump that forces blood through arteries

Heart skeleton

Provides attachments for valves and muscle fibers and prevents orifices from excessively dilating during ventricular contractions

Left ventricle

Pumps blood into the aorta

Right ventricle

Pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk

Left atrium

Receives blood from the pulmonary veins

Right atrium

Receives blood from the venae cavae and coronary sinus

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Records electrical changes in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle

Vasoconstriction

Reduces diameter Vasomotor fibers stimulate smooth muscle to contract

Precapillary sphincters

Regulate capillary blood flow

T wave

Repolarization of ventricle fibers

Veins

Return blood to the heart

Branches of the ascending aorta

Right and left coronary arteries

Blood flows through the vena cava and coronary sinus into the right atrium through the _____to the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary trunk into the left and right _____ to the lungs and then leaves the lungs through the pulmonary vein and flows into the _____ through the mitral valve to the _____ and through the _____ to the aorta

Right atrioventricular orifice, pulmonary arteries, left atrium, left ventricle, aortic valve

Capillaries

Site of nutrient, electrolyte, gas, and waste exchange

Vasodilation

Smooth muscle fibers relax Diameter increases

The first heart sound is produced when

The AV valves close

Cardiac muscle fibers

The fibers connect in branching networks Joined by intercalated discs that include gap junctions

Visceral Pericardium

The layer of the pericardium that is closest to the heart. Folds over itself to form the parietal pericardium.

Central venous pressure

The pressure in the right atrium

The second heart sound is produced when

The pulmonary and aortic valves close

Pericardial cavity

The space between the visceral and parietal the layers of the pericardium

Arteries

Transport blood away from the heart


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