Chapter 15 Understanding The Principles of Infection Control worksheets
Why is soap used as a cleaning agent?
Aids in the removal of germs
Where must you discard a dressing contaminated with blood and pus?
Biohazardous material bags
How can you avoid allowing sterile articles to touch the skin or clothing?
By holding sterile articles away and in front of the body
List 3 ways communicable diseases can be spread
Direct contact Contact with dirty linen Droplets
Name 3 common examples of nosocomial infections
Staphylococcus Pseudomonas Enterococci
Where should instruments be stored after being removed from the solution?
Sterile or cleaned towel and placed in a dust free drawer or closet
What must be done to all articles before cleaning them in the ultrasonic unit?
Submerged in the cleaning solutions
What is bioterrorism?
The use of microorganisms, or biological agents, as weapons to infect humans, animals, or plants
Do you feel that today's health care workers are prepared for a bioterrorism attack? Why or why not?
Yes, because there are classes that educate workers and facilities have emergency plans
What must you do if you stick yourself with a contaminated needle?
Report it immediately
How should the beakers or pans be positioned in the permanent tank?
Below the level of the solution present
List 3 items usually disinfected with chemicals
Dental instruments Percussion hammers Scissors
When a white opaque coating appears on the bottom of the glass beakers, what do you do with the beaker?
Discarded and replaced
How is the main tank cleaned?
Drained and cleaned Drain value opened to drain solutions Cloth or disinfected used to wipe outside Wiped with damp cloth and disinfection
List 3 methods of removing sterile articles from wraps and placing them on a sterile field or tray
Drop technique-opened and held upside down over the sterile field Mitten technique: wrapper opened and loose ends are grasped with other hand Transfer forceps-used to grasp the article from the open package and then placed on the sterile field
List 4 common aseptic techniques
Hand washing Good personal hygiene Use of disposable gloves when containing body secretions or contaminated objects Proper cleaning of instruments and equipment
Why are long artificial fingernails prohibited in most health care facilities?
Harbor organisms Increase infection Puncture/tear gloves
Name 3 pathogens spread by blood and body fluids that are a major concern to health care workers
Hepatitis B Hepatitis C AIDS
List 4 main requirements that employers must meet as a result of the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act
Identify and use effective and safer medical devices Incorporate changes in annual update of exposure control Solicit input from nonmanagerial employees who are responsible for direct patient care Maintain a sharps injury log
List 5 examples of chemical solutions
Lysol Cidex Benxalkonium Sodium hypochlorite Iodophor
Before applying the sterile gloves, what must you make sure has been done in relation to the sterile tray?
Make sure sterile tray is open and that you are ready to perform a sterile procedure
How must needles and syringes be handled after use?
Never bent or broken, left uncapped and attached to the syringe, placed in a leakproff puncture resistant sharps container
Does ultrasonic cleaning remove all organisms and pathogens? Why or why not?
No because it is not a sterilization unit, spores and viruses still remain on the article
Can a health care worker drink coffee in a laboratory where blood tests are performed? Why or why not?
No, because the drink can be potential contaminate the blood being tested
How do pathogens differ from pathogens?
Nonpathogens are microorganisms that do not cause disease. Pathogens cause infection and disease
Why must a sterile field be kept dry?
Organisms and pathogens travel quickly through a wet surface
List 3 surfaces in the hands that must be cleaned
Palms Backs Tops Inbetween fingers
List 2 reasons why it is important to read the labels carefully before using any cleaning solution
Some solutions must be diluted Some solutions can only be used on specific material
What is the difference between standard precautions and transmission based isolation techniques?
Standard precautions state that every body fluid must be considered infectious. Transmission-based isolation is caring for patients who have a communicable disease
What should you do if you suspect an article is contaminated?
Start the procedure over
What is the purpose of antitrust tablets or solutions? Can they be added to all chemical solutions? Why or why not?
To stop the form of rust. No, because it can cause a chemical reactions.
Identify 2 ways pathogenic organisms can cause infection and disease
Toxins Allergic reactions Protozoa
List 6 times when the hands should be washed
Arriving and leaving Before and after patient contact Contact with patients skin Moving from contaminated body site Anytime hands become contaminated Gloves torn or punctured
When must standard precautions be used?
When in contact with blood/blood components, body fluids, secretions, excretions, mucous membranes, non intact skin, tissue or cell specimens
Identify 2 items for which dry sterilization is the most effective
Knife blades Powders
Place the correct letter to the correct word
1. Caused by bacteria called Yersinia pestis: Plague 2. An infectious organism that causes hemorrhagic fever: Filoviruses 3. Spores of bacteria called Bacillis anthracis: Anthrax 4. A paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin: Botulism 5. Infectious disease caused by a bacteria called Francisella tularensis: Tularemia 6. Ebola and Marburg viruses are examples: Filoviruses 7. Variola virus that causes a highly infectious disease: Smallpox 8. Bacteria commonly found in animals such as rats, rabbits, and insects: Tularemia 9. Grazing animals eat contaminated soil and become infected with this: Anthrax 10. Usually transmitted by the bite of infected fleas: Plague 11. Must be treated with an antitoxin or paralysis spreads to the respiratory muscle and causes death: Botulism 12. Vaccinations against this were no longer required after many years with no reported cases: Plague 13. Humans can contract this by eating undercooked or raw infected meat: Tularemia 14. The only treatment is supportive therapy and more then 70% of infected individuals die: D
How long should the hands be rubbed with a waterless hand cleaner?
15 seconds
What part of a sterile field or tray is considered to be contaminated?
2 inch boarder around the tray
How long do item remain sterile after autoclaving?
30 days
What is the minimum temperature required fro dry heat sterilization?
320-350 degrees f
How many times can you use a waterless hand cleaner before you need to use soap and water?
6-10 times
What is the minimum time required for dry heat sterilization?
60 minutes
Define transmission-based isolation
A method or technique of caring for patients who have a communicable disease
What is a communicable disease?
A pathogenic organism that can easily be transmitted to others
Define the following
A. Antisepsis: Prevent or inhabit growth of pathogenic organisms but are not effective against spores and viruses B. Disinfection: Process that destroys or kills pathogenic organisms C. Sterilization: Process that destroys all microorganisms, both pathogenic and nonpathogenic, including spores and viruses
What type of handwashing is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for each of the following situation?
A. Hands are not advisably dirty or are not soiled with blood or body fluids: Antiseptic hand rubs B. Caring for a patient on a specific organism transmission-based precautions: Antiseptic hand washing C. Routine cleaning when the hands are advisably dirty or soiled with blood or other body fluids: Regular hand washing D. Prior to invasive procedures: Antiseptic hand washing
Identify the following antibiotic-resistant organisms
A. MRSA: Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus B. VRE: Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus C. MRAB: Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumanii D. CRE: Carbanpenem- resistant Enterobacteriaceae E. ESBL: Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase
Identify the following viruses
A. Mosquito-borne flavivirus: West Nile B. Virus that causes avian or bird flu: H5N1 C. Variant of the coronavirus that can be lead to respiratory failure and death: Severe acute D. Virus affecting monkeys, other primates, and rodents: Monkey Pox E. Virus that causes hemorrhagic fever: filovirus F. Virus that causes AIDS: HIV G. Virus that affects the liver and can lead to destruction and scarring of the liver: Hepatitis B and C H. Virus that causes swine flu: H1N1
Identify the following shapes of bacteria
A. Rod shaped: Bacilli B. Comma shaped: Vibrio C. Round or spherical arranged in a chain: Bacilli D. Spiral or corkscrew: Spirilla E. Round or spherical arranged in clusters: Cocci
Identify the class of microorganisms described by the following statements
A. Smallest microorganisms: Virus B. Parasitic microorganism: Rickettsiae C. One-celled animal organisms found in decayed materials and contaminated water: Protozoa D. Plant-like organisms that live on dead organic matter: Fungi E. Microorganisms that live on fleas, lice, tics, and mites: Rickettsiae F. Causes diseases such as gonorrhea and syphilis: Bacteria G. Causes diseases such as measles and mumps: Viruses H. Causes diseases such as ringworm and athletes foot: Fungi
Identify the parts of the chain of infection that has been eliminated by the following by the following actions
A. Through washing of the hands: Portal of exit; mode of transmission B. Intact; unbroken skin: Portal of entry C. Healthy well-rested individual: Source of reservoir D. Cleaning and sterilizing a blood-covered instrument: Source of reservoir E. Spraying to destroy mosquitoes: Breaking the chain of infection F. Rapid, accurate identification of organisms: Causative agent
What do most waterless hand cleaners contain?
Alcohol and moisturizer
Define contaminated
All organisms and pathogens are present
List 3 rules that must be followed while loading an autoclave
Allow space between all articles Packages placed on sides No contact with autoclave
Why is it so important to have effective communication methods when dealing with bioterrorism?
Allows for the public to be notified of the attack
Once gloves have been applied, where should you hold your hands to avoid contamination?
Away from the body and about the waist
List 2 types of autoclave indicators
Autoclave tape Sensitivity markers Indicator capsules
How do you determine the correct time and temperature for sterilizing different articles in the autoclave?
By checking the directions of the autoclave
List 2 reasons for manufacturing's directions should be read completely before using any solution?
Some solutions may need to be diluted or mixed; recommended time of disinfection
Identify 3 factors that help determine what type of isolation is used
Causative organism Way the organism is transmitted Pathogen is antibiotic resistant
What is it important to separate loads before sterilizing them in an autoclave?
Certain instruments and needles require a longer period of time to ensure sterilization
When should the chemical solutions be changed or discarded?
Changed frequently; discarded if dirt is present
If mass immunization is required for specific disease, who should be vaccinated first? Why do you feel this is important?
Child because they still have developing immune systems
Where should sterilized items be stored?
Clean, dust proof areas
What does the Bioterrorism Act of 2002 require?
Community-based surveillance to detect early indications of a bioterrorism attack Notification of the public Strict infection control Funding for studying pathogens Strict guidelines and restrictions Mass immunization Increased protection of food and water Training personnel Emergency management plans Criminal investigation
What does federal law require of employers in regard to the hepatitis B vaccine?
Employers must provide the vaccine for free
What is the difference between an endogenous disease and an exogenous disease
Endogenous diseases are within the body and exogenous diseases are outside of the body
Differentiate between an epidemic and a pandemic
Epidemic is when a communicable disease spreads rapidly. A pandemic exists when the outbreak occurs over a wide geographic range
When must masks be changed?
Every 30 minutes
What responsibilities does an employer have if an employee is splashed with blood when a tube containing blood breaks?
Follow the facility policy when exposed to blood. Report incident, document, record care given, not follow-up, identify ways to prevent similar incidents
Define sterilization
Free from all organisms including spores and viruses
What solution is usually used in the permanent tank?
General, all purpose solution
Name 4 types of personal protective equipment that an employer must provide
Gloves Gowns Masks Face shields
What are the 6 characteristics of the "ideal" microorganism to use for bioterrorist acts?
Inexpensive, readily available, and easy to produce Spread through the air Survives Causes death or severe disability Easily transmitted Difficult to prevent No effective treatment
What do health care facilities do to prevent and deal with nosocomial infections?
Infection control procedures
What part of sterile gloves is considered contaminated?
Inside of the gloves
Describe 3 examples of situations when masks, protective eyewear, or face shields must be worn
Irrigating wounds Suctioning Dental procedures Delivery of a baby Surgical procedures
What should you do if you spill solution on a sterile field?
It is considered contaminated and should be wiped up with a sterile towel
Why should the chemical solution cover the item completely?
It is the only way to ensure that all parts of the article are disinfected
What is the purpose of mouthpieces or resuscitation devices?
Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation replacement
List 3 types of wraps that can used in the autoclave
Muslin Autoclave paper Special plastic or paper bags Autoclave containers
What federal agency establishes standards for contamination with blood and body fluids that must be followed by all health care facilities?
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Name 2 items that can be used to clean the nails
Orange/cuticle stick Nail brush
List 2 types of jewelry that should be cleaned in the ultrasonic unit
Pearls and pasted stones
Describe 4 situations when gloves must be worn
Performing invasive procedures Contact with blood ect Handling or cleaning contaminated items Performing ventipuncture or blood tests
How should the fingertips be pointed while washing hands? Why?
Pointing downward. Prevents water from contaminating clean hands
List 2 reasons for washing hands
Practice aseptic technique Prevent the spread of infection
What must be done to any equipment or supplies before they are sterilized in the autoclave?
Prepared properly (washed thoroughly and rinsed)
List 2 reasons it is important to thoroughly wash, rinse, and dry all items before placing them in a chemical solution
Presence of soap can reduce effectiveness of chemical; keeps chemical at its most effective strength
Why are paper towels used while turning of and off the faucet?
Prevents contamination of hands
What is an aseptic technique?
Proper cleaning of hands, equipment, and sterile technique
How do you determine the length of time required for cleaning?
Read the cleaning chart
The wrap on a sterile bowl is wet. What should you do?
Rewrap item and place in autoclave again
Why should you avoid getting the solutions on the skin?
Solutions can cause skin irritation
Why are autoclave indicators used?
To ensure that articles have been sanitized
What temperature should water be used at? Why?
Warm water. Less damage to the skin and better lather with soap
List 3 things needed for microorganisms to grow and reproduce
Warmth Darkness Moisture Food
During a blood test, some blood splashes on the laboratory counter. How must it be removed?
Wear gloves, wipe up area with disposable cloths, and cleaned with disinfection (10% bleach solution)
Why do items have to be dry before being removed from the autoclave?
Wet surfaces permit raid infiltration of organisms
Explain cavitation
When bubbles strike the object being cleaned
