Chapter 16
Which of the following statements did the authors of the 1865 petition to the Union Convention of Tennessee mean to serve as a political argument in favor of their full access to suffrage?
"This is not a Democratic Government if a numerous, law-abiding, industrious, and useful class of citizens . . . are to be treated as aliens and enemies, as an inferior degraded class."
What did Lincoln's plan for restoring southern states to the Union fail to require?
A requirement that former rebels grant freedmen political rights
Which of the following restates the main argument of the 1865 Petition "to the Union Convention of Tennessee Assembled in the Capitol at Nashville"?
African Americans are fundamentally equal to whites and should have equal access to the rights and responsibilities of citizenship, including suffrage.
Why did Andrew Johnson veto the Military Reconstruction Act?
Andrew Johnson believed the act was a formula for anarchy and chaos.
How did Republican presidential candidate Rutherford B. Hayes hope to pursue reconstruction policies?
By invoking the sacrifice of Union soldiers in politics
How was the Freedmen's Bureau able to address southern freedmen's demand for land?
Congress authorized the Freedmen's Bureau to distribute abandoned and confiscated land.
How did the Fourteenth Amendment deal with voting rights?
Congress could punish states that excluded voters on the basis of race.
In the case of United States v. Cruikshank (1876), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that
Congress did not have the power to legislate the discrimination practiced by individuals.
What is the message of the cartoon "Of Course He Wants to Vote the Democratic Ticket"?
Democrats used intimidation to influence African American voters.
How did the location of African American dwellings on the Barrow plantation change after emancipation?
Dwellings moved further away from the plantation owner's house.
During the Reconstruction era, why might the Ku Klux Klan have found black education particularly threatening and appalling?
Education allowed black Southerners to pursue better jobs than field work, and Klansmen wanted to preserve the plantation economy.
Why did thousands of southern freedmen take to the roads in 1865?
Former enslaved people were looking to reunite families and relatives across regions.
Why did African Americans abandon southern white churches with the end of the Civil War?
Freedmen were eager to practice Christianity on their own terms.
How did President Andrew Johnson respond to southern states' resistance to his reconstruction requirements?
He did nothing in response to the southern resistance.
Why did President Johnson's quick reconstruction of ex-Confederate states shock reformers?
He had long expressed a desire to destroy the southern planter aristocracy.
What did Rutherford B. Hayes offer Democrats for their acquiescence to his inauguration in 1877?
He offered railroad subsidies and southern white "home rule."
Why might Dennis have chosen to confer with Edwin Stanton, rather than asking his question to the leaders of his own state of Maryland?
He saw Union leaders as sympathetic and authoritative allies.
What stance did former Union General Ulysses S. Grant take on reconstruction when he ran as the Republican candidate for president in 1868?
He supported congressional reconstruction and sectional reconciliation.
Why did Andrew Johnson refuse to intervene when Southerners defied his minimal requirements for reconstruction?
He thought southern Democrats would better serve his political interests than northern Republicans.
How did President Andrew Johnson try to jeopardize and undermine congressional reconstruction?
He vetoed the Military Reconstruction Act.
The report written by the Reverend A. B. Randall in February of 1865 contains evidence that can be used to support which of the following historical arguments?
In 1865, African Americans welcomed both their freedom and their new access to the protections offered by American laws.
Why did Democrats endorse the anti-Grant Liberal Party in the 1872 presidential election?
It endorsed a policy of "home rule" for the South.
What was the purpose of the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867?
It initiated military rule of the South to protect African American rights and oversee political reunification.
How did the Fourteenth Amendment aid the cause of southern freedmen?
It made blacks national citizens and thereby protected them against southern state governments.
How did the Fourteenth Amendment benefit Republicans?
It penalized southern states that restricted African American voting.
Which statement describes the real result of the Fifteenth Amendment?
It was undermined by literacy and property qualifications in southern states.
What was President Johnson's response to the Fourteenth Amendment?
Johnson advised Southerners to reject the amendment.
How did President Johnson shape the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment?
Johnson campaigned against the Fourteenth Amendment with the National Union Party.
Why did President Andrew Johnson vigorously oppose Republican efforts to expand the power of the federal government?
Johnson was a vigorous defender of states' rights.
What is the message of the 1864 presidential campaign cartoon?
Lincoln and Johnson would guide the nation through a swift and successful Reconstruction.
The artist of the Reconstruction cartoon would agree with which statement?
Many white southern women opposed Reconstruction.
Why were moderate Republicans hesitant to impeach Andrew Johnson before August 1867?
Moderate Republicans did not believe that Johnson had violated any criminal statutes.
How did moderate Republicans and Republican Radicals differ in 1865?
Moderates did not actively support black voting rights and the distribution of confiscated lands to the freedmen, while Radicals did.
How did moderate and radical Republicans differ in 1865?
Moderates did not actively support black voting rights and the distribution of confiscated lands to the freedmen, while radicals did.
In 1876, which state had the greatest number of electoral votes?
New York
Which factor contributed to the North's abandonment of reconstruction?
Northern racial prejudice
Who were the people that conservative white Southerners called "carpetbaggers"?
Northern whites who came to the South after the Civil War
Which factor was a high priority for most former enslaved people following emancipation?
Owning land
What did Republican legislatures establish in every southern state during Reconstruction?
Public schools
What did southern delegates do when they met to draw up new state constitutions in 1865?
Refused to follow Johnson's mild requirements for restoration
Although the Ku Klux Klan targeted many groups with violence during Reconstruction, the people they terrorized the most were
Republicans.
How did reconstruction governments in the South expand the state's responsibility for the general welfare?
Southern states assumed responsibility for orphans and the insane.
How would southern whites have described emancipation after the Civil War?
Southern whites considered emancipation a form of pure anarchy.
Why did so few freedmen pay taxes in the Reconstruction South?
Taxation came with landownership, and few African Americans owned land.
What did the Confiscation Acts of the Civil War years stipulate?
The Confiscation Acts punished rebels by taking away their property.
From the electoral map of 1868, what conclusion can be drawn about political support for the Democratic Party?
The Democratic Party capitalized on voter disaffection with the war and Reconstruction to gain political support in parts of the North.
How did the Ku Klux Klan make it difficult for freedmen to exercise their right to vote?
The Klan physically prevented black Southerners from making it to the polls on election day.
Why did Grant receive fewer votes from southern Republicans than he expected?
The Ku Klux Klan murdered hundreds of Republicans, and fear of violence kept many from the polls.
What did the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in December of 1865, establish?
The abolition of slavery throughout the United States
What impact did the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment have on the women's rights movement?
The amendment marked the beginning of an independent women's suffrage crusade.
Why were radical Republicans able to seize the initiative in 1867 and begin reconstruction all over again?
The broad southern rejection of the Fourteenth Amendment boosted the standing of radical Republicans.
Which statement best characterizes the election of 1876?
The candidate who won the popular vote lost the electoral vote.
Why did the decision in the 1876 presidential election fall to Congress?
The electoral votes of three states were undecided.
Why did President Andrew Johnson eventually come to accept black emancipation?
The emancipation of slaves was a good way to retaliate against wealthy planters.
What historical change spurred the Ku Klux Klan to shift from a benign fraternal group to a terrorist organization?
The implementation of congressional reconstruction after the Civil War
In his July 1864 letter to Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, former slave John Dennis sought Stanton's advice about which of the following issues?
The legal status of his children, who were living in slavery
Why were freedmen in the occupied Confederate states unhappy with the new labor regime imposed by the Union military during the Civil War?
The military did not provide freedmen with their own land.
Which statement describes the significance of pardons granted to rebel soldiers under the terms of Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction?
The pardons restored property (except slaves) to rebel soldiers.
Why did congressional Republicans dub Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Virginia the "Lincoln states" in 1865?
These four states had fulfilled the president's requirement for reconstruction before his assassination.
What effect did the congressional elections of 1865, the black codes, and President Andrew Johnson's vetoes of key civil rights legislation have on the reunified nation?
These laws and events forged a union of moderates and radicals within the Republican Party.
Why did some southern white yeomen vote Republican during Reconstruction?
They believed the Republicans would expand economic opportunity in the South.
How did southern Democrats gain support from white yeomen during the Reconstruction period?
They claimed white taxes disproportionately benefited blacks.
What was the result of the Republican state governments' ambitious economic development programs in the Reconstruction-era South?
They did not solve the South's economic problems.
How did African American and white women participate in politics in the reconstruction South?
They joined in parades and rallies and assisted in campaigns.
Why did some southern whites vote Republican during Reconstruction?
They wanted state governments to end favoritism toward wealthy planters.
Why did Northerners grow weary of reconstruction by the early 1870s?
They wanted to focus on recovery from their own economic depression.
Why did "carpetbaggers" move to the South during Reconstruction?
They were looking for new opportunities to make a living.
How did most whites in the Reconstruction-era South believe that they could legitimately stamp out the Republican Party?
Through the use of vigilante violence
What was the overarching goal of the Ku Klux Klan's violence during Reconstruction?
To restore the South to what it had been before the Civil War
Which statement describes the goal of the Ku Klux Klan in the South during Reconstruction?
To restore white supremacy and defeat southern Republicans
Which group made up the 25 percent of southern whites who voted Republican?
Yeomen who supported initiatives for expanding economic opportunity in the South
Within months of the end of the Civil War, about one-third of black women in the South
abandoned fieldwork.
The goal of the Wade-Davis bill was to
guarantee freedmen equal protection before the law.
By the early 1870s, the congressional reconstruction goals of 1866
had been mostly abandoned by Northerners.
The Supreme Court undermined reconstruction by ruling in the Slaughterhouse cases that the Fourteenth Amendment
protected only those rights stemming from the federal government.
Abraham Lincoln's and Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plans shared an emphasis on
ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment.
In general, most of the states that voted for the Republican candidate in 1876 were
relatively new to the United States.
President Johnson shocked reformers when he instructed military and government officials to
return all confiscated and abandoned land to pardoned ex-Confederates.
After Ulysses S. Grant, the former Union general, was elected president in 1868, he
sought justice for blacks.
The election controversy ended with the Compromise of 1877, in which
southern Democrats accepted a Republican president in exchange for federal subsidies and the removal of federal troops from the South.
Supreme Court decisions in the years following the Civil War largely
undermined Reconstruction.