Chapter 16
The new CEO announced that she believed in employees running the company, not the company running the employees. What employee statement indicates that the organization has successfully empowered employees?
"I can choose how to do a task, and use my creativity."
A start-up company has achieved a measure of stability, so executives voted to establish a policy of providing job enrichment whenever possible. Which employee report indicates that the organization has been successful in that effort?
"I've been given more responsibility and opportunity for growth."
Empowering employees means giving employees:
-Information -Knowledge -Power -Rewards
Elements of Employee Engagement?
-Sense of achievement -Sense of connection -Sense of meaningfulness
Studies have identified a correlation between employee engagement and company performance that includes
-greater profitability -decreased turnover -stronger customer -loyalty -stronger employee -loyalty
The Human Resources staff interviewing employees of the Emergency Department has found room for improvement in satisfying their safety needs. Which workplace topic that is outside of their mandate will better meet Maslow's level of safety needs?
Adequate air flow
What is the best example of motivating individuals to help them receive intrinsic rewards?
Allowing employees to have greater autonomy
Which is an example of an intrinsic reward?
Authoring children's books because it is enjoyable
The set of techniques by which reinforcement theory is used to change behavior is called...
Behavior modification
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which need refers to a manager's desire to be accepted by other managers at her organization?
Belongingness
The strategic plan of a non-profit agency described tactics to increase their employees' job satisfaction. Which outcome indicates that the organization was successful in helping employees achieve intrinsic rewards from their work?
Employees feel that solving a humanitarian problem fulfills a personal mission.
A wallpaper manufacturing company wants to have happier employees. Which outcome indicates that the new CEO has successfully implemented the "making progress" principle?
Employees have more motivation and positive emotions.
Jenny is upset because she is receiving the same salary as a new employee who does not have the education or experience that Jenny possesses. This is an example of which process theory?
Equity theory
Phillippa is motivated by a strong need for recognition and is continually seeking credit for her contributions to the organization. According to Maslow, Phillippa is motivated by which category of needs?
Esteem
When a manager decides to give a sales rep a bonus at the end of the fiscal year for a job well done, what type of reward is this for the sales rep?
Extrinsic reward
Which type of incentive program encourages teamwork by rewarding all employees and managers within a business unit when predetermined performance targets are met?
Gain Sharing
What is not a dimension identified by Hackman and Oldham that determine a job's motivational potential?
High governance
The majority of hourly workers at Formatting Unlimited are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied. They need recognition, achievement, and opportunities for personal growth. What would Herzberg recommend if your goal were to increase their level of satisfaction?
Increase the level of motivators
A job design that incorporates achievement, recognition, and other high-level motivators into the work is referred to as...
Job enrichment
What principle is the term for when a manager gives an employee feedback that they are getting closer, even by a small amount, toward the eventual goal?
Making progress principle
Hygiene Factors
One element of Herzberg's two-factor theory, focuses on lower-level needs and involves the presence of absence of job dissastfiers, including working conditions, pay, and company policies
What best summarizes the law of effect?
Positively reinforced behavior tends to be repeated.
New college graduate Janine is very excited about her career possibilities. She tells her parents, "I am going to be a CEO someday, and this is the first step." Which type of reward should Janine's manager use to motive her highest productivity?
Promotions to higher responsibility
After a tumultuous fiscal year in which the top executives were replaced suddenly, a financial services company designed a plan to better engage employees. Which outcome indicates that the organization's efforts were successful?
Reduced employee turnover
Motivators
Second elements of Herzberg's two-factor theory, influences job satisfaction based on fulfilling higher-level needs such as achievement, recognition, responsibility, and opportunities for personal growth
What proposes that an individual's motivation can result not just from direct experience of rewards and punishments but also from thoughts, beliefs, and observation of other people's behavior?
Social Learning Theory
Manager Jacques has not had positive results from using reminders, disciplinary measures, or nagging with a disruptive employee. Which action should Jacques take to experiment with the use of avoidance learning to change the employee's behavior?
Stopping talk about the need for change when the employee acts appropriately
Employee empowerment and engagement are recent motivational trends that focus less on extrinsic rewards and more on creating a work environment that enables people to achieve intrinsic rewards and meet higher-level needs
True
Empowering employees involves giving them information, knowledge, power, and rewards
True
Giving people more control over their work schedules and opportunities to contribute ideas are two ways that managers meet people's higher-level needs
True
In addition to providing appropriate extrinsic rewards, effective managers try to help people achieve intrinsic rewards from their work
True
Jobs are an important consideration for motivation because performing their components may provide intrinsic rewards that meet employee's needs
True
Johnson Storage & Moving lets hourly administrative personnel work hours of their own choosing and gives movers and warehouse workers control over their start & end times
True
Managers create an environment that promotes engagement by providing employees with a sense of meaning, a sense of connection, and a sense of competence and growth
True
Most companies are moving away from simplified jobs and are using job rotation, job enlargement, and job enrichment to provide employees with greater variety, stimulation, and satisfaction
True
People can be driven to act by fear, but good managers avoid the use of fear tactics to motivate people because this approach damages employee commitment and performance in the long run
True
The behavior of managers is the biggest factor in determining whether people feel motivated and engaged at work
True
The three elements that create employee engagement are a sense of meaningfulness, a sense of connection, and a sense of growth.
True
Variable compensation and "at risk" pay have become key motivational tools, although these practices have been criticized in recent years for awarding the wrong types of behavior
True
Variable compensation and forms of "at risk" pay such as bonus plans are key motivational tools that are becoming more common than fixed salaries at many companies.
True
In Vroom's expectancy theory, what term is used to describe the value of outcomes, or attraction to outcomes, for the individual?
Valence
The Job Characteristics Model
a model of job design that considers core job dimensions, individual's critical psychological states, and employee growth-need strength
ERG Theory
a modification of the needs hierarchy and proposes three categories of needs: existence, relatedness, and growth
Work Redesign
altering jobs to increase both the quality of employees' work experience and their productivity
Engagement
an emotional & mental state in which employees enjoy their work, contribute enthusiastically to meeting goals, and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization
Reinforcement
anything that causes a certain behavior to be repeated or inhibited
Extrinsic Rewards
are given by another person, such as a manager, and include pay increases, promotions, and praise
Law of Effect
asserts that positively reinforced behavior tends to be repeated, and unreinforced or negatively reinforced behavior tends to be inhibited
Reinforcement Theory
based on the relationship between a given behavior and its consequences
Avoidance learning
called negative reinforcement, when they remove an unpleasant consequence once a behavior is improved
Content theories
emphasize the needs that motivate people
Equity Theory
focuses on individual's perceptions of how fairly they are treated relative to other
Process Theories
include goal-settings theory, equity theory, and expectancy theory, explain how people select behaviors with which to meet their needs & determine whether their choices were successful
Increasing employee power does not
increase the need for self-actualization.
Vicarious Learning
occurs when an individual sees others perform certain behaviors and get rewarded for them
Social Learning Theory
proposes that an individual's motivation can result not just from direct experience of rewards & punishments, but also from thoughts, beliefs, and observations of other people's behavior
The acquired needs theory
proposes that certain types of needs, including the need for achievement, need for affiliation, and need for power, are acquired during an individual's lifetime experiences
Expectancy Theory
proposes that motivation depends on individual's expectations about their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
proposes that people are motivated by five categories of needs - physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization -- that exist in a hierarchical order
Goal-setting theory
proposes that specific, challenging goals increase motivation and performance when the goals are accepted by subordinates receive feedback to indicate their progress toward goal achievement
Job Design
refers to applying motivational theories to the structure of work to improve motivation, productivity, and satisfaction
Job Enrichment
refers to incorporating high-level motivators, such as achievement, recognition, and opportunities for growth, into the work
Punishment
refers to the imposition of an unpleasant outcome following an undesirable behavior
Behavior Modification
refers to the set of techniques by which reinforcement theory is used to modify human behavior
Extinction
refers to withholding positive rewards and essentially ignoring undesirable behavior
Empowering employees involves giving them four elements that include
structure.
Positive reinforcement
the administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired bahvior
Motivation
the arousal of enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action
Empowerment
the delegation of power and authority to subordinates in an organization
P -> O expectancy
the expectancy that high performance of a task will lead to the desired outcome
E -> P expectancy
the expectancy that putting effort into a given task will lead to high performance
Frustration-regression principle
the idea that failure to meet a high-order need may cause a regression to an already satisfied lower-order need; thus, people may move down as well as up the needs hierarchy
The Making Progress Principle
the idea that the single most important factor that can boost motivation, positive emotions, and perceptions during a workday is making progress toward meaningful goals
Intrinsic Rewards
the satisfactions that a person receives in the process of performing a particular action
Valence
the value of outcomes (rewards) to the individual
According to the expectancy theory, __________ affect the conscious choices that people make about their motivation.
valence, expectancy, and instrumentality
The job characteristics model is most effective...
when people have a high desire for personal challenge and achievement.
A situation of equity exists...
when the ratio of one person's outcomes to inputs equals that of another's
