Chapter 16 A &P

diabetic nephropathy

kidney disease resulting from late-stage diabetes mellitus

MSH

melanocyte-stimulating hormone StimulatesMelanocytesTo increase Melanin production.

TSH

thyroid stimulating hormone Stimulates Release ofThyroid hormones.

Additive effect

two drugs with similar actions are taken for an increased effect Ex Glucose sparing action of GH enhanced in the presence of glucocorticoids.

4 similarities between the nervous system and endocrine system # 2

They share many chemical messengers•Called neurotransmitters in the nervous system•Called hormones in the endocrine system

ACTH

adrenocorticotropic hormone Adrenal gland StimulatesRelease of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex.

Name the hormones necessary for normal growth and development

Insulin- Allows passage of glucose and amino acids into growing cells. ParathyroidHormone, Calcitriol,and Calcitonin- Promote absorption of calcium salts and deposition of calcium in bones. Thyroid Hormones- Required for normal growth and for nervous system development. Reproductive Hormones - Stimulate cell growth and differentiation in their target tissues.

Goiter

Enlarged thyroid glandUsually associated with thyroid hyposecretion due to nutritional iodine deficiency

What hormones are involved to increase blood pressure and volume?

Erythropoietin (EPO)•Increases red blood cell production•Increasing blood volume•Renin•Activates renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)•Leads to increased fluid intake and fluid retention

Name the secondary organs in the endocrine system

Heart,Thymus,Digestive tract,Kidneys,Gonads

diabetic retinopathy

damage to the retina as a complication of uncontrolled diabetes

permissive effect

first hormone allows action of second hormone Epinephrine changes rate of cellular energy consumption only in presence of thyroid hormones

FSH and LH

gonadotropins Follicle-stimulatinghormone Ovary Luteinizinghormone Testes Stimulates secretionOf estrogens and PromotesSecretion ofSex hormones.

GH

growth hormone Musculo-skeletalsystem, StimulatesCell growth& reproduction.

integrative effects

hormones produce different and complementary results Ex Important in coordinating activities of diverse physiological systemse.g.Effects of calcitriol and parathyroid H on tissues in calcium metabolism

Negative feedback is the typical control mechanism for hormone secretion.

Hypothalamic releasing hormone triggers release of hormone by anterior pituitary gland, which triggers release of a second hormone by the target gland•Second hormone suppresses secretion of both hypothalamic releasing hormone and pituitary hormone

___________ provides the highest level of endocrine function by integrating nervous and endocrine systems

Hypothalamus

Name the primary organs in the endocrine system

Hypothalamus, Pituatary gland, Thyroid Gland, Adrenal Gland, Pancreas, Pineal Gland, Parathyroid Gland

Name the 3 phases of the stress response. Name the dominant hormone for the first 2 phases

1. Alarm Phase ("Fight or Flight") - Epinephrine is the dominant hormone 2. Resistance Phase - Glucocorticoids are the dominant hormones 3. Exhaustion Phase

Effects of Thyroid Hormones on Peripheral Tissues

1. Elevates rates of oxygen consumption and energy consumption; in children, may cause a rise in body temperature 2. Increases heart rate and force of contraction; generally results in a rise in blood pressure 3. Increases sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation 4. Maintains normal sensitivity of respiratory centers to changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations 5. Stimulates red blood cell formation and thus enhances oxygen delivery 6. Stimulates activity in other endocrine tissues 7. Accelerates turnover of minerals in bone

Name the 2 hormones secreted by the posterior lobe of pituitary gland, specify each hormone's target organ/cells and the secondary hormone secreted by the target organ/cells

ADH - Antidiuretichormone Kidney To act on kidney to retainwater & decrease urination;Release is inhibited by alcohol. OXT - Oxytocin Uterus Stimulates smooth muscleContraction in wall of uterus;Promotes ejection of milk.

Causes of endocrine disorders

Abnormalities at various levels can cause endocrine disorders•At endocrine gland•At endocrine or neural control mechanisms•At target tissues•Effects are usually caused by underproduction (hyposecretion) or overproduction (hypersecretion) of hormones•Disorders from hyposecretion most common

Name the type of cells that secrete glucagon and insulin in the pancreatic islets, respectively

Alpha cells•Secrete glucagon•Raises blood glucose •Increases rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by liver, Beta cells•Secrete insulin•Lowers blood glucose •Increases glucose uptake and utilization by cells•Increases glycogen production in liver and skeletal muscles

Based on the chemical structure, name 3 categories of hormones

Amino acid derivates, Peptide hormones, Lipid derivates.

antagonist effect

Antatognoist effects - depends on balance between hormones Ex Insulin vs Glycogen Increased cellular activity vs decreased cellular activity two hormones is greater than each acting alone

4 similarities between the nervous system and endocrine system 3

Both regulated primarily by negative feedback mechanisms-A buildup of the product will eventually shut off the "builders"-Like a thermostat-e.g. Insulin release related to glucose levels

4 similarities between the nervous system and endocrine system

Both use chemicals that bind to specific receptors on their target cells

Cushing's disease

Caused by hypersecretion of glucocorticoids Lipid reserves are mobilizedAdipose tissue accumulates in cheeks and at the base of the neck.

Addison's disease

Caused by hyposecretion of corticosteroids, especially glucocorticoidsPigment changes in skin result from stimulation of melanocytes by ACTH (adrenal corticotropic hormone)

4 similarities between the nervous system and endocrine system 4

Common goal of both is to preserve homeostasis by coordinating and regulating other cells, tissues, organs, and systems

Name the 4 mechanisms of intercellular communication

Direct communication, Paracrine communication, Endocrine communication, Synaptic communication

Name all the clinical problems caused by Diabetes Mellitus

If untreated, disrupts metabolic activities throughout the body•Without insulin (or functioning insulin receptors), cells cannot absorb glucose from surroundings•Tissues respond as if in chronic starvation•Break down lipids and proteins as alternate energy sources•Also causes abnormal changes in blood vessel, Peripheral tissue damage in the distal limbs•Blood flow is reduced•Can lead to tissue death, ulceration, infection•In feet, could lead to loss of toes or major portion of one or both feet

define type 1 diabetes mellitus

Inadequate insulin production from beta cells•Individuals must receive insulin daily•Through injection or continuous infusion from insulin pump or other device•Only 5-10 percent of all diabetes cases•Often develops in children and young adults

glucose homeostasis

Insulin and glucagon are primary hormones controlling blood glucose levels•Have opposing effects•As blood glucose rises:•Beta cells secrete insulin •Stimulates transport of glucose into target cells•As blood glucose declines:•Alpha cells secrete glucagon •Stimulates glycogen breakdown and glucose release

What endocrine organs and cells are involved in maintaining long-term homeostasis of blood pressure and volume?

Long-term regulation of blood pressure and volume involves:•Pituitary gland,Adrenal glands, •Endocrine cells in the:•Heart, Kidneys.

Name the 3 types of common causes of hormone hypo-secretion

Metabolic Factors, Physical Damage, Congenital Disorders

Define type 2 diabetes

Most common form of diabetes mellitus•Produce normal amounts of insulin •Tissues do not respond properly •Condition called insulin resistance•Associated with obesity•Can be treated with diet, exercise, and medications that alter rate of glucose synthesis and release by the liver

Name the 2 hormones secreted by adrenal medulla, specify their functions and the conditions upon they are secreted

Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine Actions of these hormones•Increased cardiac activity•Increased blood pressure•Increased glycogen breakdown and blood glucose•Secreted in response to sympathetic nervous system stimulation.

Name the 2 possible receptors located on the target cells and their corresponding ligands (what type of molecules to bind to)

Receptor in plasma membrane•Water-soluble hormones cannot cross plasma membrane, Receptor in cytoplasm or nucleus•Steroid hormones•Lipid-soluble hormones, so diffuse through plasma membrane, Receptor in cytoplasm or nucleus (continued)•Thyroid hormones•Transported across cell membrane•Bind to receptors on mitochondria•Increase rate of ATP production•Bind to receptors in nucleus,

Acromegaly

Results from overproduction of growth hormone after epiphyseal plates have fused. Hyper secretion of hormone

PRL

prolactin mammory glandStimulatesMammaryGlandDevelopment& milk production

Define synergistic effects

result is greater than the sum of individual effects. Drawing together.