Chapter 16 and 5 bio 102

______________________ is the process that converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

photosynthesis

Almost all scientists support the idea that the global warming observed over the past 100 years has been caused by elevated levels of gases in the atmosphere. Which gas is primarily responsible for this problem? carbon dioxide nitrous oxide oxygen ozone

A

Earth's axis is tilted away from the sun during ________ and toward the sun during ________ in the Northern Hemisphere. winter; summer summer; winter spring; fall fall; spring

A

In summer, why is the air around a large body of water cooler than nearby inland areas? Water temperature changes slowly in response to solar irradiation when compared to the rate of temperature change of land surfaces. Water temperature isn't affected by solar irradiation, whereas the temperature of land surfaces is affected. It's not actually cooler; the breezes associated with the water only make it seem cooler. Air molecules are farther away from each other over water, so they do not generate as much heat.

A

The temperature of a city is often warmer than the temperature in its surrounding suburbs. This is the result of an urban heat island effect. Why might this effect occur? The pavement and buildings absorb heat. There are more parks in the city. Fewer people drive in the suburbs. Fewer buildings use air conditioning in the suburbs.

A

What adaptation is found in the evergreen trees of boreal forests? a thick waxy coat on leaves lower levels of chlorophyll in leaves the ability to shed leaves when water availability is low in winter flower production in early spring

A

What are the benefits of wetlands? protection from flooding storage of drinking water increasing rate of water flow to bodies of water production of sediment that is useful for fertilizer

A

What is the basis for fossil fuels? carbon-rich remains of plants and microorganisms underground deposits of carbon dioxide accumulations of partially decomposed dinosaurs timber from old-growth forests

A

What is the typical pattern of temperature and rainfall/snowfall in a region, established over a long period of time? climate weather precipitation solar irradiance

A

What relationship has been shown by the data from Antarctic ice cores? a positive correlation between carbon dioxide concentration and ice core temperature a negative correlation between carbon dioxide concentration and ice core temperature no correlation between carbon dioxide concentration and ice core temperature a confusing relationship between carbon dioxide concentration and ice core temperature

A

When all living organisms are included, which biomes contain about 70% of the biomass found on Earth's land surface? forests grasslands tundras deserts

A

Where are the major deserts of the world located? 30° north and south of the equator 23.5° north and south of the equator 45° north and south of the equator 45° north and south of the equator

A

On a warm summer day in August, you decide to go for a walk through a new housing development that was built near your home a few years ago. As you walk by the pond that's in the center of this development, you notice an unpleasant smell. Then, you see that the pond is full of green algae, and there are dead fish floating on the surface. This is a pond that used to be clean and clear, and you used to play in it as a child. What could have most likely caused this change? Too many people are discarding food and other wastes in the pond, causing increased algal growth. Lawns are being overfertilized, causing excess fertilizer to wash into the pond, stimulating algal growth. The low reflectance of the surrounding area is heating up the pond, causing increased algal growth. The salting of the roads during icy conditions in the winter has resulted in the runoff of salt and thus stimulated algal growth.

B

What are the largest reservoirs of carbon dioxide and heat on Earth? the atmosphere the oceans animal bodies fossil fuels

B

What can happen to the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? It can be released into space from the atmosphere. It can be converted to glucose by plants. It can be converted into carbon monoxide by the oceans. It can react with nitrogen to form fossil fuels.

B

What does temperature measure? the potential energy in a substance how fast the molecules in a substance are moving the energy lost from a substance to its surroundings how much heat is being absorbed by a substance

B

What factor affects the average temperature of a region? the amount of cloud cover that exists the amount of light energy per unit area hitting it whether there's an El Niño that year the amount of precipitation it receives

B

What has resulted from the introduction of large numbers of grazing livestock to a savanna in the Sahel region of Africa? an increase in the savanna the destruction of the biome more food in times of famine another form of sustainable agriculture

B

What phrase describes the amount of light received by a given unit area over time? solar precipitation solar irradiance solar flare solar convergence

B

When a patch of land is cleared in a tropical rainforest, the vegetation is often burned to enrich the soil with nutrients from the burned plant material. What description applies to this situation? This works well because so many nutrients are trapped in tropical plants. This works for a few years, but the soil is soon depleted of nutrients. This isn't necessary because tropical soils are filled with nutrients. This helps to promote long-term sustainable agriculture.

B

Why do the deciduous leaves on temperate forest trees turn from green to orange, red, and/or yellow before falling? The chlorophyll changes color as it's broken down. The chlorophyll is absorbed by the tree, leaving the other pigments visible. New photosynthetic pigments are created as the amount of daylight becomes limited. New pigments are created in response to colder temperatures.

B

Why does sweating cool your body? The water in sweat, as it is secreted from skin glands, is cooler than your body temperature. Heat energy from your skin is used to evaporate the water in the sweat. Water in sweat contains hydrogen bonds that react with skin cells and removes excess heat from the skin. Sweat contains a combination of chemicals that react with salt on the skin to create a heat-absorbing substance.

B

Why is water so important in controlling Earth's climate? Water vapor is one of the greenhouse gases that allows the release of heat into space. The water in oceans and lakes stores the energy radiated by the sun and releases it slowly. Water warms up quickly when very little energy is added to it. The evaporation of water from oceans and lakes cools the temperature of the continents.

B

During the water cycle, water evaporates from plants through a process called transpiration. Which similar process occurs during the carbon cycle? Carbon dioxide is absorbed by soils. Carbon-based sugars are ingested by animals. Carbon dioxide is respired by animals. Carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants and converted to sugars.

C

How does the greenhouse effect work? Rocks, soil, and water on Earth's surface absorb sunlight energy and radiate it as heat. Sunlight energy passes through the transparent water of the oceans and heats up the Earth's core. Some sunlight that hits Earth radiates toward space, but some is held by the atmosphere. All the sunlight energy striking Earth bounces off the planet and radiates into space.

C

How many degrees does the Earth's axis tilt from perpendicular? 10° 90° 23.5° 0°

C

How much rainfall defines a desert? a negligible amount (essentially 0 inches per year) less than 1 inch per year less than 20 inches per year more than 20 inches per year

C

Regions that have ________ levels of solar irradiance have ________ average temperatures. low; varying high; low low; low high; varying

C

The planet Mercury is closer to the sun than the planet Venus. However, temperatures on Venus are hotter than temperatures on Mercury. Why would this be the case? Mercury has a thicker atmosphere than Venus that blocks heat from the sun. Mercury spins more quickly than Venus, so its surface cannot heat up as quickly. Venus has a thicker atmosphere than Mercury that traps heat from the sun. Venus is cooled by high concentrations of water vapor in its atmosphere.

C

To determine a geographic area's climate, what variable conditions must be taken into account? distance from the equator and available sunlight altitude and bodies of water temperature and precipitation air quality and urbanization

C

What has created at least half of the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere? burning fossil fuels trees in the boreal forest phytoplankton in the ocean plants, algae, and phytoplankton in the intertidal zone

C

What is one purpose of the fragrant oils found in rosemary and thyme? They encourage insects to pick them and spread their seeds. They protect the plants from fire. They help fuel fires, to which they've become adapted. They discourage humans from consuming the plants.

C

What process involves the gradual replacement of plant species in a rainforest over time (for example, as it progresses from an old agricultural field back to a forest)? intertropical convergence desertification succession deforestation

C

What factor most influences the dry deserts of Nevada? the hot desert sun the Pacific Ocean overgrazing by livestock the rain shadow from a California mountain range

D

When is the length of day always the greatest? during the September equinox during the March equinox during the winter solstice during the summer solstice

D

Which definition describes "heat"? the rate that molecules are moving within a substance the resistance to temperature change within a substance the ability of a substance to transfer energy between its molecules the total amount of energy associated with the movement of molecules in a substance

D

Which factor does not affect temperature variation among geographic locations? latitude proximity to water elevation longitude

D

Which major biome type contains most of Earth's biodiversity? desert tundra grasslands forests

D

Which terrestrial biome is dominated by woody plants? desert tundra tropical grassland chaparral

D