Chapter 16 / Autonomic nervous system (A&PI)

The autonomic nervous system uses _____ to help maintain homeostasis in the absence of CNS input.

reflexes

Which are parasympathetic effects on the reproductive system?

-Stimulation of glandular secretion in the male reproductive tract -Penile or clitoral engorgement

How many neurons extend from the CNS to each effector tissue in the somatic nervous system?

1

How many neurons extend from the CNS to each effector tissue in the autonomic nervous system?

2

nerve plexus

A complex, interconnected neural network formed by neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

What is a preganglionic neuron?

A neuron that extends from the spinal cord or brainstem to a ganglion

Name the receptors that bind epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Adrenergic receptors

what is found in the sympathetic chain ganglion and in the collateral ganglion?

Cell bodies of postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division

Name the location of the receptors for acetylcholine and norepinephrine.

Cell membrane

Which are parasympathetic effects on the urinary system?

Contraction of the urinary bladder wall Relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter

What are sympathetic effects on the digestive system?

Decreased pancreatic enzyme secretion Decreased pancreatic insulin secretion Decreased gastrointestinal secretion

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the heart?

Decreases heart rate

Which are associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Defecation Digestion Urination

Name the effector site for the enteric nervous system (ENS)

Digestive tract

Identify the divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). Select all that apply.

Enteric Nervous System Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Parasympathetic nerve signals will pass via the spinal nerves to reach the neck.

False

The autonomic nervous system regulates conscious, voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

False

Name the sympathetic nerves or plexus whose axons innervate the salivary glands.

Head and neck nerve plexuses

Which are effects of the parasympathetic division on the digestive system?

Increased gastrointestinal secretion Increased gastric motility Increased pancreatic enzyme secretion

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation of muscarinic receptors in the stomach?

Increases muscle contraction

preganglia nuron

It has its cell body in the spinal cord or the brainstem and its axons terminates in the ganglion.

Describe the location of the ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Near or within the target organ

the location of the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system.

Near the spinal column

Acetylcholine will bind to

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

Which part of the nervous system carries information to and from the CNS and various regions of the body?

Peripheral nervous system

Name the locations of the nicotinic receptors

Postganglionic neurons in the autonomic ganglia Skeletal muscle cells

Which are sympathetic effects on the urinary system?

Reduced urine output by the kidneys Contraction of the internal urethral sphincter

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is composed of what types of neurons?

Sensory and motor nurons

Regarding the autonomic nervous system (ANS), identify the following relationships with sensory neurons

Sensory neurons can relay pain/pressure to the CNS from target organs. Sensory neurons can reflex-regulate organs. Sensory and ANS axons run in some of the same nerves.

Name the locations of the nicotinic receptors.

Skeletal muscle cells Postganglionic neurons in the autonomic ganglia

Which are sympathetic effects on the reproductive system?

Smooth muscle role in orgasm Labor contractions of the uterus

For the somatic motor nervous system,__________, Unavailable motor neurons carry impulses from the CNS to effectors (skeletal muscles). In the autonomic nervous system, ________, Unavailable (number) autonomic neurons carry signals from central nervous system to the effectors.

Somatic 2

Identify the nerves that transmit sympathetic information

Spinal nerves T1 - T12 Spinal nerves L1 - L2

adrenal medulla

The internal portion of the adrenal gland that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

What convention is used to name autonomic nerve plexuses?

They are named for the associated organs.

Describe a postganglionic neuron.

They are unmyelinated and extend from the autonomic ganglion to the target cells.

the parasympathetic nervous system has no effect on the breakdown fatty acids.

True

The somatic nervous system regulates conscious, voluntary movements of skeletal muscles. The ANS usually exhibits involuntary control.

Ture

The location of the cell body of a postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division.

Within the sympathetic chain ganglion or within the collateral ganglion

The compound that binds to cholinergic receptors is ___

acetylcholine

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are receptors to which ____ will bind and alpha and beta receptors are receptors to which __ will bind.

acetylcholine epinephrine

Agonists bind to specific receptors and _____ them, whereas antagonists bind to specific receptors and _____ them

activate, inactivate

Agonists bind to specific receptors and _____ them, whereas antagonists bind to specific receptors and _____ them.

activate, inactivate

The inner region of the adrenal gland is the

adrenal medulla

If a sympathetic nerve secretes norepinephrine then the neuron is called a(n) _____ neuron.

adrenergic

Drugs that bind to specific receptors and activate them are called ______, whereas drugs that prevent activation are called ____

agonists, antagonists

Norepinephrine will bind to

alpha and beta receptors

The combined effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions on a target

are not always opposite in their effects

Homeostasis is maintained without CNS inputs by regulatory reflexes of the

autonomic nervous system

sympathetic NS is also described as "thoracolumbar"

because of the position of its preganglionic cell bodies

Autonomic nerve plexuses found supplying the heart___ and plexuses of the lunges are ________

cardiac plexuses Pulmonary plexuses

If a sympathetic nerve secretes acetylcholine, the neuron is called

cholinergic neuron

Identify the location of muscarinic receptors.

effector cells of postganglionic neurons

The division of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for stimulating the secretion of glands used during digestion and the mixing of food contents is the

enteric nervous system

The rate of smooth muscle contraction in the digestive organs is increased when the neurotransmitters of the ______ division of the autonomic nervous system bind to _____ receptors.

enteric, adrenergic

All neurotransmitters result in excitatory stimulation when they bind to target receptors.

false

It is physiologically impossible for a target tissue to be stimulated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

false

The sympathetic division shunts blood and nutrients to structures that are active and away from non-essential organs. This is sometimes called the ____

fight-or-flight response

The primary function of the ANS is to

maintain homeostasis

Effector cells that respond to acetycholine released from postganglionic neurons possess ______ receptors on their cell membranes

muscarinic

Cholinergic receptors located in the membrane of all postganglionic neurons in the autonomic ganglia and in the membranes of skeletal muscle cells are

nicotinic or nicotine receptors

the craniosacral division is also known as the

parasympathetic nervous system.

A sudden increase in blood pressure initiates a ______ reflex that ______ the cardiac muscle cells.

parasympathetic, inhibits

Parasympathetic nerve signals will pass via the ______ to reach the large intestine.

pelvic splanchnic nerves

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the sacral region of the spinal cord travel in

pelvic splanchnic nerves to reach the terminal ganglia.

In the sympathetic nervous system the preganglionic nerve fibers are ______ while the postganglionic fibers are ______

short, long

Depending on the body location, the parasympathetic division of autonomic nervous system is

stimulatory or inhibitory

Spinal nerves T1-L2 transmit information associated with the ___ division of the autonomic nervous system.

sympathetic

The increased breakdown of lipids within adipose tissue and thus the release of fatty acids may be induced by the ______ nervous system.

sympathetic

The autonomic nervous system is divided into the enteric nervous system, the ______ , Correct Unavailable division, and the ____ division.

sympathetic parasympathetic

The fight-or-flight response is associated with the

sympathetic division

The division of the autonomic nervous system that is more generalized and less localized is the

sympathetic nervous system

A sudden decrease in blood pressure initiates a _____ reflex that ______ the heart.

sympathetic/excites

Identify the functions of sensory neurons associated with the autonomic nervous system. Sensory neurons ___

transmit pressure sensations part of autonomic reflex arcs regulating organ activities transmit pain sensations