Chapter 16: Infectious Diseases Affecting the Skin
Put the steps of pathogenesis of Measles in the correct order: I. Spreads to lymph nodes. II. Mucous membranes become infected. III. Infection via respiratory route. IV. Spreads to all parts of the body. V. Mucous membranes become covered with Koplik spots. VI. Virus replicates in epithelium of upper respiratory tract. A) II, VI, IV, I, V, III B) III, VI, IV, I, V, II C) III, V, II, I, VI, IV D) III, VI, I, IV, II, V
D) III, VI, I, IV, II, V
SSSS occurs primarily in ______. A) elderly B) middle aged persons C) pregnant women D) infants E) childhood
D) infants
Benign growths in squamous epithelium or mucous membranes are also known as ______. A) canchroids B) cysts C) comedos D) papillomas
D) papillomas
The viral incubation period for the Chickenpox virus is approximately around 2 _____. A) days B) months C) hours D) weeks
D) weeks
True or false: It is okay to administer the Chickenpox vaccine during pregnancy or 3 months prior to pregnancy.
False
True or false: The majority of the normal biota are culturable.
False
True or false: Measles is a pleomorphic, medium sized, non-enveloped virus.
False (it is enveloped)
What is another name for Parvo virus?
Fifth disease
____________ rash diseases are flat to slightly raised colored bumps.
Maculopapular
What is the vaccine used in prevention of the Rubeola virus?
Measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccine (MMRV)
Is an antiviral treatment available for the Rubeola virus?
No
_____ is diagnostic for the Chickenpox virus.
Rash
There has been a dramatic _________ in measles cases within twentieth century because of vaccination program.
Reduction
How is the Measles virus spread?
Respiratory droplets
Measles is the common name for ______.
Rubeola
Pneumonia and earaches are most common _______ infections to measles.
Secondary
What does SSSS stand for?
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
_______ _______ ______ are a group of diseases caused by numerous species of molds.
Superficial Cutaneous Mycoses
Chickenpox, Smallpox, and Herpes Simplex Virus are all examples of what kind of disease?
Vessicular or Pustular rash disease
The papillomavirus that causes warts can infect the skin through minor _____ with an incubation period between 2 and 18 _____.
abrasions; months
The spike proteins located in the envelope of the Rubeola virus are used for viral ___________ to the host as well as _________ with the host membrane.
attachment; fusion
The chickenpox vaccine is a live _______ vaccine and was licensed in _____.
attenuated; 1995
Staphylococcus ________ is the causative agent of Scalded Skin Syndrome.
aureus
Located several layers below the stratum corneum, the stratum ______ is attached to the dermis and is the source of cells that make up the epidermis.
basale
Tinea pedi = mycosis of the _____.
foot
Tinea cruris = mycosis of the _____.
groin
Measles can also be known as ____ measles and ____ measles.
hard; red
When an individual has Chickenpox a skin rash appears on back of _____, _____, and _____.
head; face; mouth
The causative agent for the Chicken pox is the _____-____ virus.
herpes-zoster
The most common age group to experience SSSS infections are ______.
infants
The chickenpox vaccine contains a _____ _______ strain of the varicella zoster virus.
live attenuated
The Chickenpox rash progresses from red spots called ______ to small bumps called ______ to small blisters called ______ to pus filled blisters called ______.
macules; papules; vesicles; pustules
Superficial Cutaneous Mycoses invades ____, ____, and ______ layer of the skin.
nails; hair; keratinized
Scalded Skin Syndrome is usually isolated; however, small epidemics can occur in ______.
nurseries
Warts are caused by _______ viruses.
papilloma
Measles belongs to the __________ family.
paramyxovirus
Tinea _____ is also known as athlete's foot.
pedis
Toxins of Scalded Skin Syndrome are coded either by ______ or on the bacterial ________.
plasmid; chromosome
Transmission of Chickenpox usually occurs through _______ secretions, skin ______, and ______.
respiratory; lesions; fomites
Tinea capitis = mycosis of the _____.
scalp
The herpes virus goes latent within the ______ ______.
sensory ganglia
The genome of the Rubeola virus that is dumped into the host cell is _____-stranded RNA.
single
The epidermis is made up of the _____ _____ and the _____ _____.
stratum corneum; stratum basale
SSSS is a _____-mediated disease.
toxin
Warts are small _____ that are called papillomas.
tumors
Tinea axillaris = mycosis of the _____.
underarm
Reye's Syndrome is evident by _______ and _____ and can be characterized by _____ and _____ damage.
vomiting; coma; liver; brain
Viruses causing warts can survive on a number of inanimate objects including _______ mats, ______, and shower floors.
wrestling; towels
Warts will spontaneously resolve 60-70% of the time over a course of 2-3 _____.
years
Immunocompromised individuals can be partially protected from the Chickenpox virus with passive immunity via injection of ______ _______ ______ (ZIG).
zoster immune globulin
The MMR vaccine prevents: (Check all that apply) A) measles B) mumps C) rubella D) roseola E) malaria F) rabies
A) measles B) mumps C) rubella
Transmission of Scalded Skin Syndrome usually occurs through: A) person-to-person (direct contact) B) fomites C) indirect contact D) animal reservoirs
A) person-to-person (direct contact)
Symptoms of Scalded Skin Syndrome include: (Check all that apply) A) skin that appears to be burned B) malaise C) runny nose D) cough E) fever F) irritability G) red weepy eyes
A) skin that appears to be burned B) malaise E) fever F) irritability
Which is true about stratum basale? A) Source of cells that make up the epidermis B) give cells the ability to withstand damage, abrasion, and water penetration C) 25 cells thick D) dead keratinocytes
A) source of cells that make up the epidermis
The Chickenpox vaccine is recommended for healthy individuals ____ months and older.
12
____% of adults that acquire the Chickenpox virus develop pneumonia.
20%
The entire epidermis is replaced every ___ to ___ days.
25 to 45
The mortality rate of Reye's Syndrome is around ____.
30%
____ % of S. aureus strains produce exfoliatins.
5%
Before routine immunization, over _____ of the population was infected with the Measles.
99%
There are ___ different papillomaviruses known to infect humans. A) 50 B) 100 C) 10 D) 20
A) 50
Which of the following is/are usually used in the diagnosis of measles? (Check all that apply) A) ELISA B) Microscopic evaluation of pathogen C) Histological examination of skin lesions D) PCR E) Gram stain of specimen F) Clinical presentation
A) ELISA F) Clinical presentation
Sequella of the Chickenpox virus infection include which of the following? (Check all that apply) A) Herpes zoster B) HIV C) Reye's Syndrome D) Scarlet fever E) Measles
A) Herpes zoster C) Reye's Syndrome
Put the steps of the pathogenesis of Scalded Skin Syndrome in the correct order: I. Outer layer of skin is lost II. Toxin is released at the site of infection III. A split occurs just below the dead keratinized outer layer of the epidermis. IV. Causes marked body fluid loss and increases susceptibility to secondary infection. V. Toxin causes split in epidermis VI. Toxin is absorbed and carried by the bloodstream to larger areas of the skin. A) II, VI, V, III, I, IV B) IV, VI, I, V, III, II C) II, III, I, VI, V, IV D) II, V, VI, III, I, IV
A) II, VI, V, III, I, IV
Other, non-maculopapular rash, diseases that are caused by microorganisms include: (Check all that apply) A) Impetigo B) Cellulitis C) Rubella D) SSSS E) Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever F) Scarlet Fever G) Warts H) Measles I) Mycoses
A) Impetigo B) Cellulitis D) SSSS E) Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever G) Warts I) Mycoses
There are multiple multicellular secondary structures within the dermis. Which of the following is NOT one of these structures? A) Stratum corneum B) Sebaceous glands C) Sweat glands
A) Stratum corneum
The Human Microbiome Project found the following genera on the skin: (Check all that apply) A) Streptococcus B) Bacillus C) Malassezia D) Staphlyococcus E) Pseudomonas F) Helicobacter G) Janthinobacterium H) Corynebacterium I) Propionibacterium J) Neisseria
A) Streptococcus C) Malassezia D) Staphylococcus E) Pseudomonas G) Janthinobacterium H) Corynebacterium I) Propionibacterium
Treatment of SSSS includes which of the following? (Check all that apply) A) antibiotics B) topical solution C) removal of dead skin (to prevent secondary infection) D) hand washing
A) antibiotics C) removal of dead skin (to prevent secondary infection)
Evidence suggests that ______ therapy increases risk for Reye's Syndrome. A) aspirin B) physical C) chemo D) radiation
A) aspirin
Within 48 hours of infection of Scalded Skin Syndrome, further symptoms manifest. These include: A) large fluid-filled blisters appear B) skin that appears to be burned C) skin becomes red and wrinkled D) runny nose E) skin is smooth F) skin is tender to the touch and may feel like sandpaper
A) large fluid-filled blisters appear C) skin becomes red and wrinkled F) skin is tender to the touch and may feel like sandpaper
Put the steps of pathogenesis of Chickenpox in the correct order: I. Infected cells swell and lyse II. Occurrence of shingles III. Infects living layers of skin and moves to adjacent cells IV. Virus enters through respiratory route V. Skin lesions appear VI. Replicates and moves to the skin via bloodstream VII. Release virus to enter sensory nerves VIII. Latent virus within nerve cell replicates and is carried to the skin (recrudescence) A) V, I, II, VIII, IV, III, VII, VI B) IV, VI, III, V, I, VII, II, VIII C) IV, I, VIII, VI, V, III, II, VII D) IV, VI, V, III, I, II, VII, VIII
B) IV, VI, III, V, I, VII, II, VIII
Gives cells the ability to withstand damage, abrasion, and water penetration. A) Lysozyme B) Keratin C) Trypsin D) Neuraminidase
B) Keratin
________ is the causative agent of Measles. A) Rhinovirus B) Rubeola virus C) Roseola virus D) Streptococcus pyogenes
B) Rubeola virus
Which of the following describe the typical growth patterns/bacterial type of S. aureus? (Check all that apply) A) spirochete B) grows in grape-like clusters C) gram-positive D) bacillus E) gram-negative F) coccus G) grows in long chains
B) grows in grape-like clusters C) gram-positive F) coccus
Symptoms of Chickenpox are ____ severe in older children and adults. A) less B) more C) as
B) more
A person is experiencing early stages of measles when experiencing these symptoms: A) appearance of fine rash on forehead B) red weepy eyes C) fine rash on entire body D) runny nose E) fever F) cough
B) red weepy eyes D) runny nose E) fever F) cough
Incidences of Chickenpox increase in ______ and _____. A) spring and summer B) winter and spring C) summer and fall D) winter and summer
B) winter and spring
Immunization for the Chickenpox virus should be done before the _____ birthday due to likelihood of increased complications. A) 1st B) 5th C) 13th D) 60th
C) 13th
Reye's Syndrome is predominantly found in which age group? A) 55-65 B) 6-12 months C) 5-15 D) 25-35
C) 5-15
Maculopapular rash diseases include which of the following: (Check all that apply) A) Impetigo B) Chickenpox C) Measles D) Rubella E) Scarlet Fever F) Mycoses G) Roseola H) Parvo virus I) Staphylococcus Scalded Skin Syndrome
C) Measles D) Rubella E) Scarlet Fever G) Roseola H) Parvo virus
Which layer of skin is removed in Scalded Skin Syndrome? A) Stratum basale B) Dermis C) Stratum corneum D) Subcutaneous tissue
C) Stratum corneum
The main (primary) type of tissue in the dermis (as contrasted with the epidermis) is A) epithelium B) glandular C) connective D) vascular
C) connective
The virus that causes warts is _________ with a double-stranded ____ genome. A) enveloped RNA B) non-enveloped RNA C) non-enveloped DNA D) enveloped DNA
C) non-enveloped DNA
The only preventative measure for SSSS is: A) vaccine B) avoiding contact with infected persons C) patient isolation D) hand washing
C) patient isolation
All are true regarding the stratum corneum EXCEPT: A) 25 cells thick B) dead cells that have migrated from the deeper layers C) The deepest layer of the skin D) dead keratinocytes
C) the deepest layer of skin
The popular name for varicella is ______.
Chickenpox
Varicella infection is a major threat to newborns because it may lead to ________ _______ _______.
Congenital varicella syndrome
Nearly ____ of skin warts disappear within 2 years without treatment. A) 75% B) 10% C) 90% D) 50%
D) 50%
Scalded Skin Syndrome is most frequently seen in _______, _______, and __________.
Infants; elderly; immunocompromised
_______ spots are located within the mucosa of the mouth on the inside of the cheek.
Koplik
Sebaceous (oil) glands, antimicrobial peptides, sweat, lysozyme, saltiness, and normal flora all describe what?
The protective characteristics of the skin
True or false: Humans are the only natural host of Measles.
True
Although it is rare for warts to become cancerous, some sexually transmitted warts are associated with _____ cancer and can be diagnosed with a pap smear.
cervical
Tinea _____ is also known as jock itch.
cruris
The Chicken pox virus is infective 1 to 2 ____ before the rash until blisters crust over.
days
A group of fungi that can cause an infection of the skin, hair, or nails is called a(n) _________.
dermatophyte
The normal biota of the skin must be capable of living in ____ and ______ conditions.
dry and salty
Less common complications of measles include _________ and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE).
encephalitis
Exfoliatins destroy integral layers of the outer ________.
epidermis
The toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus in Scalded Skin Syndrome are called _______.
exfoliatins