chapter 16 lesson 1 World history

Martin Luther

A German priest and professor who began the Protestant Reformation in the early 1500s. He was a monk in the Catholic Church and a professor at the University of Wittenberg, in Germany, where he lectured on the Bible. Through his study of the Bible, Luther arrived at an answer to a problem that had bothered him since he had become a monk. He wanted to know about the certainty of salvation.

indulgence

According to Church practice at that time, venerating a relic, such as a scrap of a saint's clothing, could gain someone an ______________. was a document sold by the Church and signed by the pope or another church official that released the bearer from all or part of the punishment for sin.

Peace of Augsburg

An end to religious warfare in Germany came in 1555. This agreement formally accepted the division of Christianity in Germany. The German states were now free to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism.

The Peasants' War

In June 1524, German peasants revolted against their lords and looked to Luther to support their cause. Instead, Luther supported the lords. To him, the state and its rulers were called by God to maintain the peace necessary to spread the Gospel

1520

Luther began to move toward a more definite break with the Catholic Church. He called on the German princes to overthrow the papacy in Germany and establish a reformed German church.Luther also attacked the Church's system of sacraments. In his view, they were the means by which the pope and the Catholic Church had destroyed the real meaning of the Gospel for a thousand years. He kept only two sacraments—baptism and the Eucharist, which is also known as Communion. Luther also called for the clergy to marry. This went against the long-standing requirement of the Catholic Church that its clergy remain celibate, or unmarried.

justification

Luther came to believe that humans are not saved through their good works but through their faith in God. This idea, called ______________________- by faith alone, became the chief teaching of the Protestant Reformation.

Katharina von Boren

Luther married a former nun

By the Edict of Worms

Martin Luther was made an outlaw within the empire. His works were to be burned, and Luther was to be captured and delivered to the emperor. However, Frederick III, the elector (or prince) of Saxony, was unwilling to see his subject killed. He sent Luther into hiding and then protected him when Luther returned to Wittenberg at the beginning of 1522.

The Ninety-five Theses

On October 31, 1517, Luther, angered by the Church's practices, made them public, perhaps by posting them on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg.

People wanted to know how to achieve salvation, but ....

People wanted to know how to achieve salvation, but many parish priests appeared unwilling or unable to offer them advice or instruction.

Johann Tetzel

The Catholic Church had authorized him to sell indulgences to raise money to build St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. He told the faithful that their purchases would free the souls of their loved ones from purgatory.

Desiderius Erasmus

The best-known Christian humanist. He believed that Christianity should show people how to live good lives on a daily basis, not just provide beliefs that might help them be saved. He also thought that the Catholic Church needed to return to the simpler days of early Christianity. Stressing the inwardness of religious feeling, he thought the external forms of medieval religion, such as pilgrimages, fasts, and relics, were not all that important. Wanted to educate people in the works of Christianity and worked to criticize the abuses in the Church.

Frederick III

also known as Frederick the Wise, Luther's prince, had amassed more than 5,000 relics. Some people believed the indulgences attached to them could reduce time spent in purgatory by 1,443 years. The Church also sold indulgences.

German rulers support Luther

approximately three hundred states that made up the Holy Roman Empire. These German rulers, motivated as much by politics and economics as by any religious feeling, quickly took control of the Catholic churches in their territories, forming state churches supervised by the government.

The Modern Devotion

downplayed Church practices and stressed the need to follow the teachings of Jesus. This deepening of religious life was done within the Catholic Church. It also helps explain the tremendous impact of Luther's ideas.

Charles V

the Holy Roman emperor.Saw the Reformation as a force that disrupted the political and social order. saw the Reformation as a challenge to Church power. his rivalry with the king of France, Francis I. Their conflict over a number of disputed territories led to a series of wars that lasted more than 20 years

the bible

the only valid source of religious truth.

January 1521

the pope excommunicated Luther. He was also summoned to appear before the imperial diet—or legislative assembly—of the Holy Roman Empire, which was called into session in the city of Worms by the newly elected emperor Charles V.

The major goal of Christian humanism, or Northern Renaissance humanism

the reform of the Catholic Church the Christian humanists believed in the ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves.

The Praise of Folly

written in 1509, Erasmus humorously criticized society's moral and religious state and called for a simpler, purer faith. In this passage, he satirizes what he views as the folly of clergy who encourage the practice of visiting the shrines of saints