Chapter 16 Questions (HISTORY 102)

Why did scientists find that Protestant countries were more conducive to their work, especially after 1640?

Protestant countries generally lacked a strong religious authority capable of censoring or suppressing scientific work that challenged religious doctrine.

What core concept of the Enlightenment was the most important and original?

The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.

To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa

reduced nobles' power over their serfs.

Joseph II's conversion of labor obligations to cash payments

was opposed by both nobles and peasants.

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as

rococo

In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?

He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for.

The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to

an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues.

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as

empiricism

The discipline of natural philosophy focused on

fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.

Joseph II of Austria responded to calls to grant civil liberties to Jews by

issuing edicts intended to integrate Jews more fully into society, including eligibility for military service.