Chapter 16 Quiz (16.2 Digestive)

How does the mouth function in the digestive system?

-Mechanical digestion involves the teeth and tongue. Chewing mixes food with saliva which lubricates the chewed food and binds into a bolus. Enzymes in the saliva begin the chemical breakdown of carbs. Then the bolus is pushed in the the pharynx by the tongue.

What are the two main components of the digestive system?

1) Digestive Tract 2) Accessory Organs

What occurs within the digestive tract?

1) Food moves and is digested 2) Nutrients are absorbed 3) Waste is eliminated

What job(s) must a nutrient do for the body?

1) Provide energy 2) Provide the building blocks the body needs 3) Regulate the body's physical processes.

What are the essential amino acids?

9 out of the 20 amino acids that cannot be made in the body and must be obtained from the diet. (PVT TIM HALL)

What prevents the stomach from digesting itself?

A mucus lining that protects it.

What is the role of the accessory organs in digestion?

Accessory organs play an important role in producing and delivering digestive juices to the intestine during digestion and absorption. Specifically, the salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder play important roles. Malfunction of any of these organs can lead to disease states.

Why are carbohydrates important in the diet and what types should you eat?

Carbohydrates are the body's main energy source. A healthy diet contains foods high in complex carbs (digestible starches and indigestible fiber)

Why is bile important?

Essential for fat digestion and absorption

How does the esophagus move food into the stomach?

Food is moved by muscular contractions called peristalsis.

What are gastric juice and chyme?

Gastric juice is hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes which produces a thick soupy liquid called chyme

What is the role of minerals in maintaining good health?

Minerals—such as potassium, sodium, and calcium—are required for the functioning of many cellular processes. While minerals are required in trace amounts, not having minerals in the diet can be potentially harmful.

What are the essential fatty acids?

Most fatty acids are produced in the body but the essential fatty acids are not and must be obtained from food. (Omega 3 and Omega 6)

What are the functions of the small intestine?

Most of the chemical digestion of our food is completed. Ducts deliver enzymes and bile. Most of the nutrients and water are absorbed.

What are the functions of the large intestine?

Remaining water, mineral ions, and some vitamins are absorbed and any remaining undigested solid waste is compacted into feces. Anaerobic bacteria digest some of the feces and produce necessary vitamins.

What purposes does saliva serve?

Saliva lubricates the chewed food and binds it into a mass called a bolus which helps push it down. Enzymes in the saliva begin the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates.

What are the accessory organs and what do they do?

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. They are all involved in secreting and storing various enzymes used for chemically digesting food

What are villi and microvilli and what do they do?

The lining in the small intestine is highly folded into finger-like projections called villi that have microscopic bumps called microvilli. This combination of features mazimizes the surface area for absorption of the nutrients.

What prevents food from moving backwards from the stomach into the esophagus?

The sphincter (A valve where the esophagus meets the stomach) which is usually closed to prevent food from backing up.

Why should you limit your dietary intake of lipids?

Too much fats/lipids are unhealthy and can contribute to heart disease

What are vitamins and minerals and why are they important in the diet?

Vitamins are organic compounds the body needs for metabolic purposes but is unable to produce. Minerals are inorganic chemical elements required by the body for metabolism or as building blocks.

Which of the following statements is not true? a) Essential nutrients can be synthesized by the body. b) Vitamins are required in small quantities for bodily function. c) Some amino acids can be synthesized by the body, while others need to be obtained from diet. d) Vitamins come in two categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble.

a) Essential nutrients can be synthesized by the body

Which of the following statements about the digestive system is false? a) Chyme is a mixture of food and digestive juices that is produced in the stomach. b) Food enters the large intestine before the small intestine. c) In the small intestine, chyme mixes with bile, which emulsifies fats. d) The stomach is separated from the small intestine by the pyloric sphincter.

b) Food enters the large intestine before the small intestine

In the body, glucose is stored in the liver as a) starch. b) fat. c) glycogen. d) protein. e) amino acids.

c) glycogen

How are wastes carried to the kidney for removal? a) in cells b) in the urine c) in blood d) in interstitial fluid

c) in blood

In humans, digestion of starch begins in the a) esophagus. b) duodenum. c) mouth. d) stomach. e) large intestine.

c) mouth

The bile from the liver is delivered to the ________. a) stomach b) liver c) small intestine d) colon

c) small intestine

Where does the majority of fat digestion take place? a) mouth b) stomach c) small intestine d) large intestine

c) small intestine

What are the 6 categories of nutrients?

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water

Name the structure and organ of the digestive tract that contain microvilli and absorb nutrients. a) villus, large intestine b) folds, stomach c) pyloric sphincter, appendix d) villus, stomach e) villus, small intestine

e) Villus, small intestine