Chapter 16 Testbank
3) Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics.
E
9) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).
E
10) Follicle cells of the thyroid gland produce thyroglobulin, while follicle cells of the parathyroid produce calcitonin.
FALSE
11) The thyroid gland is embedded in the parathyroid tissue.
FALSE
14) Most Type II diabetics do not produce insulin.
FALSE
15) Peptide hormones enter the target cells and elicit a response by mediating neurotransmitter effects.
FALSE
16) Calcitonin is a peptide hormone that has destructive effects on the skeletal system.
FALSE
17) Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid produced in the adrenals but the least abundant.
FALSE
24) The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid.
FALSE
25) Growth hormone always exerts its influence by targeting other endocrine glands to produce hormones.
FALSE
26) Diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus are both caused by a genetic mutation involving the synthesis of insulin.
FALSE
27) The stimulus for calcitonin release is usually excessive amounts of growth hormone synthesis
FALSE
28) Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an individual is suffering from severe stress.
FALSE
29) Direct gene activation involves a second-messenger system.
FALSE
3) The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin.
FALSE
4) The endocrine structure that develops from the nervous system is the anterior pituitary.
FALSE
8) The only known effect of prolactin in humans is to produce impotence in males.
FALSE
Addison's disease is due to a deficit output of glucocorticoids only
FALSE
45) A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. A) FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males. B) The physician is wronga hormone made in the adenohypophysis could not influence fertility. C) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes. D) The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH.
FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
22) Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________. A) peptide hormones always enter the cell membrane and elicit a response without assistance from other messengers B) hormones alter cellular operations through stimulation of a gene directly C) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers D) the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit
G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
Match the following: A) Parathyroid B) Adrenal medulla C) Pancreas D) Thyroid E) Hypophysis 20) The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands. 21) The gland that controls the fight-or-flight reaction. 22) Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body. 23) Produces a hormone that controls blood levels of calcium and potassium by their removal from bone tissue. 24) Produces the bodyʹs major metabolic hormones.
20) E 21) B 22) C 23) A 24) D
5) Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ.
A
6) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH).
A
Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? A) polyphagia B) polydipsia C) polyuria D) All of these are signs.
All of these are signs.
34) Select the correct statement about the structure or function of chemical messengers. A) Prostaglandins are biologically active peptides. B) Modified cholesterol forms the main structural component of the peptone hormones. C) An amino acid derivative can be a hormone. D) An example of a paracrine is testosterone.
An amino acid derivative can be a hormone.
2) Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain.
B
8) Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH).
B
25) Produces glucocorticoids. 26) Produces epinephrine. 27) Produces aldosterone. 28) Excess hormone levels result in Cushing's syndrome. 29) Hormones mimic sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters. 30) Produces androgens.
B D A A D C
4) Produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
C
7) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
C
50) What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-base hormones? A) Iron B) Calcium C) Sodium D) Chlorine
Calcium
1) Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty.
D
10) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).
D
47) Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? A) It causes positive feedback. B) It does not require a second messenger to effect a response. C) It is very specific in the cell type it targets. D) It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells.
It does not require a second messenger to effect a response.
39) Which of the following is true about calcium homeostasis? A) Increased calcitonin levels will cause increased blood calcium levels. B) High calcium levels cause bone resorption. C) Parathyroid hormone causes an increase in osteoblast activity. D) Parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood.
Parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood.
41) The only amine hormone to act like a steroid is ________. A) TH B) ACTH C) GH D) ADH
TH
1) In humans, melatonin may inhibit sexual maturation.
TRUE
12) The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis.
TRUE
13) The beta cells are the pancreatic islet cells that produce insulin.
TRUE
18) Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium.
TRUE
19) While glucagon is a small polypeptide, it is nevertheless very potent in its regulatory effects
TRUE
2) The antagonistic hormones that regulate the blood calcium level are calcitonin-parathormone.
TRUE
20) The thyroid gland is a large gland that controls metabolic functions throughout the life of an individual.
TRUE
21) Many hormones synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract are chemically identical to brain neurotransmitters.
TRUE
22) All of the following hormones are secreted by the adenohypophysis: ACTH, FSH, and LH.
TRUE
23) Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine.
TRUE
30) All peptide hormone synthesis requires gene activation that produces mRNA.
TRUE
31) All adenohypophyseal hormones except GH affect their target cells via a cyclic AMP second-messenger.
TRUE
5) Both ʺturn onʺ factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and ʺturn offʺ factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system.
TRUE
6) ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones.
TRUE
7) LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin
TRUE
9) Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions
TRUE
35) Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells? A) extracellular receptors with a specificity for only a single amino acid sequence on the hormone B) an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP C) second-messenger systems D) a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cellʹs DNA
a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cellʹs DNA
30) Leptin is secreted by ________. A) lymphocytes B) adipocytes C) goblet cells D) fibroblasts
adipocytes
31) The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________. A) insulin B) aldosterone C) glucagon D) cortisol
aldosterone
20) The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________. A) synthesizing more of the hormone than is actually needed B) increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ C) not responding to a feedback mechanism D) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
26) The major targets of growth hormone are ________. A) the blood vessels B) the adrenal glands C) the liver D) bones and skeletal muscles
bones and skeletal muscles
How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? A) by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin B) by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure C) by blocking the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response D) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
33) Which of the following does not act as a second messenger in second-messenger systems of hormone action? A) cyclic AMP B) calmodulin C) cyclic GMP D) inositol triphosphate
calmodulin
1) Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________. A) aldosterone B) insulin C) secretin D) cortisol
cortisol
29) Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________. A) testosterone B) estrogen C) cortisol D) epinephrine
cortisol
14) Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? A) a change in membrane potential B) the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis C) an increase in enzymatic activity D) direct control of the nervous system
direct control of the nervous system
13) Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as ________. A) diabetes mellitus B) cellular inhibition C) down-regulation D) metabolism of protein kinases
down-regulation
21) Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________. A) there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane B) the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time C) the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized D) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
11) Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by ________. A) entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei B) exerting only a minor effect on body metabolism C) causing a reduction in the number of blood vessel adrenergic receptors, and therefore decreasing blood pressure D) acting to decrease basal metabolic rate
entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei
19) Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. A) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene B) finding an appropriate cell receptor and initiating cAMP activity C) stimulating the synthesis of a glycogen D) increasing blood pressure
entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
4) Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus? A) enzyme B) humoral C) neural D) hormonal
enzyme
24) When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________. A) estrogen B) epinephrine C) angiotensinogen D) renin
epinephrine
32) Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone? A) estrogen B) aldosterone C) epinephrine D) cortisone
epinephrine
48) Factors that inhibit TSH release do not include ________. A) growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) B) rising levels of glucocorticoids C) somatostatin D) excessively high blood iodine concentrations
excessively high blood iodine concentrations
37) Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________. A) enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood to the pituitary B) enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary C) travel by arteries to the pituitary D) first enter into the hypophyseal portal system
first enter into the hypophyseal portal system
40) Aldosterone ________. A) is secreted by the neurohypophysis B) functions to increase sodium reabsorption C) presence increases potassium concentration in the blood D) production is greatly influenced by ACTH
functions to increase sodium reabsorption
5) Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________. A) enzymes B) antibodies C) proteins D) hormones
hormones
25) One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? A) the rapid oxidation of carbohydrates B) catabolic inhibition C) protein synthesis D) humoral stimulation
humoral stimulation
44) Eicosanoids do not include ________. A) paracrines B) leukotrienes C) hydrocortisones D) prostaglandins
hydrocortisones
16) Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________. A) hepatic portal system B) general circulatory system C) hypophyseal portal system D) feedback loop
hypophyseal portal system
7) Tropic hormones ________. A) include ACTH and TSH B) do not regulate the function of other endocrine glands C) exert their effects on cells by direct gene activation D) include GH and PRL
include ACTH and TSH
49) Glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress. They accomplish this by ________. A) increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure B) decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure C) stimulating the pancreas to release insulin D) blocking the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response
increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
10) ADH ________. A) increases urine production B) promotes dehydration C) is produced in the adenohypophysis D) is inhibited by alcohol
is inhibited by alcohol
6) The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________. A) connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland B) is partly contained within the infundibulum C) conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis D) is the site of prolactin synthesis
is partly contained within the infundibulum
17) The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________. A) it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release B) embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional C) it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location D) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
42) Which organ does not have hormone production? A) heart B) kidney C) liver D) skin
liver
46) Which of the following organs is affected by thyroid hormone in adults? A) liver B) spleen C) thyroid gland D) brain
liver
36) Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________. A) possible activation of several different second-messenger systems B) cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger C) formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates D) hormone binding to intracellular receptors
possible activation of several different second-messenger systems
Gonadocorticoid(s) ________. A) synthesized by the adrenal medulla are primarily androgens B) production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty C) secretion inhibition is highly dependent on a negative feedback loop involving ACTH D) hypersecretion can result in adrenogenital syndrome, also called feminization
production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty
8) Growth hormone ________. A) is also called somatostatin B) is regulated by humoral mechanisms C) secretion results in a decrease in muscle mass D) promotes long bone growth during the formative years
promotes long bone growth during the formative years
9) Oxytocin ________. A) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism B) is an adenohypophyseal secretion C) exerts its most important effects during menstruation D) controls milk production
release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
3) Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________. A) ions B) deactivators C) nucleotides D) second messengers
second messengers
38) ACTH ________. A) is secreted by the posterior pituitary B) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion C) causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla D) is not a tropic hormone
secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion
23) Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________. A) insulin, because insulin is a small peptide B) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells C) growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone D) glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone
steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
________ are hormones synthesized from cholesterol.
steroids
27) The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through ________. A) blocking the action of growth hormone B) targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released C) antagonizing the synthesis of calcitonin D) slowing the activity of tissues that require calcium for activity
targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released
28) Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? A) the heart B) the kidney C) the skin D) the spleen
the heart
15) The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________. A) the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path B) the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ C) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ D) nothingall hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific
the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
2) Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________. A) adrenal medulla B) pancreas C) thyroid gland D) thymus gland
thymus gland
Which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction? A) strength of the bond between the receptor and hormone B) blood levels of hormone C) number of receptors for that hormone D) type of hormone
type of hormone
43) In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________. A) the cellʹs sensitivity reaction B) cellular affinity C) up-regulation D) a reaction to a stressor
up-regulation
18) Insulin, a small (51-amino-acid) protein, is synthesized by the beta cells of the pancreas. This hormone is released ________. A) in excessive amounts in obese people B) in response to severe physical stress (i.e., a ten-mile run) C) when the bodyʹs glucose level rises D) when the bodyʹs glucose level drops
when the bodyʹs glucose level rises
Match the following: A) Cretinism B) Myxedema C) Cushingʹs disease D) Acromegaly 16) Hyposecretion of the thyroid in adults. 17) Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex. 18) Hypersecretion of growth hormone. 19) Hyposecretion of the thyroid in infants
16) B 17) C 18) D 19) A
Match the following: A) Pituitary dwarfism B) Diabetes mellitus C) Addisonʹs disease D) Gravesʹ disease E) Acromegaly 11) An autoimmune problem involving the thyroid gland. 12) Hyposecretion of growth hormone. 13) Hyposecretion of the pancreas. 14) Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex. 15) Hypersecretion of growth hormone.
11) D 12) A 13) B 14) C 15) E