chapter 16 tests
Name the immunoglbulin classes that are found in secretions. A.) IgD and IgE B.) IgA and IgG C.) IgA and IgE D.) IgM and IgG
C.) IgA and IgE
Which of the following is part of the adaptive immune response? A.) phagocytosis B.) Inflammation C.) production of antibodies D.) synthesis of defensins
C.) production of antibodies
Antibodies binding to their antigen can activate complement. This, in turn, leads to opsonization of the antigen-antibody complexes. What is meant by opsonization?
Coating antibody-antigen complexes, making them more easily phagocytized by macrophages and neutrophils.
Which of the following are cytokines?
Colony stimulating factors, interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor
3 substances transported through the lymphatic system in lymph
- bacteria and viruses - lymphocytes and macrophages - dietary fat absorbed from intestines
3 characteristics of lgG immunoglobulins
- can cross the placenta - effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxins - activates complement proteins
autoimmune diseases
- glomerulonephritis -graves disease - type 1 diabetes - hemolytic anemia - multiple sclerosis - myasthenia gravis - pernicious anemia - rheumatic fever - rheumatoid arthritis - systemic lupus erythematosus - ulcerative colitis
name the 2 factors that promote movement of lymph through lymphatic vessels
- skeletal muscle contraction - pressure changes during breathing
3 age related changes in the immune system
- with age proportions of antibodies in different classes change (lgA and lgG increase where lgM and lgE decrease) - the number of T-cells diminish only slightly, although the response time declines - decline begins early in life, due in part to shrinkage of thymus
Body's 3 lines of defense against pathogens
-adaptive (specific)defenses -nonspecific defenses such as chemical barriers and interferons -mechanical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes
3 beneficial effects of fever
-inhibition of bacterial and viral replication -increased Phagocytic activity -elevated metabolic rate
lymphatic vessels as lymph flows from tissue to subclavian vein
-lymphatic capillaries - afferent lymphatic vessel - lymph node - efferent lymphatic vessel - lymphatic trunk - collecting duct
3 benefits of the process of inflammation
-remove debris of damaged cells -initiate tissue repair -limit the spread of pathogens
3 characteristics of cytokines
-secreted by T cells and macrophages -stimulate proliferation and differentiation of leukocytes -regulate intensity and duration of immune responses
describe the basis for species resistance
-the cells of each species do not have receptors the pathogen requires to be infectious -the tissues of each species do not provide the environment required by the pathogen to be infectious
Types of Cytokines 1 Block viral replication, stimulate macrophages to engulf viruses, stimulate B cells to produce antibodies, attack cancer cells 2 Stops tumor growth, releases growth factors, causes fever (with bacterial infection), stimulates T and B cell differentiation 3 Stimulate bone marrow to produce lymphocytes 4 Control lymphocyte differentiation and proliferation
1 Interferons 2 Tumor necrosis factor 3 Colony stimulating factors 4 Interleukins
Lymphatic organ functions: 1 Filters lymph; initiates immune responses 2 Site of maturation of T lymphocytes 3 Filters blood; initiates immune responses
1 Lymph nodes 2 Thymus 3 Spleen
Types of transplants For each classification of transplant, indicate the correct type of donor. 1 Allograft- 2 Isograft- 3 Xenograft- 4 Autograft-
1 Same species 2 Identical twin 3 Different species 4 Self
Functions of lymph node groups: 1 Filter lymph from hands and wrists- 2 Filter lymph from scalp, face, nasal cavities, and pharynx- 3 Filter lymph from upper limbs, mammary glands, upper wall of abdomen, wall of thorax- 4 Filter lymph from lower limbs, lower abdominal wall, external genitalia-
1 Supratrochlear lymph nodes 2 Cervical lymph nodes 3 Axillary lymph nodes 4 Inguinal lymph nodes
Chemical Barriers 1 Antimicrobial substances; bind to sugar groups on pathogen; enhance phagocytosis 2 Antimicrobial substances that put holes in pathogen cell membranes 3 Group of proteins that, when activated, stimulate inflammation and phagocytosis 4 Released by virally-infected cells; protects nearby uninfected cells
1- Collectins 2- Defensins 3- Complement 4- Interferons
1.) Indicate the order of cell types involved in the response to the first exposure to an allergen._________ 2.) In an antibody dependent cytotoxic allergic reaction (type II), the binding of ___________ to targeted cells results in lysis of those cells. 3.) The immune complexes that are not removed by macrophages are _______ 4.) Delayed hypersensitivity is _______ mediated.
1.) antigen presenting cell, helper T cell, B cell, plasma cell 2.) antibodies 3.) Intermediate sized 4.) cell
LINES OF DEFENSE Consider the types of defense. Drop each label into the flow chart to indicate whether it is a first, second, or third line of defense. 1st line of defense 2nd line of defense 3rd line of defense
1st- mechanical 2nd- chemical barriers, NK cells, inflammation, phagocytosis, fever 3rd- cellular immune response, humoral Immune response
which of the following is not a mechanical barrier against microorganisms? A.) saliva B.) Urine C.) Tears D.) Diarrhea
D.) Diarrhea
inflammation is a response to A.) ultraviolet light B.) infection C.) chemical exposure D.) all of the above
D.) all of the above
Factors that contribute to the prevalence of peanut allergy in the U. S. include the fact that A.) peanut antigens are in infant formula B.) peanut lack alleregens C.) peanut allergens are stopped and destroyed in the stomach, causing cramps D.) dry roasting activates the responsible allergens
D.) dry roasting activates the responsible allergens
Which of the following is not a mechanical barrier against microorganisms?
Diarrhea
which activity puts someone at risk for HIV A) breastfeeding from a HIV positive mother B) hugging and kissing an HIV positive person C) donating blood D) getting bit by a mosquito
A) Breastfeeding from an HIV positive mother
Innate v. adaptive defense Classify each item as a feature of innate defenses or adaptive defenses.
ADAPTIVE DEFENSES- T and B lymphocytes, antibodies produced, antigen-presenting cells, response to antigen INNATE DEFENSES- barriers, natural killer cells, mononuclear phagocytic systems, fever, interferons
what class of immunoglobulin is involved in an immediate-reaction allergic reactions? A.) IgG B.) IgD C.) IgM D.) IgA E.) IgE
E.) IgE
The accumulation of fluid in tissues is called
Edema
Primary v secondary immune response The labels describe either a primary or secondary immune response. Drop each label into the appropriate box.
FIRST EXPOSURE- primary response, IgM made first then IgG, measurable antibody concentration in 5-10 days, follows first encounter with antigen, antibodies produced for several weeks SUBSEQUENT EXPOSURE- secondary response, memory cells involved, measurable antibody concentration in 1-2 days, follows second and subsequent encounters with antigen, only IgG produced
T/F lymphatic capillaries are open ended vessels
False
An innate defense mechanism called ________ is an abnormal elevation in body temperature.
Fever (pyrexia)
Drag each label to the appropriate box to indicate if the label is associated with B cells or T cells. Labels can be used more than once.
B cells- humoral immunity, bone marrow, stimulated by cytokines, type of lymphocytes, production of antibodies, formation of clone when activated, formation of memory cells, 20%-30% circulating lymphocytes T cells- cellular immunity, helper cells, bone marrow, formation of clone when activated, formation of memory cells, 70%-80% of circulating lymphocytes, cytotoxic cells, thymus, interact with antigen-presenting cells, stimulated by cytokines, type of lymphocytes, targets cancer cells and virally-infected cells
A chemical called endogenous pyrogen may be released from lymphocytes that are responding to a pathogen. what does this compound cause? A.) Inflammation B.) Fever C.) Activation of NK cells D.) Antibody production
B.) Fever
The spleen A.) consists of two lobes in the mediastinum B.) resembles a large lymph node divided into lobules C.) produces T lymphocytes D.) produces B lymphocytes
B.) resembles a large lymph node divided into lobules
flow of fluid in order from blood in blood capillaries
Blood capillaries interstitial spaces (interstitial fluid) lymphatic capillaries (lymph) lymphatic vessels (lymph) lymphatic ducts (lymph) subclavian veins (blood)
muscle contraction moves lymph through lymphatic vessels
true
which of the 3 following are Common types of pathogens we encounter? insects fungi lymphocytes antibodies bacteria viruses
fungi bacteria viruses
lymphocytes called _______ T cells become activated when an antigen binds to receptors on its surface. These activated cells are then able to stimulate B cells.
helper T cells
The production of antibodies is the result of ______ immune response, involving ______ lymphocytes. An antibody is a _______molecule produced by cells called ________ cells. These cells result from proliferation of activated B cells. Each antibody targets a specific ________, with the intention of destroying it or neutralizing it. Antibodies are Y shaped molecules. The stem of the Y is part of the _______ region of the molecule. At the tips of the arms of the Y are the _________ regions that act as antigen binding sites.
humoral B protein plasma antigen constant variable
The type of adaptive immunity called _________ immunity is mediated by antibodies secreted by B cells
humoral immunity
The __________ pressure of tissue fluid forces fluid from the tissue spaces into the lymphatic capillaries.
hydrostatic
the _____ pressure of tissue fluid forces fluid from the tissue spaces into the lymphatic capillaries
hydrostatic
when considering the pressures within the interstitium, ________ pressure is responsible for moving tissue fluid into lymphatic capillaries.
hydrostatic
drugs that organ transplant patients take to decrease the chance of tissue rejection are called
immunosuppressive drugs
some cancer patients receive infusions of antibodies specially made to fight their cancerous cells. This type of cancer treatment is termed _______
immunotherapy
IgE
in exocrine gland secretions promotes inflammation and allergic reactions
IgA
in exocrine gland secretions 13% of circulating antibodies defends against bacteria and viruses in breast milk, tears, nasal fluid, gastric juices, and urine
Low grade fever is an effective defense for short periods of time because it
increases temperature which slows the growth of bacteria
Low-grade fever is an effective defense for short periods of time because it
increases temperature, which slows the growth of bacteria.
Cytotoxic T cells target and destroy:
infected "self" cells
The changes that occur in infected or injured tissue (redness, swelling, heat, pain) are due to the process of:
inflammation
name the innate defense that involves vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, resulting in the influx of blood, blood cells, and fluids to an area of injury or infection
inflammation
Henry has a cut on his thigh that becomes infected. The lymph nodes in his __________ enlarge.
inguinal region
Artificially acquired passive immunity
injection of antibodies
Our ___________ defense protect us against all types of pathogens. In contrast, the __________ defenses are initiated when a particular pathogen is present, and are different for each pathogen type.
innate adaptive
Marsha gets a splinter in her finger. What is her body's response to any microbe that might try to enter her body as a result
innate defense
Macrophages secrete ________ which then activates ________ .
interleukin-1 ; helper T cells
Types of allergic reactions TYPE III
involves B cells, 1-2 hours from exposure to onset, antibody-antigen complexes lodge in small vessels, autoimmune reactions for example
Types of allergic reactions TYPE II
involves B cells, 1-2 hours from exposure to onset, lysis of antigen due to complement, transfusion reactions for example
Types of allergic reactions TYPE I
involves IgE and mast cells, involves B cells, symptoms due to histamines and other mediators, symptoms due to severe inflammatory response, severe form = anaphylactic shock
Types of allergic reactions TYPE IV
involves T cells, about 48 hours from exposure to symptoms, dermatitis for example
lysis
it bursts or ruptures
Results of the release of histamine
itching edema swelling
macrophage
large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body
Lymph Node Locations Label the lymph nodes based on their region or location.
left- thoracic lymph node, auxiliary lymph node, inguinal lymph node right- cervical lymph node, supratrochlear lymph node, abdominal lymph node, pelvic lymph node
inguinal lymph nodes
located in the inguinal (groin) area of the lower abdomen
cervical lymph nodes
located in the neck, deep to mandible, and near ears
axillary lymph nodes
located under the arms in the armpits, under the shoulder
Name the fluid found within the lymphatic pathways
lymph
Small encapsulated lymphatic organs found along lymphatic vessels that function to filter the lymph are called __________________.
lymph nodes
The filtering of lymph and the initiation of immune responses to foreign material are functions of what organ(s)?
lymph nodes
list order of lymphatic vessels as lymph flows from tissue to Sublclavian vein
lymphatic capillary afferent lymphatic vessel lymph node efferent lymphatic vessel lymphatic trunk collecting duct subclavian veins
Natural killer cells are a type of
lymphocyte
Lymph nodes are centers for the production of ________, which act
lymphocytes
Lymph nodes are the center for production of
lymphocytes
The primary cells of the immune response are the T and B cells. T and B cells are types of:
lymphocytes
The cells that are primarily responsible for immunity are
lymphocytes and macrophages.
the cells that are primarily responsible for immunity are
lymphocytes and macrophages.
Cells in lymph nodes that engulf and destroy damaged cells, foreign substances, and cellular debris are
macrophages
monocytes that migrate to the tissue and function as phagocytes are called
macrophages
name the cells included in the mononuclear Phagocytic system
macrophages monocytes eosinophils lymphocytes
Which cells can act as antigen-presenting cells?
macrophages and B cells
Name the cells included in the mononuclear phagocytic system.
macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils
antigen presenting cells
macrophages, neutrophils, B cells, endothelial cells
A vaccine against HIV
may be impossible due to the variability and diversity of HIV
Primary immune response the initial immune response to an antigen, where B cells activate _________
memory cells
which leukocyte transforms into a macrophage when it moves from the blood into the tissues
monocyte
_______ and ______ are 2 mechanical barriers that prevent pathogen entry.
mucosa skin
lymphatic tissue called ________________, or MALT, consists of unencapsulated diffuse lymphatic tissue.
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
Immunity resulting when one's own immune system responds to an antigen encountered through normal routes is called
naturally acquired active immunity
Injections of gamma globulin are sometimes given to provide
naturally acquired active immunity
The type of resistance that is acquired as a result of developing a disease
naturally acquired active immunity
Immunity in a newborn due to the passing of maternal antibodies through the placenta is called
naturally acquired passive immunity
supratrochlear lymph nodes
near the elbow
The antibody action called __________ of an antigen occurs when antibodies bind to, and thus cover, the toxic portions of that antigen.
neutralization
2 mechanisms by which antibodies directly render antigens harmless.
neutralizing by covering toxic parts of antigen and causing agglutination
The most active phagocytic cells in circulating blood are
neutrophils and monocytes.
IgD
on surface of most B lymphocytes functions in B cell activation
active immunity
ones own immune system is engaged
Newborns can acquire __________ immunity through breast milk.
passive
Newborns can acquire ____________ immunity through breast milk.
passive
general term for a disease causing organism or chemical
pathogen
Disease-causing agents such as viruses and bacteria are called_________.
pathogens
Cytotoxic T cells produce _______ which creates holes in the cell membranes of target cells.
perforin
clusters of lymph nodules found within the mucosa of the distal small intestines are called _________ patches
peyer's
function of antigen-presenting calls
phagocytize / digest antigens and display the fragments on their cell surface
Lymph is fluid found in lymphatic vessels that is similar in composition to ________ and ________.
plasma tissue fluid
A _______ cell is a differentiated B cell which functions to produce and secrete antibodies
plasma cell
B cells divide and differentiate into _________ which produce and secrete antibodies.
plasma cells
Lymph differs from plasma in that
plasma has more protein than lymph.
Colloid osmotic pressure within the capillaries is created by the presence of plasma __________ and is responsible for drawing most tissue fluid back into capillaries
plasma proteins
The lymph nodes of the axillary region receive lymph mainly from the
upper limb and mammary gland.
memory T and B cells function in
primary immune respones
Phagocytosis
process by which foreign particles are engulfed by a cell.
plasma cells
produce antibody molecules
2 descriptions of antibodies
produced by plasma B cells proteins that bind to antigens
__________ is part of the adaptive immune response.
production of antibodies
Foreign particles that are injected into the skin enter the lymphatic system
rapidly
Memory B cells
rapidly respond to a future exposure of same antigen
4 cardinal signs of inflammation
redness heat swelling\edema pain
drugs used to reduce the tissue rejection following the transplantation of tissue from one person to another
reduce the recipient's immune response
Naturally acquired active immunity
resulting from infection
The primary functions of lymph include
returning proteins to the bloodstream and transporting foreign particles to the lymph nodes
The primary functions of lymph include
returning proteins to the bloodstream and transporting foreign particles to the lymph nodes.
The ______ receives lymph from the right side of the head, neck and thorax, and from the right upper limb.
right lymphatic duct
the _________ is formed by the convergence of the right jugular trunk, right subclavian trunk, and right bronchomediastinal trunk.
right lymphatic duct
lysis
rupturing of cell membranes
Memory T and B cells function in
secondary immune responses
Memory T and B cells function in:
secondary immune responses
functions of lymph node
site of B and T cell activation filtration of lymph
what is the role of skeletal muscle contractions in the flow of lymph
skeletal muscle contractions compress lymphatic vessels, encouraging lymph to flow towards the upper thorax
Mechanical barriers include:
skin and mucous membranes
dogs and cats do not catch their owners cold, nor do humans catch the diseases for which dogs and cats are immunized. This phenomenon is called _________________, is a type of non specific or innate defense.
species resistance
Several lymphatic organs, including the thymus, ______, and lymph nodes, have roles in defending the body against pathogens.
spleen
which virus causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Name the immunoglobulin classes that are found in secretions.
IgA and IgE
Immunoglobulin characteristics Drop each label into the appropriate box, indicated which class of immunoglobulin is being described.
IgA- in exocrine gland secretions, 13% of circulating antibodies, defends against bacteria and viruses, in breast milk tears nasal fluid gastric juice and urine IgG- crosses placenta, in plasma and tissue fluid, 80% of circulating antibodies, defends against bacteria viruses and toxins, activates complement proteins IgE- in exocrine gland secretions, promotes inflammation and allergic reactions IgM- activates complement proteins, causes agglutination in transfusion reactions, in plasma only, 6% of circulating antibodies IgD- on surface of most B lymphocytes, functions in B cell activation
The anti-Rh factor is an example of an
IgG
The most abundant type of immunoglobulin is
IgG
IgG IgA IgM IgD IgE
IgG- activates complement, responds to bacteria, viruses, and toxins IgA- defends against bacteria and viruses, found in secretions IgM- reacts with antigens on RBC membranes, activates complement IgD- B cell activation IgE- promotes inflammation and allergic reactions
3 functions of the lymphatic system
Immunity Absorption of lipids Fluid recovery from tissues
Indicate whether the listed components of an immune response interact directly with an antigen, or if presentation of the antigen by an antigen-presenting cell required. Labels may be used twice.
Interacts directly with antigen: macrophage, B cell, antibody Interacts with antigen bound to antigen-presenting cell: B cell, Helper T cell, Cytotoxic T cell
Label the components of the sectioned lymph node.
LEFT- afferent lymphatic vessel, germinal center, nodule CENTER- medulla RIGHT- subcapsule, sinus, capsule, hilum, efferent lymphatic vessel
ID lymphatic vessels Identify the components of the lymphatic pathway.
LEFT- right lymphatic duct, bronchomediastinal trunk, cisterna chyli, lymph nodes RIGHT- jugular trunk, subclavian trunk, thoracic duct, lymphatic vessels
The figure illustrates the sites of lymphocyte precursor production, the site where T cells are processed, the site where B cell are processed, and an eventual location for the lymphocytes. Label each site.
LEFT- site of processing lymphocyte precursors to become B cells RIGHT- site of processing lymphocyte precursors to become T cells, both T & B cells later reside in lymph organs such as lymph nodes
Structure of Spleen Label the tissues and vessels of the spleen.
LEFT- splenic artery, splenic vein, artery of pulp, white pulp RIGHT- spleen, capillary, venous sinuses, red pulp, capsule
ID Immune cells undergoing activation This figure illustrates the activation of B and T cells. Labels the cells that are involved in the process.
LEFT- unactivated B cell, activated B cell CENTER- antigen-presenting cell, helper T cell, memory T cell RIGHT- cytotoxic T cells
Parts of antibody molecule Fill in the blanks in the figure legend, indicating the identity of the different colored segments of the antibody molecule.
LEFT- variable, constant, variable, constant RIGHT- light, light, heavy, heavy
Lymph differs from plasma in that
Plasma has more protein than lymph
Fluid is kept from accumulating in tissue spaces by
the lymphatic system.
Which of the following is part of the adaptive immune response?
Production of antibodies
Where do B lymphocytes mature?
Red bone marrow
Chemotaxis is
the process by which white Blood cells move towards a chemical signal
A transplant recipient may be able to eventually discontinue immunosuppressant drugs if
the recipient receives a well matchef transplant from the donor
what feature of lymphatic capillaries allow proteins and foreign particles to enter
the walls of the vessels consist of overlapping cells
which duct drains lymph from areas of the body below the diaphragm, the left upper limb, and the left side of the head, neck, and thorax.
thoracic duct
T lymphocytes mature in the thymus in response to
thymosins
Name the lymphatic system organ that shrinks and becomes non-functional with age.
thymus
The first component(s) of the immune system to decline with age is/are the:
thymus
organ site of maturation of T lymphocytes
thymus
Immune cells in lymph nodes Indicate where in the lymph nodes the listed cell types are found by dragging labels to the appropriate boxes. Labels are used more than once.
SUBCAPSULE-macrophages, B cells MEDULLA- macrophages, T cells GERMINAL CENTERS OF CORTEX- B cells
A substance that can stimulate a primary immune response but is unable to produce the symptoms of a disease is a _____________.
vaccine
The injection of a killed, or attenuated, pathogen in order to induce immunity is termed _______
vaccine
Artificially acquired active immunity
vaccines
Cell-mediated immunity is a type of specific defense mediated mainly by __________ lymphocytes, which interact directly with antigen-presenting cells.
T
_______ cells are responsible for a cellular immune response.
T cells
Lymphocytes that differentiate and mature in the thymus and later constitute 70% to 80% of circulating lymphocytes in blood are called __________ cells, lymphocytes that differentiate in red bone marrow and later constitute 20% to 30% of circulating lymphocytes are called ___________ cells.
T cells B cells
name the type of leukocyte that is produced in the red bone marrow and matures in the thymus
T-cells
Process of activation of B Cells This figure illustrates the process of stimulation and proliferation of B cells. Drag and drop the labels to the appropriate location.
TOP LEFT- antigen, antigen receptor, B cell BOTTOM LEFT- antibody molecules, plasma cell TOP RIGHT- receptor-antigen combination, cytokines from helper T cell MIDDLE RIGHT- clone B cells BOTTOM RIGHT- memory B cell
How do cytotoxic T cells recognize that a cell is infected with a virus and needs to be destroyed?
The presence of foreign (viral) proteins on the target cell surface.
Name the structure that prevent the backflow of lymph in the segment of lymphatic pathway called lymphatic vessels.
valves
Xenografts
Tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species
What is the function of the variable region of an antibody molecule?
To bind antigens
B cells and macrophages make up the majority of cells found within the lymph nodules of the lymph nodes. T/F
True
Exercise is associated with an increase in lymph movement
True
Older red blood cells may be destroyed in the spleen.
True
Plasma cells are B cells that produce antibodies.
True
T/F lymphatic capillaries are thin walled closed ended tubes
True
The thymus is in the mediastinum behind the sternum
True
With aging, there is no decrease in the number B cells, and only a slight decrease in the number of T cells
True
Lymph is _______ that has entered a lymphatic capillary.
tissue fluid
as tissue fluid accumulation, the hydrostatic pressure of the _________ increases, driving fluid into the lymphatic capillaries, fluid entering the lymphatic capillaries is referred to as _______.
tissue fluid lymph
Isografts
tissue grafts from an identical twin
Matching tissue types between organ donors and recipients will help avoid __________________ after transplantation.
tissue rejection reaction
the function of lacteal
to absorb triglycerides and other lipids from digested foods
What is the function of macrophages during infection by a pathogen?
to phagocytize the pathogen
Lymphatic organs of the oral cavity and pharynx are the:
tonsils
_______ are masses of partially encapsulated lymphatic nodules in the pharynx
tonsils
T cell activation Place the events leading to T cell activation into the correct order.
top to bottom- macrophage engulfs bacterium, macrophage digests bacterium, bacterial antigens are inserted into cell membrane of macrophage along with MHC protein, T cell binds to displayed antigen / MHC on macrophage, T cell is activated
IgD
___ antibodies are found as surface receptors on most B-cells.
IgG
___ antibodies are found in all body fluids and are the smallest but most abundant of the antibodies. They activate the complement system.
IgA
___ antibodies are found in exocrine gland secretions, such as within the nose, breathing passages, digestive tract, ears, eyes, and vagina. They defend against bacteria and viruses.
IgE
___ antibodies are found in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes. This type of antibody is involved in allergies.
IgM
___ antibodies are the first type of antibody produced in response to an infection. They activate the complement system.
Immediate-reaction allergy: Sequence of events Place the steps that occur during an immediate-reaction allergic response in the correct order.
top to bottom- sensitization of B cell to allergen, IgE production by plasma cells, IgE binds to mast cells and basophils, secondary exposure to allergen, release of allergy mediators, allergic reaction
An antigen is _________, whereas an antibody is ____________.
a foreign substance such as protein or polysaccharide to which lymphocytes respond; a globular protein that reacts with an antigen to eliminate that antigen
As part of the innate defenses, many pathogens that are ingested are destroyed by _______ within the stomach.
acids
AIDS
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
IgM
activates complement proteins in plasma only causes agglutination in transfusion reactions 6% of circulating antibodies
Class I MHC antigens are found in the membranes of
all body cells except RBC's
Location of MHC proteins Class I MHC antigens are found in the membranes of________ Class II MHC antigens are found in the membranes of___________
all body cells except RBCs; antigen-presenting cells, thymus cells, and activated T cells
which of the following is an autoimmune disease? juvenile rheumatoid arthritis multiple sclerosis type 1 diabetes mellitus all of the above
all of the above
A lymph node consists of
all of the above- compartments that contain masses of lymphocytes and macrophages. afferent vessels circulating lymph into the node on its convex surface. lymph nodules.
term for an antigen that triggers am allergic response
allergen
what is an allergen
an antigen that triggers an allergic response
opportunistic infection
an infection that only occurs in patients with weakened immune systems
proteins that are present in plasma and body fluids that bind to antigens are called
antibodies
Any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response is called an __________.
antigen
Any molecule that elicits an immune response is called a(n):
antigen
Class II MHC antigens are found in the membranes of
antigen presenting cells, thymus cells, and activated T cells
Phagocytic cells that digest a pathogen, then insert a bit of pathogenic antigen on their cell membrane, are described as being _____ cells.
antigen-presenting
This macrophage, which has phagocytized and displayed the antigen on its surface, is acting as a(n):
antigen-presenting cell
Helper T cells interact with target cells by recognizing ______ on their cell surfaces.
antigen/MHC complexes
Foreign substances that elicit an immune response are called:
antigens
autograft
transplantation of healthy tissue from one site to another site in the same individual
Immunity that occurs following vaccination with an antigen is called
artificially acquired active immunity
Immunity acquired with the injection of antibodies from another source is called
artificially acquired passive immunity
Injections of gamma globulin are sometimes given to provide
artificially acquired passive immunity
injections of gamma globulin are sometimes given to provide
artificially acquired passive immunity
Injections of gamma globulin are sometimes given to provide
artificially acquired passive immunity.
Immunity acquired with the injection of antibodies from another source is called ______ immunity. Immunity resulting when one's own immune system responds to an antigen encountered through normal routes is called ______ immunity. Immunity in a newborn due to the passing of maternal antibodies through the placenta is called _____ immunity. Immunity that occurs following vaccination with an antigen is called ______ immunity.
artificially acquired passive, naturally acquired active, naturally acquired passive, artificially acquired active
auto- humor- immun- inflamm- nod- pathi-
auto- self humor- moisture, fluid immun- free, exempt inflamm- to set on fire nod- knot patho- disease, sickness
In immune system disorders known as ___________ disorders, the immune system attacks self-antigens.
autoimmune
Disorders resulting from the immune system attacking "self" cells are called:
autoimmune diseases
T/F normal immune response require T and B lymphocytes
true
stephanie has a cancerous right breast removed, and the surgeon also removes lymph nodes in the axillary region, to prevent spread of the cancer. As a result, Stephanie's right arm
becomes edematous
The antibodies produced in allergic reactions
belong to the immunoglobulin E group.
Allografts
between individuals who are not identical twins
Antibodies neutralize antigens by
binding to the toxic parts of antigens so the antigens can not do damage
The spleen and lymph nodes are both lymphatic organs that filter fluids, removing pathogens and debris. The main difference between them is that the lymph nodes filter lymph while the spleen filters_________
blood
The ________ pressure in the capillaries drives the filtration of water and small molecules from the blood into the __________ space of the tissues
blood interstitial
The lymphatic system has several diverse functions. Vessels are called lymphatic ____________, found in most tissues, drain excess _________________, thus helping with fluid balance. Several lymphatic organs, including the thymus, ________, and lymph nodes, have roles in defending the body against pathogens. An additional role for the lymphatic system is the absorption of _________ from the digestive system. These molecules are too large to be absorbed into the blood, and so are carried via the lymph to the venous system.
capillaries tissue fluid spleen fats
The lymphatic system has several diverse functions. Vessels called lymphatic _______, found in most tissues, drain excess ________, thus helping with fluid balance.
capillaries, tissue fluid
complement proteins, which are activated when IgG or IgM antibodies bind antigen
cause opsinization, which coats the antibody-antigen complexes in a way that attracts phagocytes
antigen-presenting cell
cell type that phagocytizes an antigen and displays the antigen fragments on its surface
T lymphocytes are responsible for
cell-mediated immunity.
in an autoimmune disease, the immune response is directed toward
cells of the body (self)
Cytotoxic T cells mount an immune response against:
cells that display foreign proteins on their surface
several types of T cells are involved in ________ immunity. ___________ T cells, once activated will target any cell displaying specific antigens, usually on a cancer cell or virally infected cell. These cells release _________, a protein that puts holes in the cell membrane of the antigen bearing cells. ___________ T cells are activated when they bind to their target antigen being displayed on an antigen presenting cell. These cells then release _________, chemicals that signal B cells and other T cells to activate. ___________ T cells are able to rapidly respond to subsequent exposure to an antigen, often destroying it before symptoms develop.
cellular cytotoxic perforin helper cytokines memory
one branch of the immune system uses antibodies to fight pathogens, while the other branch called _________ immunity, used cells for immune attack
cellular immunity
Lymph nodes are grouped throughout the body except in the
central nervous system
Interferons and complement proteins are examples of:
chemical barriers
cell membrane proteins called _________ major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens are found on antigen presenting cells, thymus cells, and activated T cells. The _______ MHC antigens are found on membranes of all body cells.
class II class I
Cell membrane proteins called ________ major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens are found on antigen-presenting cells, thymus cells, and activated T cells. The ________ MHC antigens are found on membranes of all body cells, except red blood cells.
class II, class I
The secondary immune response to a previously encountered pathogen is swifter and stronger than the primary immune response.
true
A population of lymphocytes whose members are all alike and are capable of resounding to the same specific antigen is called a
clone
Agglutination
clumping of cells by antibodies
Antibodies binding to their antigen can activate complement. This, in turn, leads to opsinization of antigen-antibody complexes. What is meant by opsinization?
coating of antibody-antigen complexes, making them more easily phagocytized by macrophages and neutraphils
Antimicrobial substances; bind to sugar groups on pathogens; enhance phagocytosis _________. Antimicrobial substances that punch holes in cell membranes__________. Group of proteins that when activated stimulate inflammation and phagocytosis ________. Released by virally infected cells, protects nearby uninfected cells________.
collectins defensins complement interferons
The________ of the blood is due to the presence of unfiltered plasma proteins. This pressure pulls fluid back into the capillaries by osmosis
colloid osmotic pressure
Cytokines include
colony stimulating factors, interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor
IgG
crosses placenta in plasma and tissue fluids 80% of circulating antibodies defends against bacteria and viruses activates complement proteins
Helper T cells secrete ________ to stimulate the proliferation of B-cells.
cytokines
Helper T cells stimulate the proliferation of:
cytotoxic T cells and B cells
Antigen-presenting cells include:
dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells
Artificially acquired immunity
due to injection of antiserum orantitoxin
Naturally acquired passive immunity
due to transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus
Passive immunity
due to transfer of antibodies from one individual to another
Absence or blockage of lymph vessels in a body region leads directly to:
edema
Excess tissue fluid resulting from the failure of proper lymphatic drainage is called
edema
absence or blockage of lymph vessels in a body region leads directly to
edema
lymphatic vessels that carry lymph away from a lymph node are called
efferent vessels
The supratrochlear lymph nodes are located near the
elbow
Lymphatic nodules are encapsulated lymphatic organs.
false
an injection of synthetic antibodies imparts active immunity
false
systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease that affects the skeletal muscle only T/F
false
Innate defenses are
fast and non specific
Innate defenses are
fast and non specific.
An additional role for the lymphatic system is the absorption of ___ from the digestive system. These molecules are too large to be absorped into the blood, and so are carried via the lymph to the venous system.
fats
The lymphatic system is involved in the absorption of _______ from the digestive system.
fats
A chemical called endogenous pyrogen may be released from lymphocytes that are responding to a pathogen. What does this compound cause?
fever
the function of lymph nodes are
filter lymph produce macrophages
The function(s) of lymph nodes include:
filter lymph, immune surveillance, filter blood
Typically, the rate of__________ exeeds the rate of ___________, resulting in the net formation of tissue fluid.
filtration reabsorption
FILTRATION / REABSORPTION In a typical blood capillary bed, the balance of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures results in _________ occurring at the arterial end of the capillaries and _________ occurring at the venous end. Overall, __________ from the plasma normally exceeds __________, resulting in the net formation of tissue fluid.
filtration, reabsorption, filtration, reabsorption
Natural acquired immunity
follows exposure to live pathogen
as a result of the allergen-antibody reaction, mast cells release histamine
true
the structure of a lymphatic vessel is most similar to that of a
vein
lymphatic vessels are similar to veins or arteries
veins
after lymph leaves the collecting duct it enters _______ and becomes part of the________
veins plasma
The receptors on cytotoxic T cells bind to:
viral antigens and class I MHC.
At the tissues, 2 substances are filtered out of the plasma due to blood pressure within the blood capillaries
water small molecules
The thymus gland is found where?
within the mediastinum
