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Chapter 16 The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions

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97) Hallucinogenic drugs, such as LSD, function by A) stimulating receptors for norepinephrine. B) blocking acetylcholine receptors. C) increasing the production of GABA. D) stimulating serotonin receptors. E) mimicking the action of dopamine.

D) stimulating serotonin receptors.

4) Which statement is true regarding the somatic nervous system as compared to the autonomic nervous system? A) Both divisions carry outgoing motor information. B) Both divisions carry information to visceral organs. C) The somatic NS requires more neurons than the autonomic pathways. D) There are no reflexes within the somatic NX, while there are many within the autonomic NS. E) All of the answers are correct.

A) Both divisions carry outgoing motor information.

93) The brain waves produced by normal adults while resting with their eyes closed are ________ waves. A) alpha B) beta C) theta D) delta E) gamma

A) alpha

45) The neurotransmitter ACH is A) always excitatory when used in the synapses of the sympathetic nervous system. B) secreted by the postganglionic nervous. C) going to reduce the activity of the other neurotransmitter norepinephrine. D) broken down by monoamine oxidase. E) a chemical similar to the structure of adrenalin.

A) always excitatory when used in the synapses of the sympathetic nervous system.

68) Muscarinic receptors A) are normally activated by acetylcholine. B) are found mostly in autonomic ganglia. C) always produce an excitatory response. D) control sodium channels in the affected membrane. E) are blocked by norepinephrine.

A) are normally activated by acetylcholine.

17) Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with the ability to A) dilate the right pupil. B) constrict the right pupil. C) dilate the left pupil. D) constrict the left pupil. E) smile and frown.

A) dilate the right pupil.

53) Disorders involving the vagus nerve might cause A) food to remain in your stomach longer. B) a drop in blood pressure. C) constriction of the pupils. D) more saliva production. E) All of the answers are correct.

A) food to remain in your stomach longer.

37) Identify the structure labeled "5." A) gray ramus B) dorsal ramus C) spinal nerve D) white ramus E) ventral root

A) gray ramus

10) Sympathetic preganglionic neurons are ________ and have ________ axons. A) short; myelinated B) short; unmyelinated C) long; myelinated D) long; unmyelinated E) intermediate; small

A) short; myelinated

81) In general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when A) sympathetic stimulation is increased. B) sympathetic stimulation is decreased. C) parasympathetic stimulation is increased. D) parasympathetic stimulation is decreased. E) somatomotor stimulation is increased.

A) sympathetic stimulation is increased.

87) Long-term memories that are with you for a lifetime are called ________ memories. A) tertiary B) reflexive C) consolidated D) multilobar E) secondary

A) tertiary

94) In deep sleep, A) the EEG pattern is characterized as "slow wave." B) cerebral activity is paradoxically high. C) rapid eye movements speed up. D) rapid eye movements are maintained at normal levels. E) cerebral activity is paradoxically high and rapid eye movements speed up.

A) the EEG pattern is characterized as "slow wave."

54) The statement "It initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle" is A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system. C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. D) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. E) true only for the somatic nervous system.

A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

65) The statement "Its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter" is A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system. C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. D) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. E) true only for the somatic nervous system.

A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

61) Which of the following provides preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to structures in the neck and in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities? A) vagus nerves B) sciatic nerves C) glossopharyngeal nerves D) pelvic nerves E) cervicothoracocabdominopelvic nerves

A) vagus nerves

47) An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that A) activates β1 adrenergic receptors. B) activates β2 adrenergic receptors. C) activates muscarinic cholinergic receptors. D) blocks β2 adrenergic receptors. E) activates β2 adrenergic receptors or activates muscarinic cholinergic receptors.

B) activates β2 adrenergic receptors.

86) Mechanisms involved in memory formation and storage involve all of the following except A) increased release of neurotransmitters. B) anterograde amnesia. C) the formation of additional synaptic connections. D) the formation of memory engrams. E) facilitation at synapses.

B) anterograde amnesia.

59) Postganglionic fibers release neurotransmitter on peripheral effectors A) at distinct synapses. B) at pearl-like swellings called varicosities. C) into capillaries within the target organ. D) at the end plates. E) at sympathetic chain ganglia.

B) at pearl-like swellings called varicosities.

15) Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic region are called ________ ganglia. A) intramural B) collateral C) chain D) paravertebral E) suprarenal

B) collateral

32) The celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric ganglia are collectively called ________ ganglia. A) chain B) collateral C) intramural D) paravertebral E) terminal

B) collateral

44) Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in A) the decrease in ATP production. B) increased heart rate and force of contraction. C) decreased force of contraction. D) slower heart rate. E) inhibition of the heart muscle.

B) increased heart rate and force of contraction.

62) Parasympathetic stimulation A) increases heart rate. B) increases gastric motility. C) causes sweat glands to secrete. D) causes blood vessels in the skin to dilate. E) causes the pupils to dilate.

B) increases gastric motility.

30) Splanchnic nerves A) originate from first-order neurons located in the upper five thoracic segments of the spinal cord. B) innervate the viscera or internal organs. C) control sympathetic function of structures in the thorax. D) connect chain ganglia. E) are formed of parasympathetic fibers.

B) innervate the viscera or internal organs.

66) Sweat glands contain ________ receptors. A) nicotinic cholinergic B) muscarinic cholinergic C) alpha D) beta E) adregeneric

B) muscarinic cholinergic

1) The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is said to function during "rest and digest." A) sympathetic B) parasympathetic C) thoracolumbar D) visceral E) somatomotor

B) parasympathetic

9) Craniosacral division is another name for the A) sympathetic division of the ANS. B) parasympathetic division of the ANS. C) somatic nervous system. D) afferent nervous system. E) central nervous system.

B) parasympathetic division of the ANS.

35) Identify the structure labeled "1." A) somatic motor neuron B) preganglionic neuron C) sensory neuron D) ganglionic neuron E) astrocyte

B) preganglionic neuron

100) An age-related decline in mental function characterized by difficulties with spatial orientation, memory, language, and personality is called A) delirium agitans. B) senile dementia. C) persistent vegetative state. D) somnolence of the aged. E) progressive cerebral dysfunction.

B) senile dementia.

91) A state of unconsciousness in which an individual can be aroused by normal stimuli is A) somnolence. B) sleep. C) stupor. D) coma. E) a chronic vegetative state.

B) sleep.

51) Drugs that stimulate alpha receptors, causing constriction of peripheral vessels, are A) sympathetic blocking agents. B) sympathomimetic. C) parasympathetic blocking agents. D) parasympathomimetic. E) autonomic blocking agents.

B) sympathomimetic.

18) Postganglionic axons usually are A) myelinated. B) unmyelinated. C) larger than preganglionic fibers. D) located in the brain. E) located in the spinal cord.

B) unmyelinated.

60) Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is false? A) Preganglionic neurons are located in the brain stem and sacral region of the spinal cord. B) Ganglionic neurons are located in ganglia within or near to effectors. C) Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long. D) The actions of the parasympathetic division are more localized than those of the sympathetic division. E) The ganglionic neurons always release acetylcholine.

C) Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long.

64) Damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve would likely cause A) increase in heart rate. B) problems in sexual arousal. C) a reduction in saliva. D) visual problems. E) urine retention.

C) a reduction in saliva.

49) Most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a significant number release acetylcholine instead. Which of these is an example of an organ of the cholinergic type? A) the heart B) a blood vessel in the skin C) a sweat gland D) the liver E) the salivary glands

C) a sweat gland

75) Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving A) two nerves from the spinal cord. B) both autonomic and somatomotor nerves. C) both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation. D) nerves from both the brain and the spinal cord. E) both sensory and motor nerves.

C) both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation.

77) Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that innervate the heart pass through the A) celiac plexus. B) hypogastric plexus. C) cardiac plexus. D) sphenopalatine ganglia. E) otic ganglia.

C) cardiac plexus.

14) Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ________ ganglia. A) intramural B) collateral C) chain D) prevertebral E) suprarenal

C) chain

36) Identify the round structure labeled "3." A) dorsal root ganglion B) spinal nerve C) chain ganglion D) intramural ganglion E) rami communicantes

C) chain ganglion

22) Sympathetic nerves A) provoke feelings of sympathy. B) allow us to relax, rest, and recover. C) contains short preganglionic fibers and longer postganglionic fibers. D) control swallowing. E) stimulate gastric secretion.

C) contains short preganglionic fibers and longer postganglionic fibers.

19) Stimulation of the neurons in the celiac ganglion would lead to A) relaxation of the urinary sphincter. B) increased heart rate. C) conversion of liver glycogen reserves into glucose. D) activation of ventral sweat glands. E) increased gastric motility.

C) conversion of liver glycogen reserves into glucose.

29) Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers except A) increased sweat secretion. B) reduced circulation to the skin. C) decreased heart rate. D) dilation of the pupils. E) increased blood flow to skeletal muscles.

C) decreased heart rate.

99) What mental illness is often improved by drugs that block serotonin re-uptake? A) agitation B) hallucinations C) depression D) Parkinson's E) Huntington's

C) depression

7) The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state? A) exertion B) trauma C) digestion D) stress E) exercise

C) digestion

52) Sympathomimetic drugs might be used to A) decrease heart rate. B) decrease blood pressure. C) dilate airways. D) increase gastric motility. E) reduce blood sugar levels.

C) dilate airways.

58) Parasympathetic functions include all of the following, except A) decrease in the rate of cardiac contraction. B) constriction of the pupils. C) dilation of the airways. D) stimulation of urination. E) stimulation of defecation.

C) dilation of the airways.

85) Which of the following is essential for memory consolidation? A) occipital lobe B) basal nuclei C) hippocampus D) insula E) prefrontal lobe

C) hippocampus

84) Which of the following would be an example of higher-level control of autonomic function? A) gagging on food that does not appeal to you B) a violent coughing attack in response to an irritant C) increased heart rate when you see a person you fear D) dilation of the pupils when you enter a dark room E) increased salivation when you smell food that appeals to you

C) increased heart rate when you see a person you fear

13) Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the A) lateral gray horns of the cervical cord. B) anterior gray horns of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord. C) lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord. D) anterior gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord. E) lateral gray horns of T1 to S2 of the spinal cord.

C) lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.

90) Based on stimulation studies, the "headquarters" of the reticular activating system appears to be based in the A) medulla. B) pons. C) midbrain. D) diencephalon. E) cerebrum.

C) midbrain.

96) The regulation of awake-asleep cycles appears to involve an interplay between brain stem nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. The one that favors alertness is ________ and the other promoting deep sleep is ________. A) acetylcholine; serotonin B) serotonin; norepinephrine C) norepinephrine; serotonin D) dopamine; GABA E) glutamate; serotonin

C) norepinephrine; serotonin

67) Nicotinic receptors A) respond to epinephrine. B) respond to norepinephrine. C) open chemically-gated sodium ion channels. D) can be either excitatory or inhibitory in function. E) are found at synaptic junctions of the sympathetic nervous system.

C) open chemically-gated sodium ion channels.

8) A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n)________ neuron. A) upper motor B) lower motor C) preganglionic D) postganglionic E) somatomotor

C) preganglionic

38) Identify the structure labeled "2." A) ventral root B) dorsal ramus C) spinal nerve D) ventral ramus E) white ramus

C) spinal nerve

28) Postganglionic fibers that innervate targets in the body wall or thoracic cavity originate on neurons within A) intramural ganglia. B) collateral ganglia. C) sympathetic chain ganglia. D) suprarenal ganglia. E) white rami.

C) sympathetic chain ganglia.

69) The statement "Preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine" is A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system. C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. D) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. E) true only for the somatic nervous system.

C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

76) The statement "It controls the diameter of the pupil" is A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system. C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. D) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. E) true only for the somatic nervous system.

C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

72) Parasympathetic blocking agents can be useful in treating A) heart failure. B) high blood pressure. C) urinary incontinence. D) hyperactivity. E) All of the answers are correct.

C) urinary incontinence.

56) Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the ________ nerve(s). A) splanchnic B) facial C) vagus D) glossopharyngeal E) trigeminal

C) vagus

46) Which of the following statements is true? The stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors can lead to 1. an increase in metabolic activity. 2. stimulation of airway smooth muscle. 3. the breakdown of triglycerides within adipocytes. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 1 and 3 E) 1, 2, and 3

D) 1 and 3

73) A doctor places drops in the eyes to dilate the pupils for an examination. The type of drug that is used is a(n) ________ drug. 1. sympathomimetic 2. parasympathomimetic 3. adrenergic activating 4. cholinergic activating A) 1, 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 1, 3 E) 2, 4

D) 1, 3

98) The inherited brain disorder Huntington's disease is caused by the destruction of basal nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. One neurotransmitter is ________ and the other is ________. A) acetylcholine; serotonin B) serotonin; norepinephrine C) norepinephrine; serotonin D) acetylcholine; GABA E) glutamate; serotonin

D) acetylcholine; GABA

89) The conscious state is maintained by the A) prefrontal lobes. B) general interpretive area. C) limbic system. D) reticular activating system. E) nucleus gracilis.

D) reticular activating system.

79) Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it A) allows ANS neurons to be silent under normal conditions. B) allows ANS neurons to increase activity on demand but not decrease their activity. C) allows ANS neurons to decrease their activity on demand but not increase their activity. D) allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options. E) provides for a narrow range of control options that keeps target tissues constantly active.

D) allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options.

78) Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon A) sympathetic stimulation only. B) parasympathetic stimulation only. C) somatomotor stimulation only. D) both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation. E) sensory receptors sensitive to changes in lung ventilation.

D) both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation.

5) Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in A) the brain. B) the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord. C) the posterior gray horns of the spinal cord. D) both the brain and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord. E) the cerebrum.

D) both the brain and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.

92) A state of unconsciousness in which an individual cannot be aroused even by strong stimuli is A) somnolence. B) sleep. C) stupor. D) coma. E) a chronic vegetative state.

D) coma.

41) Drugs that have effects similar to those of sympathetic activation are called sympathomimetic drugs. Which of the following would you not expect to observe in a person who has taken a sympathomimetic drug? A) sweating B) increased heart rate C) dilation of respiratory passages D) decreased blood pressure E) increased blood sugar level

D) decreased blood pressure

16) Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the A) heart. B) pupils. C) sweat glands. D) digestive tract. E) arrector pili muscles.

D) digestive tract.

42) Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating A) constipation. B) diarrhea. C) excessive salivation. D) excessive heart rate. E) prostate disorders.

D) excessive heart rate.

39) Identify the structure labeled "6." A) somatic motor neuron B) preganglionic neuron C) sensory neuron D) ganglionic neuron E) astrocyte

D) ganglionic neuron

3) Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on A) postganglionic fibers. B) visceral reflex responses. C) motor neurons. D) ganglionic neurons. E) afferent neurons.

D) ganglionic neurons.

88) Conversion of a short-term memory to a long-term memory is called A) memory conversion. B) anterograde amnesia. C) memory programming. D) memory consolidation. E) memory engraving.

D) memory consolidation.

63) Intramural ganglia in the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs are innervated by the ________ nerves. A) spinal B) splanchnic C) chain D) pelvic E) collateral

D) pelvic

34) A person is confronted by a dangerous dog. His heart begins to race and beat strongly, his pupils dilate, and his hairs stand up. These signs are the result of A) sympathetic activation. B) increased levels of epinephrine in the blood. C) increased activity of autonomic centers in the hypothalamus. D) the "fight or flight" response. E) All of the answers are correct.

D) the "fight or flight" response.

11) In the sympathetic nervous system, where are the preganglionic neurons located? A) cervical and sacral segments of the spinal cord B) sacral segments of the spinal cord C) brain stem D) thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord E) cerebellum

D) thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord

2) The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following? A) somatic division B) craniosacral division C) resting division D) thoracolumbar division E) lumbosacral division

D) thoracolumbar division

12) In what ways do the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system interact? A) One division may counterbalance the other division. B) Occasionally only one division communicates with an organ. C) Both divisions may work together for the function of an organ or a process. D) One division may increase function of an organ, while the other division inhibits it. E) All of the answers are correct.