Chapter 16: the dirt on black market plants

Is the following statement true or false? Bacteria and Archaea are both considered prokaryotes, and these domains are the most closely related phylogenetically.

false

fill in blank [blank] were the earliest plant group to grow larger and taller than the ancient relatives of mosses. This extended growth required [blank] to provide structure to plant bodies, as well as a network of fluid-transporting tissues called the vascular system. Pollen and seeds first evolved among the [blank]. Next, [blank] evolved flowers, and they enclose their seeds within fruit.

ferns lignin gymnosperms angiosperms

Beginning with ferns, plants developed a strong molecule that helps strengthen cells to support a taller structure and a vascular system. What is the name of this molecule?

lignin

fill the blank The domains Bacteria and Archaea are composed of [blanks], which are generally single-celled and do not contain a true nucleus. The kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, Protista, and Fungi are groups within the domain [blanks]. Cells in this domain contain membrane-bound subcellular compartments such as [blank], which carry out oxidative phosphorylation, and a true [blank], which contains DNA.

prokaryotes eukarya mitochondria nucleus

fill in the blank The kingdom [blank] is composed largely of single-celled eukaryotes. Some members, such as algae, are [blank], meaning they gain energy from sunlight. Others, such as amoebas, are [blank], meaning they gain energy by eating organic matter from other organisms. Some, such as Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, are [blank].

protista photosynthetic heterotropgic pathogenic

Fill in the blank The kingdom [blank] includes chloroplast-containing organisms that thrive in aquatic environments, whereas the kingdom [blank] includes chloroplast-containing organisms, many of which have adapted to terrestrial environments. Organisms in the kingdom [blank] are integral members of the subterranean environment. Some of them, called [blank], form symbioses with plants and are efficient at absorbing phosphorus and nitrogen through their tiny hairlike [blank].

protista plantare fungi mycrorrhizae hyphae

Match the following trophic modes with the kingdoms in which they appear?

protista- both autotrophy and heterotrophy fungi- heterotrophy only plantae- autotrophy only

What is the key feature that unites all protists?

they are not plants, animals, or fungi

The kingdom Protista is currently divided into which of the following two broad categories?

Correct answers algae protozoans Incorrect answers Diatoms amoebas

Which domains are considered prokaryotes? Domain bacteria Domain Archaea domain eukarya

Domain bacteria Domain Archaea

T/F Within the kingdom Protista, the algae are monophyletic, meaning they form a coherent phylogenetic group of organisms that branch off from one single node.

False

is the following statement true or false? Most protists are single-celled, microscopic, prokaryotic organisms.

False

Cycads, shown here, are ancient plants with representatives in the fossil record dating back nearly 300 million years ago. These organisms belong to the group Plantae, which is what level of grouping?

Kingdom

Fill in the blank [blank] make up the most diverse kingdom in the domain Eukarya; this kingdom includes any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus. The organisms include heterotrophic groups such as euglenoids and amoebas, together termed the [blank] , and the phototrophic groups called the [blank]. Although most protists are single-celled and microscopic, they are not [blank].

Protists protozoans algae prokaryotes

T/F Is the following statement true or false? The kingdom Protista is so diverse that some researchers have proposed dividing it into multiple kingdoms.

True

T/F Is the following statement true or false? Many eukaryotes can reproduce sexually, whereas bacteria and archaeans reproduce asexually.

True

Which of the following protists are photosynthetic?

algae

fill in the blank Plants are descended from [blank] and have developed evolutionary adaptations to life on land. Plants use the sun's energy via [blank] and strengthen their cell walls with [blank]. The first plants were ancestors of present-day [blank] (such as mosses) and had relatively thin bodies and no root system.

algae photosynthesis cellulose bryophytes

Fill in the blank The prokaryotes are found in the domains Bacteria and [blank] . They are generally single-celled and do not contain a true [blank]. The domain [blank] includes the kingdoms Plantae and Animalia among others. This domain contains membrane-bound subcellular compartments, such as mitochondria and [blank], which carry out photosynthesis.

archaea nucleus eukarya chloroplasts

Fungi include which of the following phyla?

correct answer ascomycetes basidiomycetes incorrect answer bryophytes ciliates

Fungi have a unique mechanism of nutrient acquisition. They digest their food outside of their bodies and then absorb the nutrients. Which of the following mechanisms do they use to accomplish this?

correct answer hyphae mycelia incorrect answer small surface area bacteria

The ginseng plant in these images is classified as one of the four types of terrestrial plants (bryophyte, fern, gymnosperm, or angiosperm). Which of the following traits helps determine its classification?

correct answer it forms fruits from its flowers it has a large root system incorrect it grows very tall it is green and photosynthetic

Only ginseng plants such as those shown here that are five years or older can be legally harvested. Why is this

correct answer this allows plants sufficient time to reproduce and mature this promotes sustainable harvesting practices incorrect answers the roots are no longer toxic after 5 years the roots are more useful when the plants are older

To which kingdom and domain does this organism belong?

correct answer plantae eukarya incorrect answer protista bacteria

which of the following are generally true of most, but not all, protists

correct answers microscopic single-celled incorrect answers multicellular photosynthetic

Which of the following statements are true of fungi?

correct answers they are heterotrophic they absorb nutrients from the environment they secrete enzymes into the environment to decompose food incorrect answers they generally engulf their food whole and decompose it in a food vacuole they are often phototrophic

Which of the following is not a eukaryote?

cyanobacteria

Fill in the blank Fungi have a unique mechanism for acquiring nutrients. They digest their food outside of their bodies and take in the nutrients via absorption. As such, they thrive underground most of the year in the form of hairlike threads called [blank], which often form bundles called [blank]. Fungi can reproduce sexually or asexually. During reproduction, a [blank] forms, usually aboveground. This can be in a typical "mushroom" form, and it releases a large number of [blank] into the environment that can spread and will eventually develop into new fungal individuals.

hyphae mycelia fruiting body spores

It's been estimated that upwards of 80-90 percent of plants form associations with underground fungal structures. What are these mutualistic fungi called?

mycorrhizal fungi

Based on the phylogenetic tree, which of the following groups is more closely related?

red algae and green algae