chapter 16 Therapy

Psychoanalysis (Freud)

(1) Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. (2) Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique used in treating psychological disorders. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.

how does aversion conditioning and exposure therapy differ and what type of therapy do they both belong in

-An exposure therapy enables a more relaxed, positive response to an upsetting harmless stimulus. It helps you accept what you should do. -Aversive conditioning creates a negative (aversive) response to a harmful stimulus (such as alcohol). It helps you to learn what you should not do - both belong to behavior therapy type and both use conditioning

how does humanisitc therapies differ from psychodynamic

-Humanistic therapists aim to boost people's self-fulfillment by helping them grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance. - Promoting this growth, not curing illness, is the therapy focus. -The path to growth is taking immediate responsibility for one's feelings and actions, rather than uncovering hidden determinants. -Conscious thoughts are more important than the unconscious. -The present and future are more important than the past.

test beliefs

1. examine consequences ' 2. decatastrophize thinking

how can we improve communication in own relationships

1. paraphrase 2. invite clarification 3. reflect feelings

reveal beliefs

1. question your interpretation 2. rank your thoughts and emotions `

change beliefs

1. take appropriate responsibility 2. resist extremes

how is Cognitive behavior training effective

An effective CBT program for these emotional disorders trains people both to replace their catastrophizing thinking with more realistic appraisals, and, as homework, to practice behaviors that are incompatible with their problem A person might keep a log of daily situations associated with negative and positive emotions, and engage more in activities that lead to feeling good

example of exposure therapy

Behavioral psychologist Mary Cover Jones is working with 3-year-old Peter, who is petrified of rabbits and other furry objects. To rid Peter of his fear, Jones plans to associate the fear-evoking rabbit with the pleasurable, relaxed response associated with eating. As Peter begins his midafternoon snack, she introduces a caged rabbit on the other side of the huge room. Peter, eagerly munching away on his crackers and drinking his milk, hardly notices. On succeeding days, she gradually moves the rabbit closer and closer. Within two months, Peter is holding the rabbit in his lap, even stroking it while he eats. Moreover, his fear of other furry objects subsides as well, having been countered, or replaced, by a relaxed state that cannot coexist with fear

operant conditioning

Consequences strongly influence our voluntary behaviors. - therapists can practice behavior modification. They reinforce behaviors they consider desirable, and they fail to reinforce—or sometimes punish, behaviors they consider undesirable.

what do critics say about behavior modication

How durable are the behaviors? Will people become so dependent on extrinsic rewards that the desired behaviors will stop when reinforcers stop? Behavior modification advocates believe the behaviors will endure if therapists wean people from the tokens by shifting them toward other, real-life rewards, such as social approval. Is it right for one human to control another's behavior? Those who set up token economies deprive people of something they desire and decide which behaviors to reinforce. To critics, this whole process feels too authoritarian.

why is group therapy beneficial

It saves therapists' time and clients' money, It offers a social laboratory for exploring social behaviors and developing social skills. It enables people to see that others share their problems. It provides feedback as clients try out new ways of behaving.

Review: how do humanistic and psychodynamic differ

Psychodynamic therapists expect people's problems to diminish as they gain insight into their unresolved and unconscious tensions. Humanistic therapists expect problems to diminish as people get in touch with their feelings

how does client centered therapy promote growth

The therapist listens, without judging or interpreting, and refrains from directing the client toward certain insights. -Believing that most people possess the resources for growth, Rogers encouraged therapists to foster that growth by exhibiting acceptance, genuineness, and empathy. - clients deepen their self-understanding and self acceptance

what is an example of biomedical therapy

The therapist may explore a client's early relationships, encourage the client to adopt new ways of thinking, or coach the client in replacing old behaviors with new ones

what would a therapist urge the client to do if taking the psychotherapy route?

The therapist may explore a client's early relationships, encourage the client to adopt new ways of thinking, or coach the client in replacing old behaviors with new ones

what does resistance hint at

They hint that anxiety lurks and you are defending against sensitive material. The analyst will note your resistance and then provide insight into its meaning

progressive relaxation

You would learn to release tension in one muscle group after another, until you achieve a comfortable, complete relaxation

unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) - integrative therapy aims to later not only the way people think but also the way they act

what is the goal of cognitive therapies

aim to help people change their mind with new, more constructive ways of perceiving and interpreting events - changing their thinking can change functioning

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for privileges or treats.

Aversive conditioning therapy

associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol). - it helps you to learn what you should NOT do

counterconditioning

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

systematic desensitization

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid - gradually eliminating your fear by providing a relaxing stimulus

what principle is used in behavior therapies

classical conditioning techniques - maladaptive symptoms could be reconditioned

what is the humanistic technique used

client centered therapy

active listening

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy - interrupt only to restate and confirm feelings, to accept what is being expressed or to seek clarification

what is the humanistic perspective

emphasizing peoples innate potential for self fulfillment

what was the techniques of psychoanalysis

free association

What are self-help groups

groups that support each other emotionally

dialectical behavior therapy

helps change harmful and even suicidal behavior patterns

what are the basic themes of humanistic therapy

humanistic therapies attempt to reduce the inner conflicts that interfere with natural development and growth. To achieve this goal, humanistic therapists try to give clients new insights

transferring

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

how does aversive conditioning therapy work

it associates the unwanted behavior with unpleasant feelings

what does dialectical mean

means opposing and this therapy attempts to make peace between two opposing forces—acceptance and change. Therapists create an accepting and encouraging environment, helping clients feel they have an ally who will offer them constructive feedback and guidance

how had mental hospitals change since the 1800'

more humane treatement

exposure therapies

pairs the trigger stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with fear

what is an psycho dynamic technique

patients, who are estranged from themselves, therapists using psychodynamic techniques "are in a position to introduce them to themselves. We can restore their awareness of their own wishes and feelings, and their awareness, as well, of their reactions against those wishes and feelings.

biomedical therapy

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology

which therapies are insight therapies

psycho dynamic and humanistic

catastrophzing

relentless, overgeneralized, self-blaming behavior

what are the types of cognitive therapies

reveal belief test belief change beliefs

examples of self-help groups

small religious, interest groups -AA

how does cognitive therapy help people with depression

sought to reverse clients' negativity about themselves, their situations, and their futures. With this technique, gentle questioning seeks to reveal irrational thinking, and then to persuade people to remove the dark glasses through which they view life

stress inoculation training

teaching people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations - helps to change negative self-talk

interpretation

the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

what is resistance

the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material - mental blocks

psychodynamic therapists

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

insight therapies

therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.

client-centered therapy

therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.) -nondirective therapy - client leads discussion

group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction.

behavior therapies

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors - assume problem behavior are the problems

cognitive therapies

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

family therapy

therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

how do psychodyanmaic therapists try to help people

they try to help people understand their current symptoms by focusing on important relationships, including childhood experiences and the therapist-client relationship

psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

virtual reality exposure therapy

uses a simulation rather than the actual feared object or situation to help people conquer their fears

electic

using a blend of different therapies

what was the goals of psychoanalysis

was to help people bring these repressed issue and feelings into conscious awareness - helps them get insight of the origins of their disorder

can everyone benefit from positive talk

yes