Chapter 16

What did the Supreme Court mean when it declared during World War II that race was a "suspect classification"?

Any local, state, or national law using racial criteria was presumed to be unconstitutional unless it could be shown to be both necessary and compelling.

According to the Supreme Court in the Civil Rights Cases (1883) why was Congress unable to prohibit discrimination in public accommodations?

Congress cannot regulate public accommodations because they tend to be owned by private individuals.

Which of the following accurately describes a difference between de jure and de facto segregation/discrimination in the United States?

De jure segregation/discrimination is now fairly rare; de facto segregation/discrimination is now fairly common.

Which of the following laws would be the most likely to draw strict scrutiny from the Supreme Court when determining its constitutionality?

Government contracts must be awarded to a contractor who is a racial minority whenever at least 10 percent of the bidders are minority-owned businesses.

With respect to the U.S. Constitution, which of the following statements is accurate?

It pays little attention to guarantees of equality, and even includes provisions sustaining the institution of slavery and the noncitizen status of Native Americans.

In the Supreme Court case of Dred Scott v. Sandford in 1857, what claim was made by Chief Justice Roger Taney in his majority opinion?

The Founders believed that blacks had no rights that whites or government were bound to honor or respect.

Which of the following statements about women in political office is accurate?

The percentage of women holding public office has steadily increased since the 1970s.

In what ways are the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 similar?

They both sought equal rights for African Americans.

__________ argued many of the key civil rights cases before the Supreme Court on behalf of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and then later went on to become a justice of the Supreme Court.

Thurgood Marshall

Which of the following situations would most likely be a violation of Title IX?

a college that spends significantly more on sports programs for men than for women

At its core, the intent of the Fourteenth Amendment was to guarantee which of the following to former slaves?

citizenship rights

Women won the right to vote during which time frame?

decades after black males won the right to vote

Under the Fourteenth Amendment, states are prohibited from doing which of the following?

depriving anyone of life, liberty, or property arbitrarily

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 bans which of the following?

discrimination in public accommodations

A woman's right to an abortion is based on which constitutional ground?

due process

The civil rights movement, which pushed for racial equality, occurred at what point in history?

during the 1950s and 1960s

Under the intermediate scrutiny standard, government enactments that relied on gender would be constitutional under what condition?

if the use of gender were substantially related to an important governmental interest

What does the Lilly Ledbetter Act do?

makes it easier for someone to sue over gender-based pay discrimination

De facto segregation and discrimination is discrimination in __________.

practice

What was determined to be unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)?

racial quotas

What did the Supreme Court determine was unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education?

segregation of schools

In Shelby County v. Holder (2013) the Supreme Court overturned a key portion of which of the following laws that required states to pre-clear any changes to their election laws with the Department of Justice?

the 1965 Voting Rights Act

What provision of the Fourteenth Amendment serves as a cornerstone of our understanding of civil rights?

the equal protection clause

Which of the following is required of states as a result of the Fourteenth Amendment?

to guarantee equal protection of the law and due process of the law

What was the primary focus at the 1848 convention at Seneca Falls, New York?

women's rights