Chapter 16
Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time. A) only one B) one or two C) two D) several
D
The ________ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney. A) parathyroid B) thyroid C) salivary D) suprarenal E) pituitary
D
The outer layer of the adrenal gland is the A) follicle. B) lobe. C) medulla. D) cortex. E) infundibulum.
D
Which of the following substances acts as a second messenger? A) insulin B) ACTH C) epinephrine D) cyclic AMP E) TSH
D
Hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called A) gonadotropins. B) releasing hormones. C) inhibiting hormones. D) eicosanoids. E) steroids.
A
PRL is to ________ as ACTH is to ________. A) prolactin; corticotropin B) oxytocin; mammotropin C) gonadotropin; mammotropin D) oxytocin; cortisol
A
The hypothalamus is an important organ in both the ________ and ________ systems. A) endocrine; nervous B) cardiovascular; nervous C) renal; endocrine D) nervous; renal E) endocrine; lymphatic
A
The primary function of ADH is to A) increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys. B) decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys. C) decrease blood pressure. D) increase digestive absorption. E) delay urination.
B
The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) norepinephrine.
B
When blood glucose levels fall, A) insulin is released. B) glucagon is released. C) peripheral cells take up more glucose. D) protein synthesis increases. E) glucagon is released and protein synthesis increases.
B
Which of the following is released due to sensory input and thus part of a neuroendocrine reflex? A) FSH B) OXT C) TSH D) corticotropin E) somatotropin
B
Growth hormone does all of the following except A) promote bone growth. B) promote muscle growth. C) cause fat accumulation within adipocytes. D) promote amino acid uptake by cells.
C
The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by A) direct neural stimulation. B) indirect osmotic control. C) secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system. D) altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary. E) gap synaptic junctions.
C
The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the A) follicle. B) lobe. C) medulla. D) cortex. E) infundibulum.
C
The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is A) cortisol. B) somatotropin. C) insulin. D) glucagon. E) aldosterone.
C
Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the A) kidneys. B) heart. C) thyroid gland. D) gonads. E) pituitary gland.
C
All of the following are result of thyroid hormones except A) elevated rates of oxygen consumption and energy consumption. B) decreased heart rate and force of contraction. C) increased sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation. D) maintenance of normal sensitivity of respiratory centers. E) stimulation of red blood cell formation.
B
Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative except A) epinephrine. B) norepinephrine. C) thyroid hormone. D) thyroid-stimulating hormone. E) melatonin.
D
Extracellular membrane receptors are used by all of the following types of hormones except A) catecholamines. B) peptide hormones. C) leukotrienes. D) steroid hormones. E) prostaglandins.
D
Hormones known as "catecholamines" are A) lipids. B) peptides. C) steroids. D) amino acid derivatives. E) derivatives of reproductive glands.
D
Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called A) gonadotropins. B) prostaglandins. C) hepatic hormones. D) somatomedins. E) glucocorticoids.
D
The adrenal medulla produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) corticosteroids.
D
The intracellular protein ________ binds calcium ions. This complex can then activate enzymes. A) receptor B) cAMP C) G protein D) calmodulin E) ATP
D
The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually A) cAMP. B) cGMP. C) ATP. D) a G protein. E) calcium ion levels.
D
The most complex endocrine responses that integrate the nervous and endocrine system involve the A) thyroid gland. B) pancreas. C) adrenal glands. D) hypothalamus. E) thymus gland.
D
The two lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the A) follicle. B) infundibulum. C) eminence. D) isthmus. E) gap junctions.
D
Thyroid hormone contains the element A) fluorine. B) chlorine. C) iron. D) iodine. E) zinc.
D
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses. A) hormones; neurotransmitters B) neuropeptides; neurotransmitters C) neurotransmitters; hormones D) neurotransmitters; neuropeptides E) neuropeptides; neurohormones
A
Peptide hormones are A) composed of amino acids. B) produced by the adrenal glands. C) derived from the amino acid tyrosine. D) lipids. E) chemically related to cholesterol.
A
The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce ________ which ________ blood sugar. A) insulin; lowers B) glucagon; lowers C) insulin; raises D) glucagon; raises E) insulin; has no effect on
A
The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways. A) endocrine B) cardiovascular C) body D) muscular E) integumentary
A
The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are A) oxytocin. B) prolactin. C) luteinizing hormone. D) oxytocin and luteinizing hormone.
A
The ovaries secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH. A) estrogen B) progesterone C) testosterone D) oxytocin E) gonadotropins
A
The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.
A
The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) norepinephrine.
A
The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that A) stimulates the formation of white blood cells. B) increases the level of calcium ions in the blood. C) increases the level of sodium ions in the blood. D) increases the level of potassium ions in the blood. E) increases the level of glucose in the blood.
B
The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.
B
A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is A) parathyroid hormone. B) thyroxine. C) calcitonin. D) glucagon. E) oxytocin.
C
Neurons of the supra-optic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture A) CRF and GnRH. B) TSH and FSH. C) ADH and OXT. D) FSH and PRL. E) GHIH and GHRH.
C
Shelly has a hormone-secreting tumor of the adrenal gland. The tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, grow extensive body hair, and stop menstruating. This tumor probably involves cells of the A) zona glomerulosa. B) zona fasciculata. C) zona reticularis. D) adrenal medulla. E) pars intermedia.
C
Steroid hormones A) are proteins. B) cannot diffuse through cell membranes. C) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells. D) remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time. E) are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma.
C
The C cells of the thyroid gland produce A) thyroxine. B) TSH. C) calcitonin. D) PTH. E) triiodothyronine.
C
The Pancreatic polypeptide cells (PP cells) of the pancreatic islets produce A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) pancreatic polypeptide. D) cortisol. E) GH-IH.
C
The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.
C
The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) norepinephrine.
C
Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid A) arginine. B) thymine. C) tyrosine. D) alanine. E) glutamine.
C
When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the A) hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm. B) cell membrane becomes depolarized. C) second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. D) cell becomes inactive. E) hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA.
C
Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place? A) in lysosomes B) in rough endoplasmic reticulum C) in the lumen of the thyroid follicle D) in pinocytotic vesicles E) in apical microvilli
C
Which of the following is mismatched? A) direct communication � small solutes travel through gap junctions B) paracrine communication � molecules released in local area C) endocrine communication � target cells are directly adjacent to each other D) autocrine communication � limited to the cell that secretes the chemical signal E) synaptic communication � uses neurotransmitters that cross synapses
C
All of the following are true regarding the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans), except that they A) contain four types of endocrine cells. B) account for only a small percent of all pancreatic cells. C) produce enzymes that assist in digestion. D) release their products directly into the intestines. E) are vital for survival.
D
All target cells A) have hormone receptors. B) can respond to chemical signals. C) secrete hormones. D) have hormone receptors and can respond to chemical signals. E) secrete hormones and have hormone receptors.
D
Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex would result in A) the loss of axillary and pubic hair. B) increased volume of urine formation. C) decreased levels of sodium ion in the blood. D) decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose. E) increased water retention.
D
The hypophyseal portal system A) has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins. B) carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary. C) carries ADH and oxytocin. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers is correct.
D
) ________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues. A) Hormones B) Neuropeptides C) Neurotransmitters D) Paracrine factors E) None of the answers is correct.
A
Cortisol released from the zona fasciculata is converted by the liver to A) corticosterone. B) cortisone. C) corrinoid. D) calcitonin. E) coracoid.
B
Hormonal actions on cells can affect all of the following except A) increase levels of cAMP. B) decrease levels of calcium ions. C) increase ATP production. D) decrease gene transcription. E) decrease hormone release through negative feedback.
B
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is only secreted by the human pars intermedia A) in old age. B) in very young children. C) in times of stress. D) in healthy adults. E) when a person is exposed to UV radiation.
B
The adrenal medulla produces the hormones A) epinephrine and androgen. B) epinephrine and norepinephrine. C) corticosterone and testosterone. D) androgens and progesterone. E) norcortisol and cortisol.
B
Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood. A) thymosin B) calcitonin C) PTH D) aldosterone E) cortisol
C
Parathyroid hormone does all of the following except A) stimulate osteoclast activity. B) inhibit osteoblast activity. C) build up bone. D) stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys. E) enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys.
C
Receptors for all of the following hormones are found in the cell membranes of target cells except A) catecholamines. B) peptide hormones. C) steroid hormones. D) eicosanoids. E) tryptophan derivatives.
C
Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of A) antidiuretic hormone. B) calcitonin. C) aldosterone. D) cortisone. E) oxytocin.
C
Regulatory hormones that control secretion of anterior pituitary hormones are released by neurons at the ________ of the hypothalamus. A) paraventricular nuclei B) supra-optic nuclei C) median eminence D) infundibulum E) geniculate bodies
C
The anterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the A) hypothalamus. B) infundibulum. C) median eminence. D) adenohypophysis. E) neurohypophysis.
D
The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) somatotropin. D) digestive enzymes. E) bile.
D
The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is A) FSH. B) ADH. C) TSH. D) MSH. E) ACTH.
D
The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) growth hormone. D) parathyroid hormone. E) thyroid hormone.
D
The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.
D
The posterior pituitary gland secretes A) FSH. B) TSH. C) ACTH. D) ADH. E) MSH.
D
The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones? A) 3 B) 5 C) 7 D) 9 E) 16
D
When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes, A) ATP is consumed. B) cAMP is formed. C) cAMP is broken down. D) ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed. E) None of the answers is correct.
D
Which of the following organs does not contain target cells for oxytocin? A) prostate B) ductus deferens C) mammary glands D) uterus E) heart
E
Which of the following statements about the endocrine system is false? A) It has target cells that are mainly in distant tissues. B) It affects only cells with appropriate receptors. C) It releases secretions directly into body fluids. D) It is regulated by negative feedback mechanisms. E) It releases hormones, all of which are lipids, directly into the bloodstream.
E
Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of A) ACTH. B) ADH. C) OXT. D) TSH. E) LH.
B
Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking? A) thyroid glands; calcitonin B) parathyroid glands; calcitonin C) parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone D) thyroid glands; levothyroxine E) parathyroid glands; levothyroxine
C
Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein A) calcitonin. B) calcitriol. C) calmodulin. D) calcium-binding globulin. E) calcitropin.
C
Cells of the adrenal cortex produce A) epinephrine. B) norepinephrine. C) aldosterone. D) ACTH. E) angiotensin.
C
The testes produce A) LH. B) progesterone. C) testosterone. D) estrogen. E) FSH.
C
A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is A) cortisol. B) parathormone. C) thymosin. D) somatotropin. E) aldosterone.
E
A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following except A) the rate of glucose synthesis by the liver. B) the rate of glycogen formation by the liver. C) the level of fatty acids in the blood. D) fatty acid metabolism by muscle cells. E) ACTH levels.
E
All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't A) respond rapidly to stimuli. B) respond specifically to stimuli. C) communicate by the release of neurotransmitters. D) respond with motor output. E) function independently of the endocrine system.
E
An activated G protein can trigger all of the following except A) the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane. B) the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores. C) a fall in cAMP levels. D) a rise in cAMP levels. E) an increase ATP production.
E
Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include all of the following except A) peptides. B) steroids. C) eicosanoids. D) amino acid derivatives. E) carbohydrates.
E
If the pars intermedia of the pituitary is destroyed, the pituitary would no longer be able to secrete which of the following hormones? A) TSH B) ACTH C) PRL D) ADH E) MSH
E
Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release all of the following except A) FSH. B) TSH. C) LH. D) GH. E) OXT.
E
TSH plays a key role in ________ of thyroid hormones. A) only the inhibition B) only the production C) only the release D) both inhibition and production E) both production and release
E
The adrenal gland does not produce steroid hormones in A) the zona glomerulosa. B) the zona fasciculate. C) the zona reticularis. D) the cortex. E) the medulla.
E
The hormone oxytocin does all of the following except A) promotes uterine contractions. B) is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands. C) rises during sexual arousal. D) peaks at orgasm in both sexes. E) is responsive to osmoreceptors.
E
The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is A) TSH. B) FSH. C) OXT. D) ACTH. E) ADH.
E
The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is A) ACTH. B) MSH. C) prolactin. D) insulin. E) growth hormone.
E
The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) GH. D) FSH. E) PRL
E
The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the A) hypothalamus. B) infundibulum. C) median eminence. D) adenohypophysis. E) neurohypophysis.
E
Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system? A) cortisol B) parathyroid hormone C) insulin D) growth hormone E) epinephrine
E
Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues? A) increased oxygen consumption B) increased heart rate C) increased sensitivity to adrenergic stimulation D) increased body temperature E) All of the answers are correct.
E
All of the following are true of steroid hormones except that they A) are produced by the adrenal medulla. B) are derived from cholesterol. C) are produced by reproductive glands. D) bind to receptors within the cell. E) are lipids.
A
Destruction of the supra-optic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result? A) loss of ADH secretion B) loss of GH secretion C) loss of melatonin secretion D) loss of emotional response E) loss of regulatory factor secretion
A
The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is A) somatotropin. B) thyroxine. C) calcitonin. D) parathyroid hormone. E) glucagon.
B
A hormone that promotes glucose formation in the liver is A) aldosterone. B) erythropoietin. C) thymosin. D) cortisol. E) parathormone.
D
After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex, A) adenylyl cyclase is activated. B) cAMP is formed. C) G proteins are phosphorylated. D) gene transcription is initiated. E) ion channels are opened.
D
After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics which of the following hormones? A) aldosterone B) epinephrine C) renin D) ADH E) cortisol
D
