Chapter 17

How is the thyroid gland different from all other endocrine glands?

The thyroid gland stores its hormones extracellularly.

Atrial natriuretic peptide decreases excess blood volume and decreases blood pressure and high blood sodium by __________.

stimulating the kidney to increase its secretion of salt and its production of salty urine

Which portion of the adrenal gland secretes hormones that regulate blood pressure?

zona glomerulosa

Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol.

true

Which of the following statements concerning the endocrine glands is incorrect?

The hormones they secrete travel more quickly than nerve impulses.

Which of the following descriptions is true of diabetes insipidus?

The pars nervosa does not secrete sufficient ADH; dilute urine is produced.

What is the advantage of endocrine cells being arranged in clusters, cords, or branching networks?

These arrangements maximize endocrine cells' contact with large numbers of capillaries.

Class of hormones secreted during chronic stress that depress immune function.

glucocorticoids

Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback loop?

Oxytocin stimulates the uterus to contract, and contraction of the uterus stimulates further secretion of oxytocin.

The thymus is the organ where __________.

T lymphocytes mature from precursor cells

Physiological response to short-term versus long-term stress differs in which important way(s)?

The short-term stress response is triggered by catecholamines and causes an immediate increase in metabolic rate.

Pancreatic cell type that produces glucagon.

alpha cells

Which of the following hormones is secreted by cardiac muscle cells?

atrial natriuretic hormone

Pancreatic cell type that produces insulin.

beta cells

Vitamin D is synthesized and secreted by

epidermis

Kidney cells in the interstitial connective tissue between kidney tubules, or in endothelial cells of peritubular capillaries, secrete__________ to increase production of RBCs.

erythropoietin

An endocrine cell that secretes its hormone in response to the presence of another hormone is said to be controlled by humoral stimuli.

false

The hormone produced by the heart

increases the excretion of sodium in the urine.

Erythropoietin is produced in the

kidney

Which portion of the adrenal gland secretes hormones in response to "fight-or-flight" situations?

medulla

The major stimulus for the release of the amine hormones of the adrenal gland is

nervous.

Which endocrine gland stands out in X-ray images and helps radiologists get oriented in the brain?

pineal gland

Where in the human body do vitamin D precursors become fully activated ?

proximal kidney

A cell does not respond to the presence of a hormone if it lacked specific__________ molecules either on the plasma membrane or intracellularly.

receptor

Identify the bony structure where the pituitary gland is located.

sella turcica of the sphenoid

An example of hormonal stimuli is __________.

the hypothalamus secretes CRH that influences the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH, which then stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

Endocrine gland of the thorax that is also important in immune function.

thymus gland

Largest purely endocrine gland in the body.

thyroid gland

Class of hormones that regulates secretions of other endocrine glands.

tropic

All endocrine glands secrete their hormones into the bloodstream.

true

The heart contains endocrine cells that secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).

true

Blood calcium levels are regulated by calcitonin and parathyroid hormone. What treatment would you use to prevent loss of bone mass (osteoporosis)?

Increase calcitonin levels.

Which of the following is/are true of aldosterone?

It is secreted in response to a decline in blood volume or blood pressure. It is secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. It is a steroid hormone. It compensates for a decline in blood pressure or blood volume by prompting the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys to resorb more sodium into the blood.

In a positive feedback loop, if concentrations of a specific hormone increase, what is the response of the effector organ?

More of that hormone is secreted, which prompts further secretion of that hormone.

Growth hormone deficiencies are often treated by therapeutic administration, which of the following conditions would benefit from growth hormone injection?

Muscle wasting disease.