Chapter 17

remained flexible as masters adopted new technologies and circumvented impractical rules

according to recent scholarship, during the eighteenth century the guild system

doubled

between 1700 and 1835, Europe's population

in all regions

population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century occurred

poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods

the industrious revolution was a result of

large-scale enclosure as a necessary means to achieve progress

Arthur Young, an eighteenth-century agricultural experimentalist, advocated

France

Britain's great rival for influence in India in the eighteenth century was

took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples

Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas

the necessity to provide for a densely populated country

Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to

Who was the big territorial loser in the eighteenth-century wars for empire, such as the War of the Spanish Succession, the War of the Austrian Succession, and the Seven Years' War?

The big territorial loser in the eighteenth-century wars for empire, including the War of the Spanish Succession, the War of the Austrian Succession, and the Seven Years' War, was France. These conflicts resulted in the loss of various colonies and territories, diminishing France's imperial influence.

the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens

at the center of Adam Smith's arguments in "The Wealth of Nations" was the belief that

the Atlantic economy

between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed

came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in Spain

by the eighteenth century, the elite of Spanish colonial society

The rise of plantation agriculture is associated with

establishment of large-scale agricultural enterprises, particularly in the Americas. Plantation agriculture, characterized by the cultivation of cash crops (such as sugar, tobacco, and cotton) on extensive estates using enslaved labor, played a crucial role in the economic development of European colonies in the Americas, Africa, and the Caribbean during the colonial period.

the position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion

from 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France?

increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine

how did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?

more wars and likely fewer people

in Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in

guarded their guild privileges jealously

in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe, guild masters

improved water supply and sewage systems

in the eighteenth century, European public health measures

their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers

merchant capitalists complained bitterly about

Creoles

people of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas were referred to as

Which action, if carried out under the aegis of the state, would Adam Smith criticize?

proponent of laissez-faire economics, would likely criticize state intervention in economic affairs. Specifically, any attempt by the state to regulate markets, set prices, or control production would go against Smith's belief in the invisible hand of the market and the idea that individual self-interest leads to overall economic prosperity.

Per the terms of the 1713 Peace of Utrecht, Britain gained

ritain acquired Gibraltar and Minorca, solidifying its control over strategic naval positions. Additionally, Britain secured trading rights in the Spanish colonies, opening up new economic opportunitie

the size and strength of British naval power

the British won the American component of the Seven Years' War owing to

The seventeenth-century financial revolution entailed the

the development of joint-stock companies, the emergence of stock exchanges, and the establishment of central banks. It marked a shift towards more sophisticated financial instruments and paved the way for the capitalist economies that would follow.

become landless rural wage earners

the proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to

required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages

the spinning of thread for the loom

Treaty of Paris

the treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts was the

debt peonage in which landowners advanced food, shelter, and some money, in this way keeping the workers in perpetual debt

wealthy Spanish landowners kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of

he critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research

what was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century?

the rural poor worked for low wages

what was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?

an inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare

what was the result of the War of the Austrian Succession?

Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially

which of the following characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?

they were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children

which of the following characterizes the condition of peasants in Western Europe in the eighteenth century?

about 90 percent of slaves were transported to the Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3 percent brought to North America

which of the following characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas?

the elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners

which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure area?

the land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively

which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century?

masters began to hire more female workers, often in defiance of guild rules

which of the following describes the role of women in guilds in the eighteenth century?

convicted prisoners

who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia?

they faced political and economic of discrimination but were considered to be white Europeans and thus could not be enslaved

what was the status of Jews in European colonies in the eighteenth century?

landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently

in the eighteenth century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that

the British colonial empire

in the eighteenth century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with

gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies

the English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also

it permitted Europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas

why did European slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the eighteenth century?

the Dutch East India Company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe

why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?

was reserved for the male head of the household

within the family, the operation of the loom

London

in the eighteenth century, the West's largest and richest city was