Chapter 17: Blood

desribe the ABO blood groups

-A: anti B -B: anti A -AB: none -O: anti A & anti B antibodies: anti A & anti B

describe the Rh blood groups

-Rh+ or Rh- -protein in RBC -Rheusus

what are platelets?

-divided into peripheral,structural and organelle -helps blood clots

what are the classes of leukocytes?

-granulocytes: phagocytic --neutrophils: lobed (3) --eosinophils: lobed (red-2) --basophils: pick up dyes (blue-granules large) -agranulocytes: no visible granules; nucleus is round or u-shaped --lymphocytes:thin outer layer; large nucleus --monocytes: nucleus u or kidney shaped; light cytoplasm

desribe the structure and function of erythrocytes

-no nucleus -picks up oxygen in capillary beds of the lungs and releases it to tissue cells across the body -hemoglobin (oxygen) -ATP glycolysis -hormone erythroproietin (kidney)stimulates RBC

discuss the composition and functions of plasma

-other than 45% -water is main content -dissolved solutes in water --plasma proteins ---albumin:regulation of circulatory system ---globulins: antibodies in plasma ---fibrinogen:forms fibrin threads in blood clot --electrolytes: help to maintain plasma osmotic pressure and normoal blood pH

what are hemoglobin

-oxygen,iron,zinc -the protein that makes RBC red -binds easily and reversibly with oxygen, and most oxygen is carried in blood is bound to hemoglobin

describe the composition and physical characteristics of whole blood

-red, sticky, salty -pH: 7.4 (7.35-7.45) H+ ions -temp: 39'C/100.4'F -serum (no fibers) -plasma (has fibers) --formed elements (r&w) ---rbc: hematocrit (45%) rbc

what are the functions of blood?

-transportation of materials -protection --blood clots --blood cells (to fight bad cells) -regulation (temp & pH & fluid volume)

process of hemostasis

1.vascular spasms-muscle contracts,consticting blood vessel.2.platelet plug formation,underlying collagen is exposed, making platelets stick to it and releasing substances3.coagulation-the protein, fibrin is released,4. thrombin is eventually formed.5.plasmin degrades fibrin and destroys the clot.

what role does the unique structure of cardiac muscle play?

Cardiac muscle has what is known as intercalated disks. These connect heart muscle cells to each other, which allows an impulse (contraction) to move through the heart synchronously and therefore beat as it should.

Leukocyte disorders

Leukopenia-low white blood cell count leukemia-cancerous white blood cells

angina pectoris

a heart condition marked by paroxysms of chest pain due to reduced oxygen to the heart.

disorders from erythrocytes

anemias-blood has low oxygen carrying ability,low hemoglobin content, or abnormal hemoglobin

Describe changes in the sites of blood production and in the type of hemoglobin produced after birth.

before birth,blood is made in the liver, after, blood is made in the bone marrow.the blood binds to oxygen with greater affinity than the adult form, giving the developing fetus better access to oxygen from the mother's bloodstream.

explain why blood is classified as a connective tissue

blood is the only fluid tissue in the body. has both cellular and liquid components. is a specialized type of connective tissue in which living blood cells, called the formed elements, are suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix called plasma. the collagen and elastic fibers typical of other connective tissues are absent from blood, but dissolved fibrous proteins become visible as fibrin strands during blood clottine

fluids used to replace blood volume and circumstances for each's use

colloidal or crystalloid solution-fluid containing sugars,salt, and water. D5W-water and sugar.Hetastarch or pentastarch-water and amylopectin.Saline-salt and water.

what are the leukocytes

formed in bone marrow.occupies less than 1%; immuned defense(phagocytes); can go outside circulation and search for foreign materials.

hemostatic disorders

hemophilia-excessive bleeding and bruising Von Willebrand disease-doesnt have what makes platelets sticky thrombophilia- blood clots too easily

importance of blood testing as a diagnostic tool

if you have poisons, bacteria, viruses, or cancerous cells, they're going to be found in the circulatory system

pericarditis

inflammation of the pericardium

blood disorders that become more common as you get older

less fluid in bloodstream,so blood volume decreases. anemia.less white blood cells

explain the basis of transfusion reactions

when mismatched blood is infused, a transfusion reaction occurs in which the donor's rbc are attacked by the recipients plasma agglutinins. clogs small blood vessels in the body. (1) the o-carrying capability of the transfused rbc is disrupted or (2) the clumping of rbc in small vessels hinders blood flow to tissues beyond these points. can cause fevers, chills, low blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, nausea, vomiting, and general toxicity.