Chapter 17 Industrial Supremacy

Industrial workers at the turn of the century

were never very far from poverty.

Uriah S. Stephens founded the Knights of Labor to advocate for

workers

Which union represented the workers in the Homestead steel plant in the strike of the mid-1880s?

Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers

Who created the moving assembly line and introduced it to his manufacturing plants in 1914?

Henry Ford

Why did new high-speed freighters enable the U.S. and Canada to export greater amounts of wheat?

It was cheaper for overseas consumers to purchase North American wheat than to grow it themselves.

Which of the following is true of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?

It was launched in response to a wage cut.

Fluctuations in the economy beginning in 1873 made Americans begin to question

the power of monopoly.

Andrew Carnegie financed the acquisition of new businesses in part by

the sale of stock.

Which of the following brought about the collapse of the Pullman Strike?

the use of federal troops and the jailing of union leaders

Who among the following were main proponents of the theory of Social Darwinism?

- Herbert Spencer - William Graham Sumner

Which of the following are true of industrial workers at the turn of the century?

- Many former artisans found the new system impersonal and demeaning. - Many had trouble adjusting to the strict routines and repetitive tasks of modern industrial labor.

Which union suffered most in the aftermath of the Haymarket bombing?

Knights of Labor

The American Federation of Labor emerged as a rival of the

Knights of Labor.

Who believed that society's best hope lay in an active government engaged in positive planning?

Lester Frank Ward

Orville and Wilbur Wright's first successful airplane flight in 1903

took place near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.

Under a trust agreement, individual stockholders

transfer corporate stocks in exchange for shares in the trust.

Which group would most likely be rejected by the AFL?

unskilled workers

Which of the following events occurred during the Homestead strike of 1892?

- One radical made a failed attempt to assassinate Henry Clay Frick. - Henry Frick shut down the plant in an attempt to destroy the Amalgamated union. - The entire Pennsylvania National Guard was ordered to protect strikebreakers. - Hundred of guards hired by Homestead were defeated in a deadly battle with strikers.

Why did the modern corporation become popular among railroad magnates and other industrialists after the Civil War?

- They realized that their ventures could not be financed by a single person. - They liked the idea of being able to undertake big projects with manageable financial risk.

In the American business community at the end of the nineteenth century,

- economic power was centered in the hands of a very few men. - 1 percent of businesses controlled one-third of all manufacturing.

The new immigrants came to America in part to

- escape poverty. - find new economic opportunities. - escape oppression.

Which of the following are reasons that organized labor in the late nineteenth century failed to make greater gains?

- failure to represent a larger percentage of the workforce - powerful and wealthy corporations that had the support of all levels of government - tensions between ethnic and racial groups, which divided the work force - geographic mobility, which served to dilute institutional ties and class consciousness

Which of the following were developed to facilitate nineteenth-century corporate consolidation?

- holding companies - trusts - pools

In the late nineteenth century there was a massive migration into industrial cities. Where did these people come from?

- immigration from Europe - rural America - migration within North America

Which of the following contributed to the development of the first automobiles?

-gasoline -internal combustion engine

Which of the following are the primary goals of Taylorism?

-minimize worker errors -speed up the production process -make workers more interchangeable

Which technologies were invented in the late nineteenth century?

-typewriter -telephone -cash register

Thomas Edison and Charles F. Brush contributed to which revolutionary innovation of the late nineteenth century?

electricity

Henry George promoted a single tax on land to ensure the

equitable distribution of wealth.

Match the nineteenth-century industrialist to the appropriate industry.

Andrew Carnegie: Steel Issac Singer: sewing machine manufacturing Gustavus Swift: meatpacking John D. Rockefeller: oil

Baptist minister Russell H. Conwell believed that great wealth was available to

everyone.

The Knights of Labor ceased to exist as an organization after it

failed to win any meaningful concessions after a series of railroad and other strikes.

What caused American industry to expand during the late nineteenth century?

growth of the domestic market

Middle-class Americans were troubled by tactics of the Molly Maguires in part because they were

violent

The great wave of immigrants from abroad was primarily from

Europe

True or false: Industrial growth was hampered by a shortage of skilled workers.

False

True or false: The first gas-driven motor vehicle was built by Henry Ford in 1893.

False

Which country was home to most of the early advances in aviation technology?

France

America's first major national labor conflict was the

Great Railroad Strike.

How did limited liability entice investors to purchase stock?

It excused investors from debts beyond the money they invested.

What did late-nineteenth-century organized labor accomplish?

It helped establish an eight-hour workday for government employees.

What effect did the boom-and-bust cycle have on industrial workers?

It made their wages highly unstable.

Which of the following is true of Taylorism?

It organized industrial production into many simple tasks.

What effect did the moving assembly line have on factories?

It required workers to specialize.

Which of the following was a belief of Henry George?

Monopolies cause social problems.

Match the individual with his role in the development of the automotive industry.

Nicolaus August Otto: designed a gasoline-powered four-stroke engine Gottfried Daimler: created a portable internal combustion engine Henry Ford: completed the first of many cars in 1896 Charles and Frank Duryea: made the first gasoline-powered American automobile

Which group was most instrumental in quashing the Homestead Strike?

the National Guard

The "gospel of wealth" was essentially a gentle version of

Social Darwinism.

Which of the following was a tenet of the "gospel of wealth"?

The rich should make philanthropic donations to good causes.

How were Louisa May Alcott's works similar to Horatio Alger's rags-to-riches stories?

They featured characters with ambition and determination.

Which of the following was a criticism of monopolies?

They overpriced goods and services.

The first to adopt the new corporate form of organization was

the Pennsylvania and other railroads.

In what labor event did Eugene V. Debs play a major role?

the Pullman strike

Edward Bellamy described a vision for America in which

the government controlled all businesses.

True or false: Subsidies from federal, state, and local governments contributed to the expansion of the railroad system across the United States.

True

True or false: The characters in the works of Louisa May Alcott and Horatio Alger were ambitious and independent, but their works appealed to different sexes.

True

Which of the following is true of female employment in industry at the turn of the century?

Women worked in all areas of industry, but the textile industry remained their largest employer.

"Molly Maguires" refers to

a coal workers' militant labor organization.

The business structure of Standard Oil was a good example of

both vertical and horizontal organization.

What was John D. Rockefeller's answer to "cutthroat competition"?

consolidation

Like Horatio Alger's stories, Russell Conwell preached that individuals

could find wealth in their own backyards.

The Pullman strike of 1894 began when George Pullman, owner of the company,

cut wages by 25 percent and didn't reduce rent in company housing.

The Haymarket bombing resulted in

the labor movement being tied to anarchism in the minds of the American public.

Which of the following describes a form of corporate consolidation where a group of businesses that do the same thing are consolidated?

horizontal integration

What did Lester Frank Ward believe controlled society?

human intellect

Until its repeal in 1885, the Labor Contract Law

indebted many new immigrants to American businessmen.

The ideology of ________ stressed that every individual had a chance to succeed and attain great wealth.

individualism

Which of the following traditional American values was used to justify capitalism?

individualism

What factor contributed to industrial growth in the late nineteenth century?

invention of new technologies

The Knights of Labor were most interested in

long-range economic reform.

Which is a characteristic of modern business administration?

middle management

The theory of Social Darwinism

promoted the idea that capitalism offered all people a chance for great wealth.

The principal agent of industrial development in the late nineteenth century was

railroad expansion.

During the late nineteenth century, child labor in the United States was

regulated in factories, but standards were often ignored.

Which of the following best describes the researchers who staffed corporate research laboratories?

scientists and engineers who had lost their traditional forms of support

They overpriced goods and services.

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