chapter 17

The alimentary canal consists of four layers that are, beginning with the innermost tissues, the ____, submucosa, muscularis externa, and ____

mucosa serosa

True or false: Most absorption of digestive products occurs in the stomach.

False

Gastric secretion is controlled by the brain during the ______ phase, by the stomach in the ______ phase, and by the small intestine during the ______ phase.

cephalic; gastric; intestinal

The structures forming the lateral walls of the mouth, consisting of outer layers of skin, pads of subcutaneous fat, muscles associated with expression and chewing, and inner linings of moist, stratified squamous epithelium, are the

cheeks

A(n) ____ is a particle formed in the intestinal cells consisting of fat (mostly triglycerides) encased in protein. This particle allows absorption and transport of digestive fats in the body.

chylomicron

The soupy mixture of semidigested food formed in the stomach is known as

chyme

The process of breaking down foods, either mechanically or chemically, into forms that cell membranes can absorb is called

digestion

The pancreas secretes ______ by exocrine mechanisms, and ______ by endocrine mechanisms.

digestive enzymes; insulin

Which part of the digestive system functions in ingestion, speech, and respiration?

mouth

What do goblet cells secrete?

mucus

What is secreted by the large intestine?

mucus

The three parts of the pharynx are the ____, ____, and the ____

nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx

The liver is located in the right ______ quadrant of the abdominal cavity, just inferior to the ______.

upper; diaphragm

The first stage of swallowing is a(n) ____ action involving the tongue moving the bolus into the ____

voluntary oropharynx

The forceful ejection of stomach and intestinal contents from the mouth is called ______.

vomitting

When the stomach lining is irritated significantly, sensory signals are sent to the brainstem, and motor signals return to various structures to cause ______.

vomitting

Before food enters the esophagus, it passes through the lowermost portion of the pharynx, called the ______.

laryngopharynx

The ______ are highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening. They contain skeletal muscles and sensory receptors useful in judging the temperature and texture of foods.

lips

When responding to hormones such as insulin and glucagon, liver cells ______ blood glucose levels by polymerizing glucose to glycogen, and ______ blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen to glucose or by converting noncarbohydrates into glucose.

lower; raise

The strong and infrequent peristaltic movements in the large intestine that occur only two to three times each day are called ______.

mass movements

The motor functions of the alimentary canal are ____ movements that combine food with digestive fluids and ____ movements that move materials along the digestive tract.

mixing propelling

What are the two basic types of movement in the alimentary canal?

mixing and propelling

The large intestine's only significant secretion is ____

mucus

The liver is located mainly in the ______ quadrant of the abdominal cavity just ______ to the diaphragm.

upper right; inferior

Some of the unique aspects of the wall of the large intestine are that it ______ villi, it ______ teniae coli, and it ______ haustra.

lacks; has; has

The digestive organ that is about 1.5 meters long and begins in the lower right side of the abdominal cavity, where the ileum joins the cecum is the ______.

large intestine

The digestive organ that runs up the right side of the abdominal cavity, then across the top and down the left side before entering the pelvic cavity is the ____ ____

large intestine

The insulin-secreting accessory organ of the digestive system that is both an endocrine and exocrine gland is the

pancreas

Which accessory organ is located posterior to the parietal peritoneum and closely associated with the small intestine?

pancreas

Distension of the intestinal wall stimulates ______ reflexes that trigger the release of small intestine secretions.

parasympathetic

The cavity located posterior to the mouth, extending from the nasal cavity to the esophagus, is the ______.

pharynx

Openings at the ends of tubular gastric glands in the gastric mucosa, as indicated by the arrows are called gastric

pits

The common hepatic duct is formed by the convergence of which two structures?

right and left hepatic ducts

The substance that functions to moisten the mouth, clean the teeth, inhibit bacterial growth, and aid in swallowing by moistening food is called

saliva

The hormone that stimulates the pancreas to secrete an abundant amount of fluid rich in bicarbonate ions when acidic chyme enters the duodenum is

secretin

Small projections of the mucosa of the small intestine that increase the surface area of the intestinal lining are the intestinal

villi

A chylomicron is a _____ droplet surrounded by ______.

lipid; proteins

The roof of the mouth, that has a hard and soft component, is called the

palate

Tubular glands that open into gastric pits of the fundus and body of the stomach are called ____ glands

gastric

What stimulates goblet cells and intestinal glands to secrete their products?

Chyme provides both mechanical and chemical stimulation.

The largest segment of the stomach is the

body

The large intestine consists of the ______, ______, ______, and the anal canal.

cecum, colon, rectum

Secretions essential to stomach function are regulated in three phases: the ____ phase, the ____ phase and the ____ phase.

gastric cephalic intestinal

Identify the correct structural differences between the small intestine and the colon.

- The small intestine has villi and the large intestine does not. - The small intestine has two complete layers of muscle and the large intestine has one complete layer and one incomplete layer of muscle.

What is normally found in feces?

-bile pigments -unabsorbed nutrients -mucus -bacteria

Place the following structures in the correct order through which digested material would pass, with the first structure to receive material at the top.

1. cecum 2. colon 3. rectum 4. anal canal

Which is a tubular organ that extends from the pyloric sphincter to the beginning of the large intestine?

small intestine

Which organ absorbs the greatest amount of nutrients?

small intestine

The J-shaped, 25- to 30-centimeter long, pouchlike organ located inferior to the diaphragm in the upper-left portion of the abdominal cavity is the

stomach

What is the main function of the small intestine?

absorb nutrients

Which are functions of saliva? Select all that apply.

aids in swallowing cleanses mouth and teeth dissolves molecules so they can be tasted

List the substances absorbed from the stomach.

alcohol small volumes of water lipid-soluble drugs

The ______ part of the tongue is freely moveable.

anterior

The hormone secretin stimulates the pancreas to secrete a solution high in ______.

bicarbonate ions

Hepatic cells produce a yellowish-green liquid called ____ that assists with lipid digestion.

bile

The liquid that is created and secreted by the liver to help with lipid digestion is

bile

Of these components of feces, which is responsible for the color?

bile pigments

Once food is mixed with gastric juice, it is called

chyme

Stomach Liver

Gastro- Hepat-

Which are functions of the oral cavity?

Mastication, ingestion, chemical digestion

True or false: The large intestine has little or no digestive function.

True

The ____ of a tooth often thins from years of brushing, teeth grinding, and eating acidic foods.

enamel

Insulin Pancreatic juice

endocrine secretion exocrine secretion

The ____ is a straight muscular tube conveying food from pharynx to the stomach.

esophagus

Which structure has no digestive function, but conveys food to the stomach?

esophagus

Hepatic cells responding to the hormone insulin lower the blood glucose level by polymerizing glucose to form

glycogen

The mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine are called ______ cells.

goblet

Where is the parotid gland located?

in the cheek, just anterior to the ear

What is the function of bile salts?

increases surface area of fatty substances, allowing better access for lipase enzymes

The alimentary canal of the digestive system is controlled by which nervous system?

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

The hardest structures in the mouth that are not part of the skeletal system are called

teeth

What is the body of the stomach?

the largest portion of the stomach

Describe the primary function of bile salts. They serve ______.

to emulsify fats

The large muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity proper is called the

tongue

Most of swallowing is an autonomic reflex. What part of swallowing is voluntary?

tongue pushing food into the oropharynx

What are mass movements?

- Movements that can be caused by irritation of the intestinal mucosa. - Slow and strong movements that force intestinal contents toward the rectum. - Peristaltic waves of the large intestine that happen only two or three times each day. - Movements that generally follow a meal as a result of the gastrocolic reflex initiated in the small intestine.

The pancreatic enzyme that digests starch is called pancreatic ____

amylase

Serous cells in salivary glands secrete a fluid containing an enzyme called salivary ____which aids in digestion of starch and glycogen. Mucous cells secrete a thick liquid called ____ , which lubricates the food during swallowing.

amylase mucus

Enzymes in saliva begin the chemical digestion of ______ in the mouth.

carbohydrates

Pancreatic amylase breaks ______ down into ______.

carbohydrates; disaccharides

The right and left hepatic ducts converge to form the ____ hepatic duct.

common

Where is the pharynx located?

posterior to the oral cavity

Where is the pancreas located?

posterior to the stomach posterior to the parietal peritoneum

The movement of the small intestine that mixes its contents is called ____ , while the movement that propels its contents toward the large intestine is called ____

segmentation peristalsis

A salivary gland has two types of cells: ______ cells that produce a watery fluid containing salivary amylase to digest starch and glycogen, and ______ cells that produce a thicker secretion that binds food particles together and lubricates the bolus for swallowing.

serous; mucous