Chapter 17 Pathology Diseases of the Endocrine System

Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

-A failure of the adrenal gland to secrete appropriate levels of corticosteroid due to bleeding within the adrenal cortex -Usually affects children

Cretinism signs and symptoms

-Arrested physical and mental development -Dystrophy of the bones and lower basal metabolism

Graves' Disease

-Auto immune disorder in which antibodies are produced that stimulate growth of thyroid gland -Excessive growth results in excess of secretions -Type of Hyperthyroidism caused autoimmune attack on thyroid gland -Leading cause of overactive thyroid gland -Affects women 7x more than men -Peak age 25-40

Cancer of the Pancreas

-Begins in ducks that carry pancreatic creative juices -Often metastasizes to nearby lymph nodes, the peritoneum, liver & lungs -Silent killer-often no symptoms

Diabetes Insipidus

-Caused by a disorder between the Pituitary gland, and the kidneys -Uncommon condition, resulting from the inability of the kidneys to conserve water -Function of kidneys are controlled by the release of hormones from the antidiuretic hormone from the pituitary gland -Antidiuretic hormone is produced by the hypothalamus and stored/release by the pituitary gland

Diabetes Mellitus

-Caused by a disorder of the pancreas -May have a sweet smell to breath due to presence of acetone -Metabolic disorder in which the carbohydrate that break down into sugar -If untreated can lead to coma and death -Amputation of parts of the lower extremities is not uncommon and can also lead to renal failure

Hyperparathyroidism

-Condition in which the parathyroid gland, overproduces hormones

Postmortem Conditions Associated with Endocrine Gland Disorders

-Edema -Discoloration -Deformities -Circulatory Disturbances

Diabetic complications

-Elevated blood sugar levels -Excessive urination (Polyuria) -excessive thirst -increased appetite

Myxedema Signs and Symptoms

-Enlargement of the tongue -Coarse and thickened edematous skin -Slow speech -Puffiness of hands and feet

Goiter

-Excessive growth of the thyroid gland, due to a lack of iodine in the diet -More prevalent in developing countries that don't add iodine salt like in US -Enlargement of the thyroid gland is not associated with inflammation or cancer

Diabetes Insipidus symptoms

-Extreme thirst -Excessive urination

Acromegaly

-Hyperfunction of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland after ossification has been completed -Comes from Greek words, "extremities" "enlargement " -Chronic disease characterized by elongation and enlargement of bones of the extremities in certain headphones, especially the frontal bone and the jaws -Appears slowly overtime and caused by overproduction of human growth hormone -overproduction is caused by a benign tumor, known as an adenoma

Cretinism

-Hypothyroid condition of infants & children in the thyroid gland does not secrete sufficient amounts of thyroid gland -Result of iodine deficiency

Hypoparathyroidism Signs and Symptoms

-Numbness of the extremities and mouth -Fatigue -Weakness -Spasms

Giantism

-Overgrowth or overstimulation of the Pituary gland, producing excess amounts of growth, hormone resulting in abnormal growth of the body -Condition must begin in childhood; or bones will ossify & will not grow to excessive lengths -Maybe hereditary, nutritional deficiency renal insufficiency of disease of the skeleton

Characteristics of Pancreatic Cancer

-Pain in the abdomen or upper back -Jaundice -Dark urine -Weakness -Loss of appetite -Nausea -Vomiting -Weight loss

Dwarfism

-Pituary fails to secrete sufficient amount of growth hormone during growth years -Condition must begin in childhood; or bones will ossify & will not grow to excessive lengths -Maybe hereditary, nutritional deficiency renal insufficiency of disease of the skeleton

Addison's Disease

-Rare endocrine disorder -Occurs when the adrenal gland fails to produce enough cortisol or aldosterone hormones -Chronic adrenal insufficiency or Hypercortisolism identified in 1849 by Dr. Thomas Addison -70% are auto immune disorders -Adrenal Cortex gradually destroyed by body's immune system

Myxedema

-The clinical manifestation of hypothyroidism that includes an infiltration of the skin by a thick gelatinous substance formed from the bonding of water and mucopolysaccharides -Known as hypothyroidism and children - used to refer more to condition in adults -Usually results in iodine deficiency and diet excess of thyroid

Hyperparathyroidism Signs and Symptoms

-Weakness -Weight loss -fatigue -Muscle Atrophy -Kidney stones -Etc...

Addison's Disease Signs and Symptoms

Bronze discoloration of: lips, skin folds, mucous membranes etc.. -Salt cravings -Nausea -Diarrhea -Vomiting -Abdominal pain -Etc...

Endemic goiter also called Colloid Goiters

Colloid Goiters

Hypoparathyroidism

Condition in which the parathyroid gland, under produces hormones

Mucopolysaccharides

Gives skin a waxy appearance

Somatotropin

Human growth hormone

Graves disease most common signs

Hyperplasia

Cushing's Syndrome

Iatrogenic disorder of the adrenal glands due to chronic Glucocorticoid hormone therapy -Prednisone commonly prescribed steroid -Results from excess of the cortisol hormone -May also result from tumors of the adrenal or pituitary glands

Diabetes Mellitus Type I

Insulin dependent

Diabetes Mellitus Type II

Non-Insulin dependent

Hyperthyroidism

Overactive thyroid gland

Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome Characterized by

Septic bacterial infection with a rapidly deteriorating, progression, leading to cardiovascular, death or collapse -Congestion of blood vessels -Insufficient levels of platelets, disrupting blood clotting

Prednisone

Steroid for management of chronic diseases

Chvostek's signs and Trousseau's sign

Tests used to diagnose parathyroids disorders