Chapter 17 Special senses

Which vision problem is caused when the focus point is made before the retina? a. Normal eyes (emmetropic eye) b. Short vision (myopia) c. Far vision (hyperopia)

b. Short vision (myopia)

Vibrations of the ______membrane causes vibration of hair cells

basilar membrane

Photoreceptors consist of?

cones & rods

What is opsin?

protein that makes the structure of the eye

Posterior portion of fibrous tunic that protects the eyeball & the retina/neural tunic layer & serves as a muscles attachment site. (*white part of eyes)

sclera

Function of ganglion cells?

sends the signal through optic nerve to the brain

What is myopia

short vision

The vestibulocochlear nerve (CNVIII) travels to which lobe?

temporal lobe

Roughly there are ______cones that form the posterior surface of the retina

6 millions

Photoreceptor that works during the day & provides color vision

Cone photoreceptor of retina

The two layers that make up the neural tunic/retina (inner layer)?

Pigmented & Neural layer

Photoreceptor that works at night in dim light & peripheral vision (side vision)

Rods photoreceptor of retina

Why do the Photoreceptor cones allow you to see in color?

They contain blue, green, & red cones

What type of lens corrects hyperopia? a. converging lens b. diverging lens c. emmetropa lens d. refracted lens

a. converging lens (corrects far vision)

What 3 parts make up the vascular tunic? (middle layer)

choroid, ciliary body, & iris.

This receptors in the _____detect changes in rotational acceleration. a. utricle b. vestibule c. cochlea d. ampulla of semicircular canals

d. ampulla of semicircular canals

When light is bent(refracted) or changes direction a. accommodation b. refraction c. focal point d. focal distance

refraction

Beginning of the visual pathway;contains rods & cones?

retina/neural tunic layer

What 3 parts make up the eyeball?

wall of eye, lens, & two cavities (internal chambers & fluids)

What type of lens corrects myopoia? a. converging lens b. diverging lens c. emmetropa lens d. refracted lens

(b) diverging lens (corrects short vison)

There are approximately ______ rods that form the retina

125 million

anterior portion of vascular tunic that contains the smooth muscles known as the ciliary muscles?

Ciliary body

part of the eye that contains concentration of melanin? (*color)

Iris

What structure regulates the amount of light that passes to the photoreceptors? a. cornea b. ciliary muscle c. lens d. iris

Iris (because the iris is a smooth muscle that can contract or dilate the pupils controlling the amount of light that passes through)

Where can rhodopsin be found?

It inside the discs that make up the outer segment of rods & cones.

The rapid control of equilibrium (as when running) is maintained primaryly as a result of the sensory information coming from a. vestibular apparatus b. the ears c. propriocepters in the neck d. propriocepters in the back

a. vestibular apparatus (because it provides info about your position w/gravity)

We focus images on the retina by changing the shape of the lens. This process is called? a. accommodation b. refraction c. focal point d. focal distance

accommodation

Air sac that contains receptors stimulated by rotation of the head

ampulla

________ is fluid that circulates the anterior chamber/cavity and is secreted from _______.

aqueous humor; ciliary process

Hearing & head equilibrium is in what sensory cortex & in what lobe?

auditory cortex in partiel lobe

malleus, incus, & stapes make up ______of the middle ear. a. vestibule b. semicircular canals c. eustachian tubes d. auditory ossicles

auditory ossicles (middle ear)

Which cochlea duct that contains Organ Corti (organ receptor) for hearing? a. vestibular duct b. cochlear duct c. tympanic duct

b. cochlear duct

Which auditory ossicles connects to oval window? a. incus b. stapes c. malleus

b. stapes (middle ear)

Which of the following nerves is for head rotation? a. optic nerve b. vestibule branch nerve c. cochlear branch nerve d. trochlear nerve

b. vestibule branch nerve

Inferior membrane that separates the cochlear from the tympanic duct a. basilar membrane b. cochlea membrane c. tectorial membrane

basilar membrane

Which vision problem is caused when the focus point is made behind the retina? a. Normal eyes (emmetropic eye) b. Short vision (myopia) c. Far vision (hyperopia)

c. Far vision (hyperopia)

which of the followings is an auditory nerve? a. optic nerve b. vestibule branch nerve c. cochlear branch nerve d. trochlear nerve

c. cochlear branch nerve

To focus on near object, the ciliary muscle _____and the lens _____. a. contracts; flattens b. relaxes; flattens c. contracts; becomes rounder d. relaxes; becomes rounder

c. contracts; becomes rounder

Which auditory ossicles attaches(touches) the tympanic membrane? a. incus b. stapes c. malleus

c. malleus (middle ear)

superior membrane that is firmly attached to the inner wall of the cochlear & touches the hair cells? a. basilar membrane b. cochlea membrane c. tectorial membrane

c. tectorial membrane

The round window in the ear can be found where? a. vesticular duct b. cochlear duct c. tympanic duct

c. tympanic duct

small depression that contains highest concentration of cone. Aka sharpest vision. a. optic disc b. outer segment c. inner segment d. center fovea

center fovea (sharpest vision)

Posterior portion of the vascular tunic that is highly vascular, so the blood vessels help absorb light to prevent it from scattering within the eye.

choroid

posterior portion of the vascular tunic

choroids

Smooth muscle that alters the shape of the lens

ciliary muscle

What smooth muscle changes the shape of the lens during contraction & relaxation?

ciliary muscle

Rounder lens are for ______vision, while flattened lens are for _______vision.

close. distant

Anterior portion of fibrous tunic that forms a window & lets light in eyeball?

cornea

Transparent portion of the fibrous tunic

cornea

part of fibrous tunic that can be donated with out problems because its avasuclar.

cornea

What part of the eye can be transported as a donor without rejection? Like a kidney or liver

cornea (because it contains no blood vessels or blood)

What kind of accommodation makes the point on the photo receptor? a. emmetropic (normal vision) b. myopia (short vision) c. hyperopia (far vision)

emmetropic eye (normal eye)

The middle ear communicates with the nasopharynx (oral cavity) through the a. auricle b. bony labyrinth c. auditory meatus d. eustachain (auditory) tube

eustachain tube

This part of the middle ear reduces (equalize) pressure inside the eardrum with that outside the eardrum a. eustachain tube b. semicircular canals c. eustachian tubes d. auditory ossicles

eustachain tube (middle ear)

what are 2 reasons for myopia?

eyeball too large & rounded retina

What part of the wall of eye is made up of collagen fibers? a. fibrous tunic (outermost layer) b. vascular tunic (middle layer) c. neural tunic/retina (inner layer)

fibrous tunic

The 3 layers that make up the wall of eyeball?

fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, neural/retina tunic

Distance between the lens & focal point? a. accommodation b. refraction c. focal point d. focal distance

focal distance

specific point on the retina? a. accommodation b. refraction c. focal point d. focal distance

focal point

Which auditory ossicles connects between malleus & stapes?

incus (middle ear)

The structure of rods & cones is divided into?

inner & outer segements

The vestibule, semicircular canals, & cochlea make up what part of the ear?

inner ear

Which part of the ear is for equilibrium & hearing?

inner ear

Name two kind of muscles in eyeball?

iris & ciliary muscle

Most anterior portion of vascular tunic that changes the size of the pupil?

iris (is another smooth muscle that can change shape)

What structure regulates the focus of light or visual images on the photoreceptors? a. cornea b. ciliary muscle c. lens d. iris

lens

The optic nerve is made out of and where is its location?

long axons of ganglion cells. located in optic disc

Area of the retina where visual image arrives after it passes through the cornea & lens? Only contains cones no rods. a. macula lutea b. Center Fovea c. Choroid d. Sclera

macula lutea

Function of bipolar cells?

makes the connection between the photoreceptors & ganglion

What is retinal?

makes the signal for vision. It absorbs & creates visual image

What 3 bones does the middle ear have?

malleus, incus, & stapes

Which part of the ear converts sound waves into mechanical movements?

middle ear

Inner most layer of wall of eyeball that contains photo receptors?

neural/retina tunic

What 2 parts makes up rhodopsin?

opsin & retinal

Part of eye that lacks photoreceptors & light sometime is referred to as the blind spot

optic disc (location of optic nerve)

Part of the ear that collects & directs sounds waves? (allows energy to pass through.

outer ear

Tympanic membrane is located in what part of the ear?

outer ear

Which part of rods & cones make the vision?

outer segment

entrance of the cochlea is know as the ______window.

oval

What are the three neurons that make up the neural/retina tunic?

photoreceptors, bipolar cells, & ganglion cells

Outer layer of the neural/retina tunic that absorbs light?

pigmented layer

If you go outside, which eye muscle contracts?

pupillary constrictor muscle known as sphincter. (too much light so the it constricts)

If the lights are turned off, which eye muscle contracts?

pupillary dilator muscle known as radial. (less light so the it dilates to let light in)

pigment molecule synthesized from vitamin A

retinal

What are the 2 equilibrium of hearing?

rotation & respect to gravity

pressure in the cochlea is relieved from the _____window

round

______is a thin, membranous partition that separates the perilymph of the cochlear chamber from the filled middle ear?

round window

During ciliary (muscle) contraction the lens becomes _______; Relaxation of ciliary (muscle) the lens becomes ________.

rounder. flatter.

Attachment site for the extrinsic eye muscles?

sclera

sound waves are converted into mechanical movement by the?

tympanic membrane (outer ear)

What 3 tubes (ducts) does the cochlea of the inner ear contain?

vestibular duct, cochlear duct, & tympanic duct

provides information about your position with respect to gravity

vestibule (inner ear)

Movement of the stapes at the oval window establishes pressure waves in what part of the ear? a. vesticular duct b. cochlear duct c. tympanic duct

vesticular duct

Posterior chamber/cavity is filled with_______ that supports & holds the lens in place against the pigmented layer.

vitreous humor