Chapter 17 The Endocrine System
What goes wrong in the function of insulin in type 2 diabetes?
Insulin is overproduced.
Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone?
TSH
Which hormone is released by the pituitary to stimulate the thyroid gland?
Thyroid-stimulating hormone.
Cushing's disease is a disorder caused by
abnormally high levels of cortisol
The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ
kidneys
When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates
the activity of osteoclasts
. A newly developed pesticide has been observed to bind to an intracellular hormone receptor. If ingested, residue from this pesticide could disrupt levels of
thyroid hormone
How many hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?
0
A small molecule binds to a G protein, preventing its activation. What direct effect will this have on signaling that involves cAMP?
Adenylyl cyclase will not be activated.
Which hormone produced by the adrenal glands is responsible for mobilization of energy stores?
Cortisol
Which of the following statements about insulin is true
Insulin facilitates the movement of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane
Which of the following statements about the thyroid gland is true?
It is located anterior to the trachea and inferior to the larynx, The parathyroid glands are embedded within it, It manufactures three hormones
Which of the following hormones contributes to the regulation of the body's fluid and electrolyte balance?
antidiuretic hormone
The walls of the atria produce which hormone
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Athletes may take synthetic EPO to boost their
blood oxygen levels
Hormones produced by the thymus play a role in the
development of T cells
The production of FSH by the anterior pituitary is reduced by which hormone
inhibin
A student is in a car accident, and although not hurt, immediately experiences pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and rapid breathing. What type of endocrine system stimulus did the student receive?
neural
Which of the following responses s not part of the fight-or-flight response
reduced mental activity
Compare and contrast endocrine and exocrine glands.
Endocrine glands are ductless. They release their secretion into the surrounding fluid, from which it enters the bloodstream or lymph to travel to distant cells. Moreover, the secretions of endocrine glands are hormones. Exocrine glands release their secretions through a duct that delivers the secretion to the target location. Moreover, the secretions of exocrine glands are not hormones, but compounds that have an immediate physiologic function. For example, pancreatic juice contains enzymes that help digest food.
What should you avoid doing in the middle of your sleep cycle that would lower melatonin?
Turning on the lights.
Iodide ions cross from the bloodstream into follicle cells via
active transport
What is the secondary messenger made by adenylyl cyclase during the activation of liver cells by epinephrine?
cAMP
What secretory cell type is found in the adrenal medulla
chromaffin cells
In the elderly, decreased thyroid function causes
decreased basal metabolic rate
The production of melatonin is inhibited by
exposure to bright light
Which of the following can result from hyperparathyroidism
fractures
If an autoimmune disorder targets the alpha cells, production of which hormone would be directly affected
glucagon
The end result of the RAAS is to
increase blood pressure
The hypothalamus is functionally and anatomically connected to the posterior pituitary lobe by a bridge of
nerve axons
The anterior pituitary gland develops from which embryonic germ layer
oral ectoderm
Chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called
paracrine
What cells secrete melatonin
pinealocytes
The function of the placental hormone human placental lactogen (hPL) is to
prepare the breasts for lactation
The secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by
TSH from the anterior pituitary
Describe several main differences in the communication methods used by the endocrine system and the nervous system.
The endocrine system uses chemical signals called hormones to convey information from one part of the body to a distant part of the body. Hormones are released from the endocrine cell into the extracellular environment, but then travel in the bloodstream to target tissues. This communication and response can take seconds to days. In contrast, neurons transmit electrical signals along their axons. At the axon terminal, the electrical signal prompts the release of a chemical signal called a neurotransmitter that carries the message across the synaptic cleft to elicit a response in the neighboring cell. This method of communication is nearly instantaneous, of very brief duration, and is highly specific.
Endocrine Glands
secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream
The gonads produce what class of hormones
steroid hormones
The development of a goiter indicates that
there is an excessive accumulation of colloid in the thyroid follicles
True or false: Neurotransmitters are a special class of paracrines. Explain your answer
True. Neurotransmitters can be classified as paracrines because, upon their release from a neuron's axon terminals, they travel across a microscopically small cleft to exert their effect on a nearby neuron or muscle cell.
