Chapter 18

Centrifuged Blood 2 In the centrifuged sample of blood illustrated, which number indicates the layer containing water, plasma proteins, nutrients, and waste products?

1

Functions of Blood: Carbon Dioxide and Hormones Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones?

Transportation

Blood Types: Inheritance The ABO and Rh blood types are inherited independently of each other.

True

Recycling of RBCs Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes? (Order is not important.) a: The heme group is converted into biliverdin. b: Bilirubin is placed in long-term storage in the liver. c: The iron ions in hemoglobin are removed. d: The iron ions are stored in the liver. e: The iron ions are stored in the red bone marrow. f: Membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down and reused. g: The erythrocyte contents, excluding the globins, are excreted unchanged via the digestive tract.

a, c, d, f

Changes in Hematocrit An individual's hematocrit would vary with

age. sex. altitude. All of the choices are correct.

Erythropoiesis Which depicts the order of cell formation in erythropoiesis? a: Proerythroblast b: Normoblast c: Myeloid stem cell d: Reticulocyte e: Erythroblast f: Mature erythrocytec

c, a, e, b, d, f

Platelet Plug Formation During platelet plug formation, platelets begin to stick to

collagen with the assistance of von Willebrand factor.

Clotting Pathways: Formation of Fibrin Polymer The formation of a web-like polymer of fibrin occurs late in the ________ pathway.

common

Color of Blood: Oxygen-Poor Oxygen-poor blood is _________ in color.

dark red

Nervous System Response to Blood Loss When over 10% of the body's blood has been lost, a survival response occurs involving activation of the ________ nervous system.

sympathetic

Hemostasis: First Phase The first phase in hemostasis is

vascular spasm.

Role of ANS During Blood Loss To compensate for significant blood loss, the autonomic nervous system triggers

vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate.

Congenital Hemolytic Anemia Congenital hemolytic anemia is

when destruction of erythrocytes is more rapid than normal.

Clinical Measurements When trying to diagnose an infection that alters the percentages of leukocyte types found in the blood, it is useful for clinicians to perform a

white blood cell differential count.

Transfusion Reactions: Application Which is going to result in significant agglutination?

Donor is type AB, recipient is type B

Origin of Macrophages Macrophages are the converted monocytes that phagocytize bacteria, cell fragments, dead cells, and debris.

True

Platelet Plug Formation: Speed For a relatively small injury, a platelet plug is formed within 1 minute.

True

Changes in COP: Application - Malnourished A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. As a result, colloid osmotic pressure

decreases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space.

Function of Leukocytes The main function of leukocytes is to

defend against pathogens.

WBC Active During Bacterial Infection The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection is a(n)

neutrophil

Function of Prostacyclin Prostacyclin is an eicosanoid that acts as a

platelet repellant.

Buffy Coat The "buffy coat" in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of

platelets and leukocytes.

Classification of Glucose Glucose is a

polar molecule, and therefore it dissolves readily in plasma.

Extensions from Megakaryocytes Extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in red marrow are sliced off from the cells by the force of blood flow. These extensions are

proplatelets

Length of Vascular Spasm Vascular spasms last

several minutes when tissue damage is extensive.

Blood Development In fetal development, hemocytoblasts begin to colonize red mone marrow at approximately

10 weeks.

RBC Life Span The life span of an erythrocyte is about _________ days.

120

Temperature of Blood vs. Body Temperature The temperature of blood is about _________ than measured body temperature.

1° C higher

Abundance of Globulins The globulins make up about ________ percent of all plasma proteins.

37

Hb Functions How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?

4

Hb Structure How many globins (protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecule? 1

4

Amount of Blood in Body Typically, an adult's body contains _______ of blood.

5 liters

Composition of Blood: Plasma Plasma makes up about ______ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood.

55

Percentage of Water in Plasma Which most closely approximates the percentage of water in plasma by weight?

92%

Leukocytes that Releases Histamine Which type of leukocyte releases histamine?

Basophil

Least Abundant Leukocyte Which are the least numerous of the leukocytes?

Basophils

Blood Types The blood type of a person missing the surface antigen D is Rh-positive.

False

Characteristics of Platelets Platelets are roughly the same size as erythrocytes, and like erythrocytes, they eject their nucleus just before entering circulation.

False

Extrinsic Clotting Pathway The extrinsic pathway is a clotting system that is initiated by chemicals that come from outside the body.

False

Functions of Blood: Antigen-Antibody Reaction The antigen-antibody reaction is an example of the regulation function of blood.

False

Leukopoiesis Natural killer cells derive from T-lymphoblasts and monocytes derive from the granulocyte line.

False

Location of RBCs in Centrifuged Blood When viewing a centrifuged blood sample, the erythrocytes will be on the top.

False

M-CSF Function M-CSF is a growth factor that stimulates the production of monocytes from myeloblast cells.

False

Centrifuged Blood 3 In the centrifuged sample of blood illustrated, what blood components are contained in the layer labeled number 3?

Leukocytes and platelets

Role of Growth Factors The growth factor that increases the formation of erythrocytes, all classes of granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets from myeloid stem cells is

Multi-CSF.

Most Abundant Leukocyte Which are the most numerous of the leukocytes?

Neutrophils

WBCs Derived from Myeloid Line Which leukocytes are derived from the myeloid line?

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

Functions of Blood: Leukocytes Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies?

Protection

Common Clotting Pathway Which of the following is a step within the common pathway of blood clotting?

Prothrombin is activated to thrombin.

Clotting Pathways: Factor III and Factor VII Which clotting pathway involves the combining of thromboplastin (factor III) with factor VII and calcium?

The extrinsic pathway

Clotting Pathways: Speed Which clotting pathway involves more steps and takes more time (approximately 5 minutes)?

The intrinsic pathway

Classification of Colony-Stimulating Factors Most colony-stimulating factors are growth factors.

True

Classification of Platelets Platelets are formed elements

True

Functions of Blood: pH and Temperature Blood helps regulate the pH and the temperature of the body.

True

GM-CSF Function The GM-CSF growth factor accelerates the formation of all granulocytes and monocytes from their progenitor cells.

True

Lymphocyte Production During hemopoiesis, the lymphoid line forms lymphocytes only.

True

Marrow Amount vs. Age Compared to young adults, older individuals have relatively less red bone marrow.

True

Nutrients in Plasma Iron, lactic acid, and lipids are all considered to be nutrients in blood plasma.

True

RBC Life Cycle: Lifespan Erythrocytes exhibit a limited lifespan due to their inability to synthesize the proteins necessary to repair themselves.

True

Reticulocytes A reticulocyte is a cell formed during erythropoiesis that has lost its nucleus and all organelles except some ribosomes.

True

Role of Antibodies Simply put, antibodies are molecules on the lookout for antigens.

True

Vascular Spasm Vascular spasm is triggered by blood vessel injury and further triggered by the release of serotonin.

True

Characteristics of O Blood Which are characteristics of type O blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes

a, b, e

Granulocytes Which leukocytes are granulocytes? a: Neutrophils b: Eosinophils c: Lymphocytes d: Monocytes e: Basophils f: Erythrocytes

a, b, e

Most Abundant Plasma Proteins The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the

albumins

Characteristics of Leukocytes Which are characteristic of leukocytes? a: Smaller than erythrocytes b: Have a nucleus c: Have no hemoglobin d: More numerous than erythrocytes e: Depending on type, may or may not contain granules

b, c, e

Characteristics of A Blood Which are characteristic of type A blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen B on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes f: Will agglutinate with blood type B

b, c, f

Characteristics of Rh-Negative Blood Which are characteristic of type Rh negative blood? a: Always has Rh (anti-D) antibodies b: Only under certain conditions will Rh (anti-D) antibodies be present c: Always has Rh (D) antigen d: Only under certain conditions will the Rh (D) antigen be present e: Is inherited independent of the ABO group

b, e

pH of Blood Blood plasma is slightly _______; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of _______ .

basic, proteins

Hemostasis: First Phase Events The first phase of hemostasis involves

blood vessel constriction.

Role of Hb The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to

both oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Blood Pressure Changes One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will

decrease

Changes in Plasma Abundance: Application If a patient becomes dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged sample of his or her blood would likely

decrease

Changes with Age In many of the elderly, leukocytes appear to be

decreased in number and less efficient.

Changes in Platelets During Platelet Plug Formation As a platelet plug forms at an injury site, platelets become activated and their cytosol

degranulates as they release chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2.

Fibrinolysis Fibrinolysis involves ________ of the fibrin framework, and it involves the protein _______.

destruction, plasmin

Viscosity of Blood The viscosity of blood is ________ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and _______ proportional to the amount of fluid.

directly, indirectly

Classification of Sodium, Calcium, and Bicarbonate Sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate are all described as plasma

electrolytes.

Centrifuged Blood 1 In the centrifuged sample of blood illustrated, number 2 indicates

erythrocytes

Most Numerous Formed Element The most numerous of the formed elements are the

erythrocytes

Defintion of Hematocrit The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of

erythrocytes in the blood.

Components of Blood: After Centrifugation When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds the

erythrocytes.

Hemopoiesis Location vs. Age In young children, hemopoiesis occurs in most of their bones, but in adulthood it primarily occurs in

flat bones of the axial skeleton.

Location of Agglutinogens The agglutinogens (or antigens) that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are

found on the surface of erythrocytes.

Carbon Dioxide Transport by Hb The carbon dioxide molecules that bind to the hemoglobin molecule are attached to the __________ units.

globin

Production of Formed Elements The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called

hemopoiesis

Role of Platelets Platelets play a key role in _________, but if they are not used they are broken down after about ________ days.

hemostasis, 9

Effects of Blood Doping One of the unhealthy effects of blood doping is to

increase the viscosity of the blood.

Characteristics and Functions of Globulins Beta-globulins transport ________, whereas gamma-globulins are ________.

iron ions, antibodies

Erythrocytes as Formed Elements The reason it is more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a "formed element" rather than a "cell" is that erythrocytes

lack a nucleus and organelles.

Leukocyte Characteristics Leukocytes are the _______ of the formed elements, and leukocytes have ______________.

largest, prominent nuclei

RBC Life Cycle Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the

liver and spleen.

Classification of T-Lymphocytes T-lymphocytes are a category of

lymphocytes

Leukocyte Becomes Macrophage The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n)

monocyte

Function of Macrophage CSF Macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates the production of

monocytes from monoblasts.

Formation of Granulocytes In hemopoiesis, granulocytes such as neutrophils are formed from the _________ line.

myeloid

Agglutination After Transfusion If agglutination occurs after a blood transfusion, it may indicate

the wrong blood type was used.

Clinical vs. True Hematocrit A comparison of the clinical hematocrit and true hematocrit would indicate that

their values are very similar.

Blood Classification Blood is correctly classified as a(n)

tissue