Chapter 18 & 19
Pure Food and Drug Act
1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.
Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
Taft cabinet members who had fought over conservation efforts and how much effort and money should be put into conserving national resources
Who was the leader of the National Woman's Party, an organization that employed militant tactics in favor of women's suffrage?
Alice Paul
Samuel "Golden Rule" Jones
American Political reformer - advanced employee-management relations
Frederick Winslow Taylor
American mechanical engineer, who wanted to improve industrial efficiency. He is known as the father of scientific management, and was one of the first management consultants. Eroded freedom of the skilled workers.
Theodore Dreiser
American naturalist who wrote The Financier and The Titan. Like Riis, he helped reveal the poor conditions people in the slums faced and influenced reforms.
Socialist Party
Political Party in the United States which supports socialism - working people own and control the means of production and distribution through democratically- controlled public agencies, cooperatives, or other collective groups.
brandeis
First Jewish Supreme Court Justice, argued that the right to government assistance derived from citizenship itself.
Dollar Diplomacy
Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Industrial Workers of the World
Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Founded in 1910, the civil rights organization that brought lawsuits against discriminatory practices and published The Crisis, a journal edited by African-American scholar W. E. B. Du Bois.
Society of American Indians
Founded in 1911, the Society of American Indians was a reform organization typical of the era. It brought together Indian intellectuals to promote discussion of the plight of Native Americans in the hope that public exposure would be the first step toward remedying injustice.
19th Amendment (1920)
Gave women the right to vote
Which of the following is attributed to Louis D. Brandeis
He felt the foremost social problem in America was the contradiction between political liberty and industrial slavery.
Why did the Society of American Indians form in 1911?
It was formed to provide Native Americans with remedies for social injustice.
Women's Suffrage
Women's right to vote
The Committee on Public Information (CPI) flooded the country with prowar propaganda, describing Germany as
a nation of barbaric Huns led by an autocratic Kaiser aligned against freedom.
League of Nations
A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.
john a. ryan
wrote "The Living Wage", the living wage is an "absolute right" of citizenship.
Clayton Act
Act that minimally restricted the use of injunctions against labor and legalized peaceful strikes, picketing, and boycotts.
Marcus Garvey
African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.
War Industries Board
Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries.
john muir
(1838-1914) Naturalist who believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state. He was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park in California.
pragmatism
A philosophical movement that emerged in the late nineteenth century, which insisted that institutions and social policies should be judged by their practical effects, not their longevity or whether they reflected traditional religious or political beliefs.
Pragmatism
A philosophy which focuses only on the outcomes and effects of processes and situations.
pancho villa
A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.
tulsa riot
A race riot in 1921—the worst in American history—that occurred in Tulsa, Oklahoma, after a group of black veterans tried to prevent a lynching. Over 300 African- Americans were killed, and 10,000 lost their homes in fires set by white mobs.
roosevelt's americanism
A redefinition of what it meant to be an American united many strands of Progressive-era thought. Roosevelt wanted immigrants to "Americanize" rather than retain traditional cultures. He believed that fitness for citizenship was both inborn and related to past historical experience. Only persons with "self-control"—mainly white people—were capable of participating in democracy.
Birth Control Movement
A reform movement espousing the idea that right to control of one's body included the ability to enjoy an active sexual life without necessarily bearing women. Emma Goldman and Margaret Sanger were the leaders of this movement.
fourteen points
A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.
Zimmerman Telegram
A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S.
panama canal zone
A ten-mile wide strip of land on which was built a canal; its construction drastically reduced the time it took for commercial and naval vessels to sail from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans.
Vaudeville
A type of inexpensive variety show that first appeared in the 1870s, often consisting of comic sketches, song-and-dance routines, and magic acts
election of 1912
Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win
collective bargaining
Process by which a union representing a group of workers negotiates with management for a contract
maternalist reform
Progressive-era reforms that sought to encourage women's child-bearing and -rearing abilities and to promote their economic independence
Eighteenth Amendment
Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages
Underwood Tariff
Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax
Hazen Pingree
Reform Mayor of Detroit who pioneered city ownership or control of utilities; he would later lead reforms as the governor of Michigan
Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force
new nationalism
Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice
The worst race riot in American history occurred in 1921, when more than 300 blacks were killed and over 10,000 were left homeless after white mobs burned an all-black section of which city to the ground?
Tulsa, Oklahoma
lincoln steffens
United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.
This federal agency presided over all elements of war production from the distribution of raw materials to the prices of manufactured goods.
War Industries Board
Dollar Diplomacy, the U.S. foreign policy that emphasized economic investment and loans from American banks, rather than direct military intervention, was the policy of
William Taft.
wilson summary
Wilson repudiated Dollar Diplomacy and promised a new foreign policy that would respect Latin America's independence. He believed that the export of American manufactured goods and investments went hand in hand with the spread of democratic ideals. Wilson's moral imperialism produced more military interventions in Latin America than any president before or since.
In her influential book, Women and Economics, Charlotte Perkins Gilman reinforced this idea.
Women's freedom lay through the workplace rather than only the domestic scene.
Moral Imperialism
Woodrow Wilson's idea that Americans were ''meant to carry liberty and justice'' throughout the world.''
Federal Trade Commission
a federal agency established in 1914 to investigate and stop unfair business practices
The "Open Door" Policy refers to
a key principle of American foreign relations that emphasizes the free flow of trade, investment, and information.
The Progressive era was a time of
explosive economic growth, rapid population rise, increased industrial production, and a "Golden Age" for agriculture.
By 1912, the Socialist Party had dwindled, losing many of their political office posts and lessening ties with radical newspapers and magazines.
false
Most Progressives opposed America's entry into World War I as jingoistic, imperialist venturing.
false
The American Federation of Labor mainly represented unskilled industrial workers.
false
William James
founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment
The series of mass strikes called the "Uprising of the 20,000" in New York included
immigrant workers who wanted the right to bargain collectively with their employers.
the city
inspired many artist, writers, and reformers to take action.
Between 1901 and 1920, the U.S. marines landed in Caribbean countries
more than twenty times.
great migration
movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920
Upton Sinclair
muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.
socialist presence
new york and milwaukee
heterodoxy
not conforming with accepted or orthodox standards or beliefs
A leader in the new feminism, Margaret Sanger
opened a clinic and began distributing contraceptive devices to poor women.
Those who embraced the new "bohemia" included
people who rejected conventional rules and practices.
Conservation Movement
political, social and scientific movement to protect natural resources
Randolph Bourne
predicted that the war would empower not reformers, but the "least democratic forces in American life."
Robert M. La Follette
progressive wisconsin govenor whose adgenda of reforms was known as the wisconsin idea. "laboratory for democracy."
Oregon System
reforms consisting of initiative, referendum and reform that originated in Oregon.
unions
seen as an essential right but frowned upon by the government
New Orleans dock workers strike
showed interracial solidarity
white-collar worker
someone in a professional or clerical job who usually earns a salary, lost freedom during this time.
President Theodore Roosevelt's reform program was called the
square deal
Lawrence Strike
state law passes cutting hours for women and children in mills, also a pay cut by 3.2%, wages and hours are needed, strike of 23,000 organized, mills shut down, strikers win
The American foreign policy principle that held that the United States had a right to exercise "an international police power" in the Western Hemisphere was called
the Roosevelt Corollary.
President Theodore Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for helping to negotiate a settlement of
the Russo-Japanese War in Asia of 1905.
Of all the mass consumption activities, this was the most popular form of mass entertainment.
vaudeville
Which of the following was a military technology used during World War I?
airplanes
Spearheads for Reform
also called settlement houses which produced prominent progressive figures
The 1914 Ludlow Massacre was
an attack by an armed militia against a tent city of striking workers in Colorado
William "Big Bill" Haywood
leader of the Industrial Workers of the World
President Wilson's foreign policy that called for active intervention to remake the world in America's image was called
liberal internationalism
Henry Ford's factory adopted a method of production known as
the moving assembly line.
Between 1901 and 1914
13 million immigrants came to the United States, many through Ellis Island.
Muller v. Oregon
1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health
Seventeenth Amendment
1913 constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect US senators
Wilson and Mexico
1914 - Wilson refused to recognize new Mexican leader who overthrew and murdered the previous leader - Wilson uses a small insult as an excuse to invade Mexico in 1914, nearly causing a war between USA and Mexico - The occupation provoked Anti-American demonstrations in Mexico & throughout Latin America - Demonstrates Wilson's/America's belief that the U.S. must use its massive moral and material power to establish a new international system based on peaceful commerce and political stability
Sedition Act
1918 law that made it illegal to criticize the government
Jeanette Rankin
1st female member of congress, voted against the United States going into WW1
Initiative
A Progressive-era reform that allowed citizens to propose and vote on laws, bypassing state legislatures.
referendum
A Progressive-era reform that allowed public policies to be submitted to popular vote.
Red Scare (1919-1920)
A brief wave of fear over the possible influence of Socialists/Bolsheviks in American life.
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
A feminist who published "Women + economics." ; called upon women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community through productive involvement in the economy; wrote "The Yellow Wallpaper"
economic abundance
A good economy in which robbery is high, however people are getting jobs and making money.
settlement house
A house where immigrants came to live upon entering the U.S. At Settlement Houses, instruction was given in English and how to get a job, among other things. The first Settlement House was the Hull House, which was opened by Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889. These centers were usually run by educated middle class women. The houses became centers for reform in the women's and labor movements.
Industrial expansion and the decline of traditional agriculture set in motion a larger process of worldwide migration.
A large part of this migration shift occurred in Asia.
recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
American standard of living
A new concept that came about from the maturation of the consumer economy; the idea that mass consumption came to occupy a central place in American society and its future.
liberal internationalism
A perspective that seeks to transform international relations to emphasize peace, individual freedom, and prosperity, and to replicate domestic models of liberal democracy at the international level.
Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party)
an early 20th century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life
A leading characterization of U.S. foreign policy in the early twentieth century was
"dollar diplomacy"
Sigmund Frued (1856-1939)
-Sought psychological causes of mental illness -Conflict between conscious and unconscious mental processes -Repression of sexual desires, fears.
How many soldiers perished during World War I worldwide?
10 million
American Protective League
An American World War I-era private organization that worked with federal law enforcement agencies in support of the anti German Empire movement, as well as against radical anarchists, anti-war activists, and left-wing labor and political organizations.
Ludlow Strike
An attack by the Colorado National Guard and Colorado Fuel & Iron Company camp guards on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families at Ludlow, Colorado, on April 20, 1914. About two dozen people, including miners' wives and children, were killed.
Ellis Island
An immigrant receiving station that opened in 1892, where immigrants were given a medical examination and only allowed in if they were healthy
leisure activities
Arts and Recreation
Luisitania
British passanger ship that was torpedoed by a German U-boat in 1915; 1200 people died and 128 Americans died.
New Freedom
Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.
president taft
Dollar Diplomacy, He supported the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Progressive Republicans broke from Taft after the Ballinger-Pinchot affair.
Comittee on Public Information
During World War I, President Wilson created this and appointed journalist George Creel to head it. The committee's objective was to maximize national loyalty and support for the war. It was a hard-working wartime propaganda organization.
Asian and Mexican immigrants...
Entered the United States in smaller numbers. Asians entered through Angel Island. Mexicans entered through El Paso, Texas.
Wilson reelection 1916
He kept the U.S out of war
john dewey
He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."
Which of the following is attributed to William "Big Bill" Haywood?
He was accused of instigating the murder of a former anti-union governor.
Alice Paul
Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.
fordism and its impact
Henry Ford concentrated on standardizing output and lowering the price of automobiles. Ford revolutionized manufacturing with the moving assembly line. Ford paid his employees five dollars a day so that they could afford to buy his cars.
The Red Scare
Intense fear of communism and other politically radical ideas
Israel Zangwill
Jewish immigrant who wrote the play The Melting Pot
Selective Service Act
Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft
Eugene V. Debs
Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over. Socialists
Ida Tarbell
Leading muckraking journalist whose articles documented the Standard Oil Company's abuse of power
Scientific Management
Management campaign to improve worker efficiency using measurements like "time and motion" studies to achieve greater productivity; introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor in 1911.
Working women
Many married women began to work, thee working women became a symbol of emancipation
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers
Coercive Patriotism
Method used to make Americans support the government, war and the Amer economic system. Included teachings in the schools.
Largest city during this time
New York City
Jane Addams and Hull House
Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English.
Theodore Roosevelt
Square Deal, attempted to confront the problems caused by economic consolidation by distinguishing between "good" and "bad" corporations. Used the Sherman Antitrust Act to dissolve the Northern Securities Company. Roosevelt helped mine workers during a 1902 coal strike. He improved the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and regulated the food and drug industries.
Fordism
System of standardized mass production attributed to Henry Ford.
"american sandard of living"
The Progressive-era idea that American workers were entitled to a wage high enough to allow them full participation in the nation's mass consumption economy.
With the rapid industrial expansion,
The advent of large department stores in central cities, chain stores in urban neighborhoods, and retail mail-order houses for farmers and small-town residents made the vast array of goods now pouring from the nation's factories available to consumers throughout the country.
Versailles Treaty
The compromise after WW1, settled land and freedom disputes. Germany had to take full blame for the war in order for the treaty to pass, among other things. The US Senate rejected it.
Sixteenth Amendment
The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax.
Progressivism
The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.
Espionage Act
This law, passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection.
Causes of the "new immigration" included
the outbreak of revolutions and warfare outside of the United States.
The term "Progressive" that came into common use around 1910 describes
a loosely defined political movement of people who hoped to bring about social and political change in American life.
The consumer society
a society in which the buying and selling of goods and services is the most important social and economic activity. Farms began to separate themselves from cities and start growing for mass production.
preparations for war
a. Selective Service Act b. War Industries Board c. War Labor Board
The United States entered World War I in April of 1917 only after Germany resumed submarine warfare against its ships in the Atlantic and
after discovery of the Zimmermann Telegram.
Lenin Revolution
caused russia to leave wwI
During the Progressive era, economic production shifted from capital goods to
consumer products
Muckraking
the action of searching out and publicizing scandalous information about famous people in an underhanded way.
The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was triggered by
the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand.
Federal Reserve System
the central bank of the United States
euginics
the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics. Trying to create the perfect race. a. Many states passed laws authorizing doctors to sterilize "unfit" Americans. b. The Supreme Court upheld these laws, and Nazi Germany would study the U.S. example.
By 1910, more than 40 percent of New York City's population had been born abroad.
true
By 1918, the wealthiest Americans were paying 60 percent of their income in taxes.
true
Cities expanded so rapidly that by 1920 for the first time more Americans lived in towns and cities than in rural areas.
true
Following the outbreak of World War I, the Allied and Central Powers each acted to block American trade with their adversaries.
true
One result of Muller v. Oregon was that women were still considered weak, dependent, and incapable of enjoying the same economic rights as men.
true
Ten of the twelve states that by 1916 had adopted women's suffrage were carried by Wilson in the election that year; without women's votes, Wilson would not have been reelected.
true
Twenty million people were killed by the flu (epidemic of influenza) at the end of World War I.
true